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Systematic Reviews May 2020Environmental factors such as pollution, pesticide exposure and socio-demographic location have been implicated as a pressure capable of altering genetic make-up....
Environmental factors such as pollution, pesticide exposure and socio-demographic location have been implicated as a pressure capable of altering genetic make-up. Altered genetic sequence of genes encoding enzymes may result in single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Of peculiar interest is the genetic variance on the paraoxonase-1 gene induced by pre- and postnatal exposure to pesticides. SNP have been reported on the paraoxonase-1 gene and post-xenobiotic exposure and are presumed to alter gene sequence and ultimately enzymatic activity. The altered enzymatic activity may facilitate neurodevelopment disorders. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are among the neurodevelopment disorders of which prevalence is concurrently associated with increasing environmental xenobiotic exposure. The variance on xenobiotic metabolising genes is associated with altered neurodevelopment outcome and ultimately altered neurobehavioural outcome. Prime interests of this systematic review were to establish an understanding of the sequences on the paraoxonase-1 gene associated with adverse neurobehavioural outcome. An in-depth literature search was conducted using the term combination "pesticide exposure, pre- and postnatal exposure, organophosphates/organophosphorus, single nucleotide polymorphism, paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), neurodevelopment/neurobehavioural outcome in child/infant". Articles published from the year 2000 to 2018 were considered for review. The result showed that variance on the PON1-108 and 192 alleles could be implicated in the development of altered neurobehavioural outcomes.
Topics: Aryldialkylphosphatase; Child; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Organophosphates; Pesticides; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 32386510
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01330-9 -
Environmental Science. Processes &... Feb 2024This work presents a case study in applying a systematic review framework (SYRINA) to the identification of chemicals as endocrine disruptors. The suitability and...
This work presents a case study in applying a systematic review framework (SYRINA) to the identification of chemicals as endocrine disruptors. The suitability and performance of the framework is tested with regard to the widely accepted World Health Organization definition of an endocrine disruptor (ED). The endocrine disrupting potential of triphenyl phosphate (TPP), a well-studied flame retardant reported to exhibit various endocrine related effects was assessed. We followed the 7 steps of the SYRINA framework, articulating the research objective Populations, Exposures, Comparators, Outcomes (PECO) statements, performed literature search and screening, conducted study evaluation, performed data extraction and summarized and integrated the evidence. Overall, 66 studies, consisting of , and epidemiological data, were included. We concluded that triphenyl phosphate could be identified as an ED based on metabolic disruption and reproductive function. We found that the tools used in this case study and the optimizations performed on the framework were suitable to assess properties of EDs. A number of challenges and areas for methodological development in systematic appraisal of evidence relating to endocrine disrupting potential were identified; significant time and effort were needed for the analysis of mechanistic data in this case study, thus increasing the workload and time needed to perform the systematic review process. Further research and development of this framework with regards to grey literature (non-peer-reviewed literature) search, harmonization of study evaluation methods, more consistent evidence integration approaches and a pre-defined method to assess links between adverse effect and endocrine activity are recommended. It would also be advantageous to conduct more case studies for a chemical with less data than TPP.
Topics: Organophosphates; Endocrine Disruptors
PubMed: 38205707
DOI: 10.1039/d3em00353a -
La Medicina Del Lavoro Feb 2020We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies on the association between occupational exposure to glyphosate and risk of non-Hodgkin... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies on the association between occupational exposure to glyphosate and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM).
METHODS
We conducted a systematic search of the literature, and identified 18 relevant publications, from which we extracted results from seven non-overlapping studies of NHL and three of MM. We performed random-effects meta-analyses for ever-exposure to glyphosate, dose-response, and risk of specific NHL subtypes.
RESULTS
The meta-relative risk (RR) of NHL was 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86-1.21), that of MM was 1.04 (95% CI 0.67-1.41). The meta-RR of NHL for highest category of exposure was 1.49 (95% CI 0.37-2.61; 3 studies). The meta-RR for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was 1.31 (95% CI 0.93-1.75); that for follicular lymphoma was 0.82 (95% CI 0.93-1.70), and that for chronic lymphocytic leukemia was 0.85 (95% CI 0.20-1.49). There was indication of publication bias for studies on NHL.
CONCLUSIONS
Our meta-analysis provided no overall evidence of an increased risk for both NHL and MM in subjects occupationally exposed to glyphosate. In secondary analyses we detected a small increase in risk for the category with highest level of exposure as well as for DLBCL. The evidence of publication bias suggests caution in the interpretation of the results.
Topics: Glycine; Humans; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Multiple Myeloma; Occupational Exposure; Risk Factors; Glyphosate
PubMed: 32096774
DOI: 10.23749/mdl.v111i1.8967 -
Current Diabetes Reviews 2020Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are extremely poisonous and they affect the glucose breakdown in numerous and mechanism. There are higher evidence of stimulating...
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are extremely poisonous and they affect the glucose breakdown in numerous and mechanism. There are higher evidence of stimulating diabetes mellitus through OP pesticides especially the type II diabetes. The upsurge in the level of glucose (hyperglycemia), and insulin resistance along with their related outcomes are discussed in this review. The data related to investigational and clinical techniques endorse a connection amid such molecular mechanism and compounds of OPs. Numerous studies conducted till March 2018 have reported OP' exposures and diabetes-related outcomes. The acute and chronic exposure in case of these insecticides and diabetesrelated outcomes are defined in this study. Initially, it was declared that OPs prompt to hyperglycemia. Then, a high association of glucose in blood beside insulin was found out. The affirmation from some clinical as well as investigational studies supported a connection amid exposure to OP and diabetes, yet in maximum number of instances, non-specific diabetes occurs.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Hyperglycemia; Insulin Resistance; Lipid Metabolism; Obesity; Organophosphates; Pancreas; Pesticides
PubMed: 31544698
DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666190712192844 -
Chemico-biological Interactions Sep 2023Cumulating evidence links environmental toxicants, such as organophosphate (OP) pesticides, to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The calcium-dependent... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Cumulating evidence links environmental toxicants, such as organophosphate (OP) pesticides, to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The calcium-dependent Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) can neutralize these toxicants with good catalytic efficiency, thus protecting from OP-induced biological damage. Although different previous studies have already partially described an association between PON1 activity and AD, this intriguing relationship has not yet been comprehensively examined. To fill this gap, we performed a meta-analysis of existing data comparing the PON1 arylesterase activity in AD and healthy subjects from the general population. Data were obtained by searching MEDLINE, Embase and CENTRAL, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS electronic databases for all studies published at any time up to February 2023, reporting and comparing the PON1- paraoxonase activity between AD patients and controls. Seven studies, based on 615 subjects (281 AD and 356 controls) met the inclusion criteria and were included into the final analysis. A random effect model revealed that PON1 arylesterase activity was significantly lower in the AD group compared to controls, exhibiting low level of heterogeneity (SMD = - 1.62, 95% CI = -2.65 to -0.58, p = 0.0021, I = 12%). These findings suggest that PON1 activity might be reduced in AD reflecting a major susceptibility to OPs neurotoxicity. Further studies should be conducted to definitely ascertain this link and to establish the cause-effect relationship between PON1 reduction and AD onset.
Topics: Humans; Aryldialkylphosphatase; Alzheimer Disease; Organophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 37330180
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110601 -
Chemosphere May 2023Brazil is the third largest exporter of fruits and vegetables in the world and, consequently, uses large amounts of pesticides. Food contamination with pesticide...
Brazil is the third largest exporter of fruits and vegetables in the world and, consequently, uses large amounts of pesticides. Food contamination with pesticide residues (PRs) is a serious concern, especially in developing countries. Several research reports revealed that some Brazilian farmers spray pesticides on fruits and vegetables in large quantities, generating PRs after harvest. Thus, ingestion of food contaminated with PRs can cause adverse health effects. Based on information obtained through a systematic review of essential information from 33 articles, we studied the assessment of potential health risks associated with fruit and vegetable consumption in children and adults from Brazilian states. This study identified 111 PRs belonging to different chemical groups, mainly organophosphates and organochlorines, in 26 fruit and vegetable samples consumed and exported by Brazil. Sixteen of these PRs were above the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) established by local and international legislation. We did not identify severe acute and chronic dietary risks, but the highest risk values were observed in São Paulo and Santa Catarina, associated with the consumption of tomatoes and sweet peppers due to the high concentrations of organophosphates. A high long-term health risk is associated with the consumption of oranges in São Paulo and grapes in Bahia due to chlorothalonil and procymidone. We also identified that 26 PRs are considered carcinogenic by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), and the carcinogenic risk analysis revealed no severe risk in any Brazilian state investigated due to the cumulative hazard index (HI) < 1. However, the highest HI values were in São Paulo due to acephate and carbaryl in sweet pepper and in Bahia due to dichlorvos. This information can help regulatory authorities define new guidelines for pesticide residue limits in fruits and vegetables commonly consumed and exported from Brazil and monitor the quality of commercial formulations.
Topics: Adult; Child; United States; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Vegetables; Fruit; Brazil; Pesticides; Risk Assessment; Organophosphates; Food Contamination
PubMed: 36841459
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138244 -
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2021In recent years, pyrethroids have emerged as a less toxic alternative to eliminate insect pests. However, some animal studies and studies with children show that these...
In recent years, pyrethroids have emerged as a less toxic alternative to eliminate insect pests. However, some animal studies and studies with children show that these pesticides are toxic and lead to neurobehavioral effects similar to other pesticides, such as organophosphates. The purpose of this review was to systematize the epidemiological scientific evidence about the neurobehavioral, neuromotor, and neurocognitive effects in agricultural workers and their children exposed to pyrethroid pesticides. We conducted two searches (with different terms) in PubMed and Scopus databases, including articles in Spanish and English language on the effects of occupational exposure to pyrethroid pesticides associated with neurobehavioral, neuromotor, and neurocognitive functioning of agricultural workers and their children. There were no filters by year, and the search included studies till march 2021. To develop the search, we followed the recommendations contained in the PRISMA guidelines and the PICO strategy. The results show that in 66.6% of the studies reviewed (8 of 12 studies), agricultural workers or their children occupationally exposed to pyrethroid pesticides have a higher risk of presenting difficulties in their neurocognitive, neuromotor, or neurobehavioral performance, mainly associated with attention, processing speed (linked to hand-eye coordination), and motor coordination. There are still few studies that address this issue. However, the quality of most of the research conducted (83% intermediate or high quality) confirms the risk for neurobehavioral health in agricultural workers due to occupational exposure to pyrethroids. More research is required evaluating the exposure to pyrethroids, including biomarkers and validated neurobehavioral and neuromotor tests, in addition to evaluating the effect of simultaneous exposure to other hazardous pesticides. Assuming that the use of pyrethroids is increasing considerably and faster than the scientific evidence, it is suggested as a precautionary principle to regulate, more strictly, the sale of pyrethroids and other pesticides.
PubMed: 34335205
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.648171 -
Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Apr 2023The incidence of liver and pancreatic cancer is rising. Patients benefit from current treatments, but there are limitations in the evaluation of (early) response to...
BACKGROUND
The incidence of liver and pancreatic cancer is rising. Patients benefit from current treatments, but there are limitations in the evaluation of (early) response to treatment. Tumor metabolic alterations can be measured noninvasively with phosphorus ( P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).
PURPOSE
To conduct a quantitative analysis of the available literature on P MRS performed in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer and to provide insight into its current and potential for therapy (non-) response assessment.
POPULATION
Patients with hepatopancreatobiliary cancer. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: P MRS.
ASSESSMENT
The PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases were systematically searched for studies published to 17 March 17, 2022. All P MRS studies in hepatopancreatobiliary cancer reporting P metabolite levels were included.
STATISTICAL TESTS
Relative differences in P metabolite levels/ratios between patients before therapy and healthy controls, and the relative changes in P metabolite levels/ratios in patients before and after therapy were determined.
RESULTS
The search yielded 10 studies, comprising 301 subjects, of whom 132 (44%) healthy volunteers and 169 (56%) patients with liver cancer of various etiology. To date, P MRS has not been applied in pancreatic cancer. In liver cancer, alterations in levels of P metabolites involved in cell proliferation (phosphomonoesters [PMEs] and phosphodiesters [PDEs]) and energy metabolism (ATP and inorganic phosphate [Pi]) were observed. In particular, liver tumors were associated with elevations of PME/PDE and PME/Pi compared to healthy liver tissue, although there was a broad variety among studies (elevations of 2%-267% and 21%-233%, respectively). Changes in PME/PDE in liver tumors upon therapy were substantial, yet very heterogeneous and both decreases and increases were observed, whereas PME/Pi was consistently decreased after therapy in all studies (-13% to -76%).
DATA CONCLUSION
P MRS has great potential for treatment monitoring in oncology. Future studies are needed to correlate the changes in P metabolite levels in hepatopancreatobiliary tumors with treatment response.
EVIDENCE LEVEL
3 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Phosphorus; Organophosphates; Liver Neoplasms; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35916278
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28372 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Jan 2023Measurements of blood cholinesterase (ChE) activities, including those of erythrocytes (EChE), plasma or serum (PChE), and whole blood (WBChE), are used to assess... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Measurements of blood cholinesterase (ChE) activities, including those of erythrocytes (EChE), plasma or serum (PChE), and whole blood (WBChE), are used to assess exposure to ChE-inhibiting pesticides. The purpose of this review was to report normal reference ChE activities in the blood of healthy adult humans, as determined by a modified electrometric method. We performed a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Single-group meta-analysis of means of PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities of adult healthy subjects was conducted using the random effects model. The programs used were Open-Meta Analyst and Meta-Essentials Version 1.5. Studies selected for analysis comprised 21, 19, and 4 reports of normal reference/baseline PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities in 690, 635, and 121 healthy adult males and/or females, respectively. The meta-analysis showed normal reference values of the means (effect sizes) with 95% CI of PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities of healthy adult subjects, which were 1.078 (1.015, 1.142), 1.075 (1.024, 1.125) and 1.331 (1.226, 1.436), respectively. By the subgroup analysis, heterogeneity (I2>89%) was considerably reduced in females to 4.4% and 30.1% for PChE and EChE, respectively. Funnel plots indicated no publication bias. However, Egger's regression confirmed the symmetry of the data points for PChE and WBChE activities with a significant effect on EChE. This meta-analysis showed normal reference values of PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities, measured by a modified electrometric method, in healthy adult humans.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Cholinesterases; Publication Bias
PubMed: 36873131
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0215 -
Human & Experimental Toxicology 2022There are hereditary types of nephroblastoma or Wilms' tumor associated with exposure of the germ cells of either parent to harmful environmental factors. Some studies... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
There are hereditary types of nephroblastoma or Wilms' tumor associated with exposure of the germ cells of either parent to harmful environmental factors. Some studies have examined the exposure of compounds used pesticides and herbicides as a risk factor for Wilms' tumor.
METHODS
A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out on case-control studies to establish the potential link between exposure to these organic molecules and Wilms' tumor occurrence in children rigorously. We examined the monographs on some organo-phosphate insecticides and herbicides issued by the International Association for the Research on Cancer (IARC) under the auspices of the World Health Organization (WHO). PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar studies (1960-2021) were identified and systematically reviewed following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Subgroup analyses were conducted after stratification for occupational versus residential exposure and before birth (prenatal) vs. after birth (postnatal) exposure. In addition, we revised the monographs on chemical compounds issued recently by the IARC/WHO.
RESULTS
Our findings seem to consolidate that parental pesticide exposure during the preconception or pregnancy period is correlated with an increased occurrence risk for Wilms' tumor. We confirm the validity of the WHO essays on certain organophosphate herbicides and insecticides, which support these compounds, may be highly relevant in future cancer prevention policies.
CONCLUSION
Parental exposure to pesticides, particularly in household settings, is poorly emphasized in our society. There is a strong association between these organophosphate compounds and pediatric cancer. Public health agencies may need to take stronger action than in the past.
Topics: Child; Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Pesticides; Kidney Neoplasms; Insecticides; Wilms Tumor; Parents; World Health Organization; Herbicides; Organophosphates
PubMed: 36289056
DOI: 10.1177/09603271221136211