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Chemosphere Oct 2023Glyphosate was classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) partially due to strong mechanistic... (Review)
Review
Glyphosate was classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) partially due to strong mechanistic evidence in 2015. Since then, numerous studies of glyphosate and its formulations (GBF) have emerged. These studies can be evaluated for cancer hazard identification with the newly described ten key characteristics (KC) of carcinogens approach. Our objective was to assess all in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro mechanistic studies of human and experimental animals (mammals) that compared exposure to glyphosate/GBF with low/no exposure counterparts for evidence of the ten KCs. A protocol with our methods adhering to PRISMA guidelines was registered a priori (INPLASY202180045). Two blinded reviewers screened all in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro studies of glyphosate/GBF exposure in humans/mammals reporting any KC-related outcome available in PubMed before August 2021. Studies that met inclusion criteria underwent data extraction conducted in duplicate for each KC outcome reported along with key aspects of internal/external validity, results, and reference information. These data were used to construct a matrix that was subsequently analyzed in the program R to conduct strength of evidence and quality assessments. Of the 2537 articles screened, 175 articles met inclusion criteria, from which we extracted >50,000 data points related to KC outcomes. Data analysis revealed strong evidence for KC2, KC4, KC5, KC6, KC8, limited evidence for KC1 and KC3, and inadequate evidence for KC7, KC9, and KC10. Notably, our in-depth quality analyses of genotoxicity (KC2) and endocrine disruption (KC8) revealed strong and consistent positive findings. For KC2, we found: 1) studies conducted in humans and human cells provided stronger positive evidence than counterpart animal models; 2) GBF elicited a stronger effect in both human and animal systems when compared to glyphosate alone; and 3) the highest quality studies in humans and human cells consistently revealed strong evidence of genotoxicity. Our analysis of KC8 indicated that glyphosate's ability to modulate hormone levels and estrogen receptor activity is sensitive to both exposure concentration and formulation. The modulations observed provide clear evidence that glyphosate interacts with receptors, alters receptor activation, and modulates the levels and effects of endogenous ligands (including hormones). Our findings strengthen the mechanistic evidence that glyphosate is a probable human carcinogen and provide biological plausibility for previously reported cancer associations in humans, such as non-Hodgkin lymphoma. We identified potential molecular interactions and subsequent key events that were used to generate a probable pathway to lymphomagenesis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Carcinogens; Herbicides; Neoplasms; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Mammals; Glyphosate
PubMed: 37474029
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139572 -
Ecotoxicology (London, England) Oct 2022Glyphosate herbicide is widely used in worldwide crop production. Consequently, its active ingredient, surfactants, and adjuvants commonly reach the aquatic ecosystem,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Glyphosate herbicide is widely used in worldwide crop production. Consequently, its active ingredient, surfactants, and adjuvants commonly reach the aquatic ecosystem, thereby harming the biota. An investigation into how this herbicide affects aquatic species is important, especially in fish, as they have the ability to absorb and concentrate toxins. We aimed to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on the embryonic, larval and adult stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio), an appreciable organismal model. In this sense, we performed a meta-analysis using published articles from online databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect), which covered studies published until 2022. From a massive compilation of studies evaluating the effects of active substance glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides (GBH) on zebrafish, we selected 36 studies used in downstream analyses. Overall, we report that glyphosate affects developmental stages and demonstrates toxicity and damage in zebrafish. We observed that embryos exposed to glyphosate exhibit increased mortality. There was also an increase in the number of morphological abnormalities related to yolk sac oedema, pericardial oedema, spinal curvature and body malformations, and a decrease in body size was observed. Furthermore, there was a decrease in the number of beats. The biochemical results demonstrated an increase in reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals in the gills. The literature shows that glyphosate decreased the distance covered and the mean speed of the animals and increased the number of rotations. We concluded that glyphosate causes damage in the embryonic, larval and adult stages of this species. These results are valid for zebrafish and can be applied to other freshwater fish species. Graphical abstract.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ecosystem; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Glycine; Herbicides; Larva; Reactive Oxygen Species; Surface-Active Agents; Zebrafish; Glyphosate
PubMed: 36065034
DOI: 10.1007/s10646-022-02581-z -
BMC Public Health Sep 2023Knowledge surrounding the association between exposure to pesticides and hypothyroidism is inconsistent and controversial. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Knowledge surrounding the association between exposure to pesticides and hypothyroidism is inconsistent and controversial.
METHODS
The aim of present study was, therefore, to review scientific evidence systematically and conduct a meta-analysis into the contribution of exposure to pesticides to hypothyroidism. PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. The findings are presented as OR, HR, PR, IRR, and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). A fixed-effect model using the inverse-variance method and random-effects inverse-variance model with DerSimonian-Laird method were used for estimating the pooled estimates. Cochran Q and I tests were used to confirm the heterogeneity of selected studies.
RESULTS
Twelve studies were included in the systematic review, and 9 studies in the meta-analysis. Epidemiological evidence suggested that exposure to insecticides including organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids increased risk of hypothyroidism (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.14, 1.33 for organochlorines, aOR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.07, 1.17 for organophosphates, aOR = 1.15, 95%CI = 1.03, 1.28 for pyrethroids). Exposure to herbicides also increased risk of hypothyroidism (aOR = 1.06, 95%CI = 1.02, 1.10). However, exposure to fungicides and fumigants was not found to be associated with hypothyroidism.
CONCLUSION
To increase current knowledge and confirm evidence to date future research needs to center on large-scale longitudinal epidemiological and biological studies, examination of dose-response relationships, the controlling of relevant confounding variables, using standardized and high sensitivity tools, and investigating the effects of environmental exposure.
Topics: Humans; Pesticides; Insecticides; Environmental Exposure; Hypothyroidism; Pyrethrins
PubMed: 37752464
DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16721-5 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Jun 2022Organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), as a new type of emerging contaminant, have drawn great attention over the last few years, due to their wide distribution in... (Review)
Review
Organic phosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), as a new type of emerging contaminant, have drawn great attention over the last few years, due to their wide distribution in aquatic environments and potential toxicities to humans and living beings. Various treatment methods have been reported to remove OPFRs from water or wastewater. In this review, the performances and mechanisms for OPFRs removal with different methods including adsorption, oxidation, reduction and biological techniques are overviewed and discussed. Each technique possesses its advantage and limitation, which is compared in the paper. The degradation pathways of typical OPFRs pollutants, such as Cl-OPFRs, alkyl OPFRs and aryl OPFRs, are also reviewed and compared. The degradation of those OPFRs depends heavily upon their structures and properties. Furthermore, the implications and future perspectives in such area are discussed. The review may help identify the research priorities for OPFRs remediation and understand the fate of OPFRs during the treatment processes.
Topics: Environmental Pollutants; Flame Retardants; Humans; Organophosphates; Phosphorus; Water
PubMed: 35217347
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128517 -
Environmental Research Oct 2023Synthetic pesticides (e.g. herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) are used widely in agriculture to protect crops from pests, weeds and disease. However, their use... (Review)
Review
Synthetic pesticides (e.g. herbicides, fungicides and insecticides) are used widely in agriculture to protect crops from pests, weeds and disease. However, their use also comes with a range of environmental concerns. One key concern is the effect of insecticides on non-target organisms such as bees, who provide pollination services for crops and wild plants. This systematic literature review quantifies the existing research on bees and insecticides broadly, and then focuses more specifically on non-neonicotinoid insecticides and non-honeybees. We find that articles on honeybees (Apis sp.) and insecticides account for 80% of all research, with all other bees combined making up 20%. Neonicotinoids were studied in 34% of articles across all bees and were the most widely studied insecticide class for non-honeybees overall, with almost three times as many studies than the second most studied class. Of non-neonicotinoid insecticide classes and non-honeybees, the most studied were pyrethroids and organophosphates followed by carbamates, and the most widely represented bee taxa were bumblebees (Bombus), followed by leaf-cutter bees (Megachile) and mason bees (Osmia). Research has taken place across several countries, with the highest numbers of articles from Brazil and the US, and with notable gaps from countries in Asia, Africa and Oceania. Mortality was the most studied effect type, while sub-lethal effects such as on behaviour were less studied. Few studies tested how the effect of insecticides were influenced by multiple pressures, such as climate change and co-occurring pesticides (cocktail effects). As anthropogenic pressures do not occur in isolation, we suggest that future research also addresses these knowledge gaps. Given the changing global patterns in insecticide use, and the increasing inclusion of both non-honeybees and sub-lethal effects in pesticide risk assessment, there is a need for expanding research beyond its current state to ensure a strong scientific evidence base for the development of risk assessment and associated policy.
Topics: Bees; Animals; Insecticides; Neonicotinoids; Pesticides; Pyrethrins; Fungicides, Industrial; Crops, Agricultural
PubMed: 37454798
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116612 -
International Journal of Environmental... May 2021Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex set of neurodevelopmental pathologies characterized by impoverished social and communicative abilities and stereotyped... (Review)
Review
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex set of neurodevelopmental pathologies characterized by impoverished social and communicative abilities and stereotyped behaviors. Although its genetic basis is unquestionable, the involvement of environmental factors such as exposure to pesticides has also been proposed. Despite the systematic analyses of this relationship in humans, there are no specific reviews including both human and preclinical models. The present systematic review summarizes, analyzes, and discusses recent advances in preclinical and epidemiological studies. We included 45 human and 16 preclinical studies. These studies focused on Organophosphates (OP), Organochlorine (OC), Pyrethroid (PT), Neonicotinoid (NN), Carbamate (CM), and mixed exposures. Preclinical studies, where the OP Chlorpyrifos (CPF) compound is the one most studied, pointed to an association between gestational exposure and increased ASD-like behaviors, although the data are inconclusive with regard to other ages or pesticides. Studies in humans focused on prenatal exposure to OP and OC agents, and report cognitive and behavioral alterations related to ASD symptomatology. The results of both suggest that gestational exposure to certain OP agents could be linked to the clinical signs of ASD. Future experimental studies should focus on extending the analysis of ASD-like behaviors in preclinical models and include exposure patterns similar to those observed in human studies.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Chlorpyrifos; Female; Humans; Pesticides; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Pyrethrins
PubMed: 34068255
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105190 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Dec 2022Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are organophosphate pesticides, which interrupt the chemicals involved in the endocrine system and cause lifelong disorders in women's... (Review)
Review
Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are organophosphate pesticides, which interrupt the chemicals involved in the endocrine system and cause lifelong disorders in women's reproductive system. The current study was designed to systematically evaluate the association between GBH exposure and the female reproductive tract. According to PRISMA Guidelines, the systematic review was performed, searching online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, throughout April 2020. Studies with Rodent, lamb, and fish or exposed to GBH to affect the female reproductive system were selected. All studies were in the English language. Two investigators independently assessed the articles. The first author's name, publication date, animal model, age, sample size, gender, dose, duration, and route of exposure and outcomes were extracted from each publication. The present review summarizes 14 publications on uterus alterations and oocytes, histological changes ovary, and assessed mRNA expression, protein expression, serum levels progesterone, and estrogen and intracellular Reaction Oxygen Species (ROS) in rodents, fish, and lamb exposed to GHB exposure. Most of the studies reported histological changes in ovarian and uterus tissue, alterations in serum levels, and increased oxidative stress level following exposure to GBH. Additionally, due to alterations in the reproductive systems (e.g., histomorphological changes, reduction of the mature follicles, higher atretic follicles, and interstitial fibrosis), it seems the GBH-induced female these alterations are both dose- and time-dependent. The present findings support an association between GBH exposure and female reproductive system diseases. However, more studies are needed to identify the mechanisms disrupting the effects of GBH and their underlying mechanisms. Considering the current literature, it is recommended that further investigations be focused on the possible effects of various pesticides on the human reproductive system.
Topics: Female; Animals; Sheep; Humans; Glycine; Herbicides; Uterus; Oxidative Stress; Glyphosate
PubMed: 34265884
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0029 -
Thyroid Research May 2023Thyroid cancer is considered as one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. Some pesticides can play a role as a potentially important risk factor in thyroid cancer... (Review)
Review
Thyroid cancer is considered as one of the most prevalent cancers in the world. Some pesticides can play a role as a potentially important risk factor in thyroid cancer by affecting thyroid morphology and thyroid hormone homeostasis. The aim of present study was to systematically review the available epidemiological evidence for human exposure to pesticides and thyroid cancer. Articles were searched in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science by suitable keywords from January 2000 to May 2021. Standard techniques for systematic reviews were followed in the current study and results reported according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally seven studies including four cohort studies and three case-control studies were reviewed. Organochlorines (OCPs) in more cases, Organophosphates (OPs) and Carbamates insecticides, herbicides and fungicides were the studied pesticides. Inconsistent results were reported in the surveyed articles on the OCPs. Two articles on the Carbamates (Carbaryl and Mancozeb) showed consistently an inverse association between exposure and thyroid cancer. Increased risk of thyroid cancer due to the exposure to the Malathion was reported in one article on the OPs. Due to the limited current knowledge about the effect of pesticides on thyroid cancer in humans, human health policies must be implemented to control individual's exposure to chemicals through using of botanical pesticides in agricultural. Also, more studies must be done to fill this gap of knowledge.
PubMed: 37183250
DOI: 10.1186/s13044-023-00153-9 -
Reviews on Environmental Health Jun 2023Most agricultural products are exposed to pesticides. Organochlorine (OCPs) insecticides have been banned for years due to their persistence in the environment and... (Review)
Review
Most agricultural products are exposed to pesticides. Organochlorine (OCPs) insecticides have been banned for years due to their persistence in the environment and lipophilic properties. On the other hand, some carcinogenic organophosphates are used in high amounts. Therefore, this systematic review was performed with the keywords; pesticide, carcinogenic, carcinogen, residue, contamination, pollution, and food to determine the type of food and pesticide. 663 manuscripts were found by searching in databases. After initial screening and quality assessment of full text, 26 manuscripts were selected. In this study, by reviewing selected manuscripts, about 13 pesticides were associated with carcinogenic effects. These pesticides were Chlorothalonil, Glyphosate, Tetrachlorvinphos, Parathion, Malathion, Diazinon, heptachlor, Hexachlorobenzene, aldrin, dieldrin, DDT, chlordane, Lindane. Most of these pesticides were organochlorine. The organochlorine pesticides are primarily detected in foods of animal origin. In some studies, the amount of carcinogenic organochlorine was higher than the permissible levels. From the carcinogenic herbicide, Glyphosate. An important finding of this systematic review is that carcinogenic organochlorines are still a threat to cancer incidence.
PubMed: 37272608
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0253 -
The Journal of Contemporary Dental... Aug 2023The present systematic review aimed to report the studies concerning the primers in improving bond strength and identifying pertinent primers for a particular dental... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
AIM
The present systematic review aimed to report the studies concerning the primers in improving bond strength and identifying pertinent primers for a particular dental alloy by adhering to PRISMA precepts.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
PubMed and Semantic Scholar databases were scoured for articles using 10 search terms. studies satisfying the inclusion criteria were probed which were meticulously screened and scrutinized for eligibility adhering to the 11 exclusion criteria. The quality assessment tool for studies (QUIN Tool) containing 12 criteria was employed to assess the risk of bias (RoB).
RESULTS
A total of 48 studies assessing shear bond strength (SBS) and 15 studies evaluating tensile bond strength (TBS) were included in the qualitative synthesis. Concerning SBS, 33.4% moderate and 66.6% high RoB was observed. Concerning TBS, 26.8% moderate and 73.2% high RoB was discerned. Seventeen and two studies assessing SBS and TBS, respectively, were included in meta-analyses.
CONCLUSIONS
Shear bond strength and TBS increased for the primed alloys. Cyclic disulfide primer is best-suited for noble alloys when compared with thiol/thione primers. Phosphoric acid- and phosphonic acid ester-based primers are opportune for base alloys.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
The alloy-resin interface (ARI) would fail if an inappropriate primer was selected. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate alloy adhesive primer for an alloy plays a crucial role in prosthetic success. This systematic review would help in the identification and selection of a congruous primer for a selected alloy.
Topics: Databases, Factual; Dental Alloys; Disulfides; Thiones; Dental Cements
PubMed: 38193174
DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3514