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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Organophosphate (OP) pesticides have been associated with a decline in semen quality, although there are still considerable arguments about the magnitude of the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides have been associated with a decline in semen quality, although there are still considerable arguments about the magnitude of the association.
OBJECTIVE
This study provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impacts of OP pesticides on semen quality and male reproductive hormones.
METHODS
This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols. Strategic search was conducted using combined text words as search terms. The eligibility criteria were developed based on Population, Exposure, Comparator, Outcome, and Study designs (PECOS) framework. Relevant data were extracted, risk of bias was evaluated by The Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) tool, and certainty of evidence was assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group guidelines. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager.
RESULTS
A total of 766 male subjects (349 exposed to OP pesticides and 417 unexposed controls) were included in the meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the ejaculate volume, seminal fluid volume, sperm multiple anomaly index, sperm, and leukocytes levels of the OP-exposed subjects compared to the control. In addition, OP pesticides exposure did not significantly affect serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and testosterone in subjects who were exposed to OP pesticides compared to their unexposed counterparts. However, we found a significant reduction in the sperm count, sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, total sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology of OP pesticides-exposed subjects compared to the unexposed subjects. However, after subtype and sensitivity analyses, exposure to OP pesticides did not reduce sperm count. Also, after sensitivity analysis, OP pesticides exposure did not alter progressive sperm motility.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that OP pesticides exposure reduced sperm count, concentration, total and progressive motility, and normal sperm morphology, possibly via a testosterone-independent mechanism.
Topics: Humans; Male; Semen; Semen Analysis; Testosterone; Sperm Motility; Organophosphorus Compounds; Insecticides; Organophosphates
PubMed: 37964951
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1227836 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jan 2021The effects of diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate pesticide, on lipid profiles have been extensively reported. However, controversy on this issue persists. Here, we... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
The effects of diazinon (DZN), an organophosphate pesticide, on lipid profiles have been extensively reported. However, controversy on this issue persists. Here, we performed a systematic and meta-analysis study to investigate the association between DZN exposure and dyslipidemia in rodents and fish species. This systematic review was prepared according to the PRISMA guidelines. Main databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and Web of Science, were systematically searched through March 4, 2020. The risk of bias was evaluated with the SYRCLE's RoB tool. Once all articles were assessed for scientific quality, a random-effects model was applied to perform a pooled analysis. I and Q test were used to assess the heterogeneity between articles, and Forest plots, indicating point and pooled estimates, were drawn. Twenty-eight articles were included; between them, 13 publications were selected for meta-analysis. Random-effects meta-analysis showed low heterogeneity between the articles. A pooled analysis indicated that DZN significantly increased total cholesterol levels (95% CI: 0.86-3.79; Z = 3.10; p = 0.002), triglyceride (95% CI: 0.38-3.22; Z = 2.48; p = 0.09), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (95% CI: 0.25-2.85; Z = 2.34; p = 0.7) in the DZN vs. control groups. In addition, DZN significantly decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (95% CI: - 2.92, - 0.42; Z = 2.62; p = 0.07) in the DZN vs. control groups. No publication bias was observed. Our findings suggest that DZN induces dyslipidemia in rodents and fish species in a dose-dependent manner.
Topics: Animals; Cholesterol, LDL; Diazinon; Dyslipidemias; Insecticides; Organophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 33159230
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11363-1 -
Clinical Therapeutics Jun 2022Heavily treatment-experienced (HTE) people with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 have limited treatment options. Treatment with the first-in-class attachment inhibitor...
PURPOSE
Heavily treatment-experienced (HTE) people with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 have limited treatment options. Treatment with the first-in-class attachment inhibitor fostemsavir in addition to optimized background therapy (OBT) resulted in sustained virologic and immunologic responses in HTE participants throughout 96 weeks in the BRIGHTE trial. In the absence of long-term direct comparative evidence between fostemsavir-based and other antiretroviral regimens, this analysis indirectly compares efficacy and safety across relevant available trials, adjusting for demographic and baseline characteristics.
METHODS
A systematic literature review was conducted to identify trials with designs and populations comparable to BRIGHTE. Using matching-adjusted indirect comparison analyses, individual participant data from BRIGHTE were reweighted to create balanced populations across trials, and efficacy and safety outcomes were compared.
FINDINGS
Three comparator trials were identified, 2 of which reflected an optimized therapy without fostemsavir (OBT alone): TMB-301 (ibalizumab and OBT), BENCHMRK-1/-2 (OBT alone), and VIKING-3 (OBT alone). Compared with ibalizumab and OBT (N = 40), fostemsavir and OBT (unadjusted, N = 347; adjusted, N = 236) were associated with numerically higher nonsignificant odds of virologic suppression (odds ratio [OR] = 1.44; 95% CI, 0.74-2.80; P = 0.284) and a similar increase in CD4 cell count of approximately 65 cells/mm from baseline through week 24 (mean difference = 7.05 cells/mm; 95% CI, -60.88 to 74.98 cells/mm; P = 0.834). Compared with OBT from BENCHMRK-1/-2 (N = 237), fostemsavir and OBT (adjusted, N = 126) were associated with significantly higher odds of virologic suppression (OR = 3.26; 95% CI, 2.08-5.11; P < 0.001) and increased CD4 cell count (135.78 cells/mm; 95% CI, 91.93-179.63 cells/mm; P < 0.001) at week 96. Compared with OBT from VIKING-3 (N = 183), fostemsavir and OBT (adjusted, N = 78) were associated with numerically higher odds of virologic suppression (OR = 1.34; 95% CI, 0.78-2.30; P = 0.297) and a modest CD4 cell count increase (26.86 cells/mm; 95% CI, -10.79 to 64.52; P = 0.162) through week 48; however, differences were not significant. All-cause discontinuations and safety comparisons varied across studies.
IMPLICATIONS
Although matching-adjusted indirect comparison analyses have limitations, these results support the use of fostemsavir and OBT as an important treatment option in HTE people with multidrug-resistant HIV-1.
Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Organophosphates; Piperazines; Viral Load
PubMed: 35610081
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.04.007 -
Toxics Oct 2022The use of illicit and non-illicit substances is widespread in suicides. The toxicological data may help in understanding the mechanism of death. This systematic review... (Review)
Review
The use of illicit and non-illicit substances is widespread in suicides. The toxicological data may help in understanding the mechanism of death. This systematic review aimed to analyze autopsies related to suicides by consuming poison, focusing on the correlation between substance use and the country of origin to create an alarm bell to indicate that suicide maybe attempted and prevent it. The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, with the primary objective of identifying autopsies conducted in cases of suicide by consuming poison in specific geographic areas. Significant differences in substances were observed between low-income and Western countries that confirm previous literature data. In rural areas and Asian countries, most suicides by consuming poison involve the use of pesticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates. In Western countries, illicit drugs and medically prescribed drugs are the leading cause of suicide by self-poisoning. Future research should shed light on the correlation between social, medical, and demographic characteristics and the autopsy findings in suicides by self-poisoning to highlight the risk factors and implement tailored prevention programs worldwide. Performing a complete autopsy on a suspected suicide by self-poisoning could be essential in supporting worldwide public health measures and policy makers. Therefore, complete autopsies in such cases must be vigorously promoted.
PubMed: 36355945
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110654 -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2021Occupational exposure to oil fumes, organophosphates, halogenated flame retardants, and other volatile and semi-volatile contaminants is a concern within the aviation... (Review)
Review
Occupational exposure to oil fumes, organophosphates, halogenated flame retardants, and other volatile and semi-volatile contaminants is a concern within the aviation industry. There is no current consensus on the risk attributed to exposure to these chemical classes within the aircraft cabin. Contaminant concentrations rarely exceed conventional air quality guidelines, but concerns have been raised about these guidelines' applicability within the aircraft environment. This systematic review, the largest and most comprehensive completed to date on the subject matter, aims to synthesize the existing research related to chemical and other exposures inside the aircraft cabin to determine the occupational risk that may be attributed said exposure, as well as, determine knowledge gaps in source, pathway, and receptor that may exist. The Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were queried with five search terms generating 138 manuscripts that met acceptance criteria and screening. Several potential areas requiring future examination were identified: Potable water on aircraft should be examined as a potential source of pollutant exposure, as should air conditioning expansion turbines. Historical exposure should also be more fully explored, and non-targeted analysis could provide valuable information to comprehend the aircraft cabin exposome. Occupational risk under typical flight scenarios appears to be limited for most healthy individuals. Contaminants of concern were demonstrated to be extant within the cabin, however the concentrations under normal circumstances do not appear to be individually responsible for the symptomologies that are present in impacted individuals. Questions remain regarding those that are more vulnerable or susceptible to exposure. Additionally, establishing the effects of chronic low dose exposure and exposure to contaminant mixtures has not been satisfied. The risk of acute exposure in mitigable fume events is substantial, and technological solutions or the replacement of compounds of concern for safer alternatives should be a priority.
Topics: Air Pollution, Indoor; Aircraft; Flame Retardants; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphates
PubMed: 34375198
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148742 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2021In recent years, the worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults and children has dramatically increased. The conventional model regarding the onset of... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults and children has dramatically increased. The conventional model regarding the onset of obesity is based on an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure. However, other possible environmental factors involved, such as the exposure to chemicals like pesticides, cannot be discarded. These compounds could act as endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDC) that may interfere with hormone activity related to several mechanisms involved in body weight control. The main objective of this study was to systematically review the data provided in the scientific literature for a possible association between prenatal and postnatal exposure to pesticides and obesity in offspring. A total of 25 human and 9 animal studies were analyzed. The prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal exposure to organophosphate, organochlorine, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, and carbamate, as well as a combined pesticide exposure was reviewed. This systematic review reveals that the effects of pesticide exposure on body weight are mostly inconclusive, finding conflicting results in both humans and experimental animals. The outcomes reviewed are dependent on many factors, including dosage and route of administration, species, sex, and treatment duration. More research is needed to effectively evaluate the impact of the combined effects of different pesticides on human health.
Topics: Adult; Child; Environmental Exposure; Female; Humans; Neonicotinoids; Obesity; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Pregnancy; Pyrethrins
PubMed: 34281107
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137170 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jan 2020Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, disturbs blood glucose hemostasis in experimental models and causes metabolic disorders. However, there are controversial... (Review)
Review Meta-Analysis
Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide, disturbs blood glucose hemostasis in experimental models and causes metabolic disorders. However, there are controversial findings of its impact on the BS level. The present meta-analysis aimed to investigate blood gluocse levels in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos. Present systematic review and meta-analysis study was done by searching in the online databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Data were analyzed by performing "random effects meta-regression." Findings were expressed as standardized mean value and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using I-square and Q test. Meta-analysis of 7 animal studies indicated the dose-dependence manner of chlorpyrifos exposure on the blood glucose levels. The subgroup analysis indicated that exposure to low doses of chlorpyrifos significantly increased the blood glucose levels in exposed animals versus the nonexposed (0.11; 95% CI: - 1.14, 1.36, z = 2.25, p = 0.03, I2 = 90.1%, p < 0.001) and high doses markedly decreased blood glucose levels in exposed rats versus the nonexposed (7.34; 95%CI: - 9.35, - 5.32, z = 6.41, p < 0.001, I2 = 96.9%, p < 0.001). The random effects and pooled analysis indicated that the blood glucose levels were 4.22-fold lower in exposed animals versus the nonexposed ones (95% CI: - 5.59,- 2.85; Z = 3.97; p < 0.001); therefore, heterogeneity was significant (I2 = 96.5%, p < 0.001). The present finding indicated the association between chlorpyrifos exposure and a decrease in blood glucose levels. However, more studies should be designed to clarify this effect of chlorpyrifos exposure on blood glucose levels and involved mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Blood Glucose; Chlorpyrifos; Insecticides; Rats
PubMed: 31848960
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07229-w -
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva Aug 2020Malathion has been widely used worldwide in arbovirus control programs. In 2015, it was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a...
Malathion has been widely used worldwide in arbovirus control programs. In 2015, it was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a probable carcinogen to humans. This work aimed to systematize the evidence of the carcinogenic and mutagenic effects associated with the exposure of malathion and its analogs, malaoxon and isomalathion. The search was carried out in Toxline, PubMed and Scopus databases for original papers published from 1983 to 2015. In all, 73 papers were selected from a total of 273 eligible papers. The results of in vitro and in vivo studies showed mainly genetic and chromosomal damages caused by malathion. The epidemiological studies evidenced significant positive associations for thyroid, breast, and ovarian cancers in menopausal women. This evidence of the carcinogenic effect of malathion should be considered before its use in arbovirus control programs.
Topics: Female; Humans; Malathion; Mutagens
PubMed: 32785560
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232020258.10672018 -
Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia =... 2020To update findings of observational analytical studies on the association between occupational exposure to organophosphates and hematologic malignancies.
OBJECTIVE
To update findings of observational analytical studies on the association between occupational exposure to organophosphates and hematologic malignancies.
METHODOLOGY
Systematic literature review, including cohort and case-control studies, without limitation of publication time, in Portuguese and English. The articles were traced from June 2017 to July 2019 in PubMed, MEDLINE, LILACS, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The qualitative bias risk assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Downs and Black Checklist. Results were presented according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).
RESULTS
Seventeen studies evaluated as good/high methodological quality were eligible. Exposure to diazinon (1 cohort), phonophos (1 cohort), dichlorvos, crotoxiphos and famphur (1 case control) was associated with leukemia, while exposure to organophosphate was associated to lymphomas (6 case control); the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma was higher in those exposed to diazinon (1 control case) and malathion (3 control case) than non-exposed ones. Multiple myeloma occurred more commonly in organophosphate exposed than in non-exposed individuals (1 case-control).
CONCLUSION
Occupational exposure to organophosphates increases the risk of hematologic malignancies, especially among individuals with longer exposure periods. Worker monitoring and exposure control measures are recommended.
Topics: Hematologic Neoplasms; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphate Poisoning; Pesticides; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Time Factors
PubMed: 32401913
DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720200022 -
Andrology Oct 2022The environment plays a key role in male infertility, changing the incidence in various populations, and pesticides are one of the most studied hazards. The use of the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The environment plays a key role in male infertility, changing the incidence in various populations, and pesticides are one of the most studied hazards. The use of the latter has never decreased, jeopardizing the safety of workers and the general population.
OBJECTIVE
Our purpose was to summarize the results of studies discussing the association between pesticides and male fertility.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was performed through MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Only human studies were considered. Semen parameters and DNA integrity were considered to evaluate the effect of pesticides on men.
RESULTS
A total of 64 studies that investigated their impact in terms of semen parameters (51 studies) and chromatin and DNA integrity (25 studies) were included. The most frequently affected parameters were total sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology, although a reduction in ejaculate volume and concentration occur in several cases. A tangible worsening of semen quality was associated with organochlorines and organophosphates. Furthermore, pesticide exposure, especially pyrethroids, was related to a higher DNA fragmentation index and chromosome aneuploidy in most articles.
CONCLUSION
The epidemiological evidence supports the association between pesticides and male fertility for workers and the exposed population in terms of semen quality, DNA fragmentation, and chromosome aneuploidy.
Topics: Aneuploidy; Chromatin; DNA; Fertility; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; Occupational Exposure; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Pyrethrins; Semen; Semen Analysis; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 35793270
DOI: 10.1111/andr.13228