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Journal of Psychosomatic Research May 2022Personality changes (PC) comprise a common and debilitating illness that accompanies many neurological disorders, including non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
Personality changes (PC) comprise a common and debilitating illness that accompanies many neurological disorders, including non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise all published studies that have reported the frequency, severity, and time course of PC after SAH, the factors associated with the development of PC and the effects of PC on patients' lives after SAH.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Ovid Nursing databases for studies published in English that recruited at least 10 patients (>18 years old) after SAH who were also diagnosed with PC.
RESULTS
We found eight studies involving 1227 patients met the study entry criteria. The frequency of PC ranged from 32% to 59%, with a pooled frequency of 44%. The clinical course of PC after SAH was unclear. PC after SAH may be associated with the clinical features and treatment factors related to SAH and comorbid conditions. Neurological signs, disability and surgical treatment increased the risk of PC. PC reduced the study participants' chance of employment.
CONCLUSION
In summary, PC commonly occurs after SAH. Further research is needed to clarify the time course of PC and identify the risk factors, neurochemical factors, and brain circuits associated with the development of post-SAH PC. Randomized controlled treatment trials targeting SAH-related PC are warranted.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Personality; Risk Factors; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
PubMed: 35220109
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110762 -
Journal of Psychosomatic Research Dec 2023This systematic review sought to summarize comprehensively the research investigating the association between facets of neuroticism and mortality risk. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review sought to summarize comprehensively the research investigating the association between facets of neuroticism and mortality risk.
METHODS
A systematic review of prospective cohort studies utilizing rigorous reporting methods was conducted. Six electronic bibliographic databases, MEDLINE [Ovid], Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, were searched for eligible studies using keywords encompassing personality traits and mortality. Articles from inception to January 2023 were reviewed. The risk of bias was also assessed.
RESULTS
Six of the 2358 identified studies met the inclusion criteria for extraction. Included studies had 335,715 participants, of whom 3.23% died. Participants ages at baseline ranged from 20 to 102, and 54% were female. Five of the six studies reported statistically significant associations between facets of neuroticism and mortality risk. Several underlying facets were reported to be associated with an increased mortality risk, namely vulnerability, cynicism, pessimistic, anxious, and depressive facets. Inadequacy, and worried-vulnerable were reported as protective. One study reported protective effects for impulsiveness, but this was not observed in a further follow-up study.
CONCLUSIONS
Various facets related to neuroticism are associated with an increased or decreased mortality risk. Encompassing all facets in a broad trait likely masks very important personality-health relations, which later impact longevity. Based on these findings, recommendations and future considerations are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Neuroticism; Follow-Up Studies; Prospective Studies; Personality; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 37832272
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111500 -
Journal of Medical Internet Research Sep 2021Self-tracking technologies are widely used in people's daily lives and health care. Academic research on self-tracking and the quantified self has also accumulated... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Self-tracking technologies are widely used in people's daily lives and health care. Academic research on self-tracking and the quantified self has also accumulated rapidly in recent years. Surprisingly, there is a paucity of research that reviews, classifies, and synthesizes the state of the art with respect to self-tracking and the quantified self.
OBJECTIVE
Our objective was to identify the state of the art of self-tracking and the quantified self in terms of health and well-being.
METHODS
We have undertaken a systematic literature review on self-tracking and the quantified self in promoting health and well-being. After a rigorous literature search, followed by inclusions, exclusions, and the application of article quality assessment protocols, 67 empirical studies qualified for the review.
RESULTS
Our results demonstrate that prior research has focused on 3 stakeholders with respect to self-tracking and the quantified self, namely end users, patients and people with illnesses, and health care professionals and caregivers. We used these stakeholder groups to cluster the research themes of the reviewed studies. We identified 11 research themes. There are 6 themes under the end-user cluster: user motivation and goal setting, usage and effects of self-tracking, continuance intention and long-term usage, management of personal data, rejection and discontinuance, and user characteristics. The patient and people with illnesses cluster contains three themes: usage experience of patients and people with illnesses, management of patient-generated data, and advantages and disadvantages in the clinical context. The health care professional and caregiver cluster contains two themes: collaboration among patients, health care professionals, and caregivers, and changes in the roles of patients and professionals. Moreover, we classified the future research suggestions given in the literature into 5 directions in terms of research designs and research topics. Finally, based on our reflections on the observations from the review, we suggest four future research directions: (1) users' cognitions and emotions related to processing and interpreting the information produced by tracking devices and apps; (2) the dark side of self-tracking (eg, its adverse psychosocial consequences); (3) self-tracking as a societal phenomenon; and (4) systemic impacts of self-tracking on health care and the actors involved.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic literature review contributes to research and practice by assisting future research activities and providing practitioners with a concise overview of the state of the art of self-tracking and the quantified self.
Topics: Delivery of Health Care; Health Personnel; Health Promotion; Humans; Motivation
PubMed: 34546176
DOI: 10.2196/25171 -
Journal of Psychosomatic Research Dec 2021Difficulties in the assessments of Somatoform Disorders (SD) and Personality Disorders (PD) regarding operationalization, arbitrary thresholds, and reliability led to a... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Difficulties in the assessments of Somatoform Disorders (SD) and Personality Disorders (PD) regarding operationalization, arbitrary thresholds, and reliability led to a shift from categorical to dimensional models in the DSM-5. Empirical research data postulates a continuous level of severity in both groups of diseases. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the overlap between somatization and personality pathology.
METHODS
Until July 2020, we conducted a systematic literature search with PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS. We specifically reviewed current empirical data on the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) and Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD) and SD. Data was drawn out using predefined data panels. Results were reflected in the context of the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model. Risk of bias was assessed due to blinding, randomization, selective reporting, incomplete data, and attribution bias.
RESULTS
A total of eight studies (N = 2979) met the inclusion criteria. Whereas categorical measures revealed mixed results, positive correlations between SD/SSD and dimensionally measured personality functioning were present in four studies (N = 1741). In three studies (N = 2025) correlations between SD/SSD and neuroticism/negative affectivity (d = 0.22-1.041) were present. Moreover, harm avoidant (d = 0.526 - 0.826) and self-defeating traits (d = 0.892) revealed significant associations with somatization.
CONCLUSIONS
Dimensional personality assessments are highly neglected in patients with SSD and warrant further research. However, in line with the HiTOP model, there is tentative evidence that somatization can be described as an independent personality trait, which shows most striking overlaps with self-pathologies (Criterion A) and the trait of negative affectivity (Criterion B).
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Medically Unexplained Symptoms; Personality; Personality Disorders; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 34715494
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110646 -
The Lancet. Psychiatry Nov 2021In foundational texts on schizophrenia, the mental disorder was constitutively linked to a specific disintegration of subjectivity (often termed a self-disorder). Apart...
In foundational texts on schizophrenia, the mental disorder was constitutively linked to a specific disintegration of subjectivity (often termed a self-disorder). Apart from Scharfetter's work on ego-pathology, research on self-disorders generally faded into oblivion, and self-disorders were only rediscovered as notable psychopathological features of the schizophrenia spectrum nearly two decades ago. Subsequently, the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) scale was constructed to allow systematic assessment of non-psychotic self-disorders. This Review is the first systematic review of empirical studies on self-disorders based on the EASE or other related scales. The results consistently show that self-disorders hyper-aggregate in schizophrenia spectrum disorders but not in other mental disorders; that self-disorders are found in individuals at a clinical risk of developing psychosis; that self-disorders show a high degree of temporal stability; that self-disorders predict the later development of schizophrenia spectrum disorders; and that self-disorders correlate with the canonical dimensions of the psychopathology of schizophrenia, impaired social functioning, and suicidality. Issues with the methods of the reviewed literature are critically discussed and the role of self-disorders in clinical psychiatry and future research is outlined.
Topics: Adult; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Psychopathology; Psychotic Disorders; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Self Concept; Social Interaction; Suicidal Ideation; Time Perception
PubMed: 34688345
DOI: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00097-3 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jul 2023: Higher level of aggression and antisocial behavior have been found in the period following head trauma. These changes are attributable to specific brain alterations... (Review)
Review
: Higher level of aggression and antisocial behavior have been found in the period following head trauma. These changes are attributable to specific brain alterations that generally involved frontal lobe, insula and limbic system. A descriptive review was conducted on the specificity of aggressive behavior in relation to traumatic brain injury by evaluating numerous variables, focusing on age at the time of trauma and neuroimaging studies. : We searched on PubMed and the Web of Science databases to screen references of included studies and review articles for additional citations. From an initial 738 publications, only 27 met the search criteria of describing the relationship between aggression, brain alterations and traumatic brain injury. : These findings showed that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is related to changes in behavior, personality and mood. : The development of aggressive and criminal behavior is associated with multiple factors, including the etiology of injury, environmental, psychosocial and personality factors and age at the time of trauma.
Topics: Humans; Brain Injuries, Traumatic; Aggression; Brain; Craniocerebral Trauma; Personality
PubMed: 37629667
DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081377 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Dec 2022Psychopathy is a personality construct that encompasses a constellation of traits reflecting emotional dysfunction and antisocial behavior. This constellation has... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Psychopathy is a personality construct that encompasses a constellation of traits reflecting emotional dysfunction and antisocial behavior. This constellation has consistently been linked to poor decision-making, often focused on personal and monetary gains at the others' expense. However, there remains a lack of a systematic examination of how psychopathy is related to the prospect of obtaining monetary gains as a function of social context. Therefore, we conducted a series of meta-analyses to elucidate these relationships. Our findings indicated that elevated levels of psychopathy are related to a reduced tendency to cooperate with others, and no difference in the extent to which knowledge of others' retaliation possibilities informs decision-making. However, the type of social economic decision-making game employed moderated the association between psychopathic traits and total gain obtained, suggesting that context plays a key role in moderating the link between psychopathic features and decision-making. These findings advance our understanding of psychopathy and open new avenues for research on adaptive and maladaptive social behavior in individuals with high levels of psychopathic traits.
Topics: Humans; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Personality
PubMed: 36403791
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104966 -
Journal of the American Pharmacists... 2022Emotional intelligence (EI) can help perceive, understand, and manage emotions and positively impact performance in any profession, including pharmacists, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Emotional intelligence (EI) can help perceive, understand, and manage emotions and positively impact performance in any profession, including pharmacists, and consequently may have positive influence on patient-related outcomes. Although there is strong body of evidence suggesting that developing EI in health professionals (HPs) can increase their capacity to successfully communicate and build relationships with patients, thus increasing patient satisfaction, little is known about it in pharmaceutical care (PhC).
OBJECTIVES
This review aimed to synthesize available data on the probable impact of EI on PhC.
METHODS
PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched for papers in English dated between January 2000 and June 2021. Quantitative, qualitative, or mixed method studies on EI and PhC that involved practicing pharmacists were included.
RESULTS
The inclusion criteria were met by 4 papers only. One reported positive impact of EI in reducing the negative correlation between autistic-like traits and empathy among hospital pharmacists. One study demonstrated that EI levels can be significantly enhanced through pharmacy leadership programs. Another study established a positive correlation between EI and entrepreneurial orientation in practicing community pharmacists. Higher EI scores were predictors of increased work innovation, proactivity, and risk-taking levels. One study reported comparative EI data between different HPs and found pharmacists' superiority in the EI subdomains of self-awareness, self-motivation, and social skills.
CONCLUSION
Additional research is required to provide evidence on how EI and EI development programs can add value to the provision of PhC. Processes and resources ought to be developed and secured to support the implementation and follow-up of such programs to bring long-term benefits to practicing pharmacists and consequently positively impacting patient-reported health outcomes.
Topics: Emotional Intelligence; Empathy; Health Personnel; Humans; Pharmaceutical Services; Pharmacists
PubMed: 35341711
DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.02.019 -
JAMA Psychiatry Jun 2023Motivational impairments in schizophrenia are by definition associated with poor outcome. It is postulated that the reduction of goal-directed behavior arises from... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Motivational impairments in schizophrenia are by definition associated with poor outcome. It is postulated that the reduction of goal-directed behavior arises from abnormal trade-offs between rewards and efforts.
OBJECTIVE
To examine whether schizophrenia is associated with impairments in effort-cost decision-making.
DATA SOURCES
For this systematic review and meta-analysis, the PubMed, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, Embase, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from inception to July 2022 for studies that investigated effort-cost decision-making in schizophrenia. Search terms included effort, cost, and schizophrenia.
STUDY SELECTION
Consensual criteria for inclusion were peer-reviewed studies published in English that used a computerized effort-cost decision-making behavioral paradigm and compared individuals with schizophrenia with control individuals.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses reporting guideline was used for abstracting data. Data were extracted independently by 2 authors and then pooled using random-effects sizes and bayesian approaches.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The main outcomes were performance on effort-cost decision-making tasks requiring an effort-reward trade-off, measured by Hedges g effect size. Effects of moderators were tested with meta-regressions and subgroup analyses.
RESULTS
Twenty studies involving 1503 participants were included: 837 individuals with schizophrenia (541 [64.6%] male; mean [SD] age, 35.89 [6.70] years) and 666 control individuals without schizophrenia (360 [54.1%] male; mean [SD] age, 34.16 [5.92] years). Participants with schizophrenia had significantly reduced willingness to expend effort for rewards compared with controls (k = 20; effect size, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.30-0.56; P < .001; I2 = 33.1%; Q test P = .08). The magnitude of the deficit was significantly greater for high-reward trials. The severity of negative symptoms was negatively associated with effort-cost decision-making (k = 8; effect size, -0.33; 95% CI, -0.50 to -0.15; P < .001), while participants with a high number of negative symptoms had a significantly larger impairment in effort-cost decision-making (k = 5; effect size, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.10-0.84; P = .01).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, schizophrenia was associated with deficits in effort allocation as indexed by effort-cost decision-making tasks. Understanding the cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms driving effort allocation impairments may assist in developing novel interventions.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adult; Female; Schizophrenia; Bayes Theorem; Motivation; Reward
PubMed: 37043223
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.0553 -
Pain Mar 2023Placebo effects are ubiquitous yet highly variable between individuals and therefore strongly affect clinical trial outcomes such as pain relief. It is unclear whether... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Placebo effects are ubiquitous yet highly variable between individuals and therefore strongly affect clinical trial outcomes such as pain relief. It is unclear whether dispositional psychological traits influence responsiveness to placebo. This preregistered meta-analysis and systematic review synthesized the literature investigating the association between personality traits and placebo effects. Based on 21 studies with 798 participants, we performed formal meta-analyses for 10 different personality traits, including behavioral inhibition, fun seeking, goal-drive persistence, reward responsiveness, empathic concern, empathic fantasy, perspective-taking, personal distress, optimism, and anxiety. We did not find evidence of associations between any of these traits and magnitude of placebo effects, which was supported by equivalence tests. Furthermore, we did not find evidence for moderating factors such as placebo manipulation type (conditioning or nonconditioning) or condition (pain or nonpain). These findings challenge the notion that personality influences responsiveness to placebos and contradict its utility for identifying placebo "responders" and "nonresponders."
Topics: Humans; Placebo Effect; Personality; Empathy; Pain; Pain Management
PubMed: 35947877
DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002753