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Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2021Several studies describe the immobilization of microbial lipases aiming to evaluate the mechanical/thermal stability of the support/enzyme system, the appropriate method...
Several studies describe the immobilization of microbial lipases aiming to evaluate the mechanical/thermal stability of the support/enzyme system, the appropriate method for immobilization, acid and alkaline stability, tolerance to organic solvents and specificity of fatty acids. However, literature reviews focus on application of enzyme/support system in food technology remains scarce. This current systematic literature review aimed to identify, evaluate and interpret available and relevant researches addressing the type of support and immobilization techniques employed over lipases, in order to obtain products for food industry. Fourteen selected articles were used to structure the systematic review, in which the discussion was based on six main groups: (i) synthesis/enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids; (ii) synthesis of structured lipids; (iii) flavors and food coloring; (iv) additives, antioxidants and antimicrobials; (v) synthesis of phytosterol esters and (vi) synthesis of sugar esters. In general, the studies discussed the synthesis of the enzyme/support system and the characteristics: surface area, mass transfer resistance, activity, stability (pH and temperature), and recyclability. Each immobilization technique is applicable for a specific production, depending mainly on the sensitivity and cost of the process.
Topics: Enzyme Stability; Enzymes, Immobilized; Esters; Fatty Acids; Food Industry; Solvents
PubMed: 32423294
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1764489 -
Nutrition, Metabolism, and... Nov 2019Although some earlier studies have indicated the effect of phytosterol (PS) supplementation on serum lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Impact of phytosterol supplementation on plasma lipoprotein(a) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Although some earlier studies have indicated the effect of phytosterol (PS) supplementation on serum lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration, findings are still conflicting. We aimed to assess the impact of PS supplementation on serum Lp(a) and FFA concentration through a systematic review and meta-analysis of available RCTs.
METHODS AND RESULTS
We performed a systematic search of all available RCTs conducted up to 21 February 2019 in the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane. The choice of fixed- or random-effect model for analysis was determined according to the I statistic. Effect sizes were expressed as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Pooling of 12 effect sizes from seven articles revealed a significant reduction of Lp(a) levels following PS supplementation (MD: -0.025 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.045, -0.004, p = 0.017) without significant heterogeneity among the studies (I = 0.0%, p = 0.599). Also, PS supplementation significantly lowered FFA (MD: -0.138 mg/dl, 95% CI: -0.195, -0.081, p = 0.000) without significant heterogeneity among the studies (I = 0.0%, p = 0.911). The results for meta-regression and sensitivity analysis were not significant.
CONCLUSION
The meta-analysis suggests that oral PS supplementation could cause a significant reduction in serum Lp(a) and FFA.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Dietary Supplements; Down-Regulation; Dyslipidemias; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; Female; Humans; Hypolipidemic Agents; Lipoprotein(a); Male; Middle Aged; Phytosterols; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31582198
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.07.011 -
RSC Advances Sep 2020For centuries, species of the genus (Ranunculaceae) have been extensively utilized for their extremely high ornamental and medicinal values. Phytochemical... (Review)
Review
For centuries, species of the genus (Ranunculaceae) have been extensively utilized for their extremely high ornamental and medicinal values. Phytochemical investigations of species have revealed the presence of multiple active ingredients, including diterpenoid alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, phytosterols, fatty acids, and volatile constituents. These chemical constituents are of great research significance due to their novel structures and broad biological activities. This review addresses, for the first time, the chemical constituents of plants and the biological activities of these compounds to facilitate future research.
PubMed: 35515663
DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06811j -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Oct 2023The exploration of lipid-lowering resources, such as phytosterols, for the complementary nutritional treatment of hypercholesterolemia is relevant to reduce...
BACKGROUND
The exploration of lipid-lowering resources, such as phytosterols, for the complementary nutritional treatment of hypercholesterolemia is relevant to reduce cardiovascular risk. The use of phytosterols in capsules or tablets can bring advantages in the context of diet therapy, but such format is still less studied when compared to fortified foods.
OBJECTIVE
Systematically review randomized clinical trials on the effects of phytosterol supplementation, in capsules or tablets, on the lipid profile and its use in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia in adults.
DESIGN
A systematic review was carried out in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis, with a PROSPERO protocol registered under number CRD42021249539. The process was conducted by two independent reviewers. Only randomized clinical trials with phytosterol supplementation in adult individuals with hypercholesterolemia were included. The terms were searched in the databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library/CENTRAL, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science, without restriction of time and language. The manual search was also performed through the list of references of articles included in this review.
RESULTS
The searches resulted in 977 articles. 22 articles were selected, whose full text was read, and according to the eligibility criteria 10 were incorporated into the review. The studies were separated into groups according to the association of the intervention with changes in lifestyle and the characteristics extracted from the studies were summarized and displayed in tables. Most studies have revealed a positive association between phytosterol supplementation and cholesterol reduction, despite the short duration of interventions.
CONCLUSION
The analyzed studies showed that phytosterol supplements can be useful to modulate the lipid profile, helping to reduce the plasma concentration of LDL cholesterol. However, more research with the aforementioned supplementation in such pharmaceutical formats should be encouraged.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Hypercholesterolemia; Phytosterols; Capsules; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Tablets; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 37739728
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.08.022 -
Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Dec 2023Plant sterols/stanols are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein E () genetic variants influence it. We investigated... (Review)
Review
Plant sterols/stanols are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein E () genetic variants influence it. We investigated whether genetic variants modulate the responses of blood lipids to dietary intervention plant sterols/stanols in adults and if the intervention dose and duration, as well as the age and status of participants, influence this effect. Randomized clinical trials were identified by searching databases in the Cochrane Library. Random-effect models were used to estimate the pooled effect size of each outcome of interest total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to investigate the effects of potential modifiers on the outcomes of interest. Eleven articles were selected from 3,248 retrieved abstracts. Plant sterol/stanol intervention was associated with a more significant reduction in LDL levels in the E3 group [-0.251 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -0.488 to -0.015] compared with both the E4 and E2 groups. In E4 carriers, the plant sterol/stanol intervention dose and duration resulted in a larger decrease in LDL levels (-0.088027 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.154690 to -0.021364). In conclusion, genetic variants affected the response of blood LDL levels to supplementation with plant sterols/stanols, as individuals with E3 variant showed significantly decreased LDL levels compared with the other genotypes. However, future studies recruiting participants according to their genetic variants are needed to confirm our conclusion.
PubMed: 38188084
DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.4.377 -
Thrombosis and Haemostasis Jun 2022Cardiovascular disease, in particular due to arterial thrombosis, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, with crucial roles of platelets in thrombus formation....
Cardiovascular disease, in particular due to arterial thrombosis, is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, with crucial roles of platelets in thrombus formation. For multiple plant-derived phytochemicals found in common dietary components, claims have been made regarding cardiovascular health and antiplatelet activities. Here we present a systematic overview of the published effects of common phytochemicals, applied in vitro or in nutritional intervention studies, on agonist-induced platelet activation properties and platelet signaling pathways. Comparing the phytochemical effects per structural class, we included general phenols: curcuminoids (e.g., curcumin), lignans (honokiol, silybin), phenolic acids (caffeic and chlorogenic acid), derivatives of these (shikimic acid), and stilbenoids (isorhapontigenin, resveratrol). Furthermore, we evaluated the flavonoid polyphenols, including anthocyanidins (delphinidin, malvidin), flavan-3-ols (catechins), flavanones (hesperidin), flavones (apigenin, nobiletin), flavonols (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin), and isoflavones (daidzein, genistein); and terpenoids including carotenes and limonene; and finally miscellaneous compounds like betalains, indoles, organosulfides (diallyl trisulfide), and phytosterols. We furthermore discuss the implications for selected phytochemicals to interfere in thrombosis and hemostasis, indicating their possible clinical relevance. Lastly, we provide guidance on which compounds are of interest for further platelet-related research.
Topics: Blood Platelets; Flavonoids; Hemostasis; Humans; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Thrombosis
PubMed: 34715717
DOI: 10.1055/a-1683-5599 -
Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research Feb 2022The aim of this systematic review was (i) to determine the role of muscular traction in the occurrence of skeletal relapse after advancement BSSO and (ii) to investigate... (Review)
Review
The aim of this systematic review was (i) to determine the role of muscular traction in the occurrence of skeletal relapse after advancement BSSO and (ii) to investigate the effect of advancement BSSO on the perimandibular muscles. This systematic review reports in accordance with the recommendations proposed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Electronic database searches were performed in the databases MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were as follows: assessment of relapse after advancement BSSO; assessment of morphological and functional change of the muscles after advancement BSSO; and clinical studies on human subjects. Exclusion criteria were as follows: surgery other than advancement BSSO; studies in which muscle activity/traction was not investigated; and case reports with a sample of five cases or fewer, review articles, meta-analyses, letters, congress abstracts or commentaries. Of the initial 1006 unique articles, 11 studies were finally included. In four studies, an intervention involving the musculature was performed with subsequent assessment of skeletal relapse. The changes in the morphological and functional properties of the muscles after BSSO were studied in seven studies. The findings of this review demonstrate that the perimandibular musculature plays a role in skeletal relapse after advancement BSSO and may serve as a target for preventive strategies to reduce this complication. However, further research is necessary to (i) develop a better understanding of the role of each muscle group, (ii) to develop new therapeutic strategies and (iii) to define criteria that allow identification of patients at risk.
Topics: Humans; Mandible; Mandibular Advancement; Osteotomy; Recurrence; Sitosterols; Traction
PubMed: 33938136
DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12488 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Brassinosteroids (BRs), the sixth major phytohormone, can regulate plant salt tolerance. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of BRs on plant salt... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Promotion of Ca Accumulation in Roots by Exogenous Brassinosteroids as a Key Mechanism for Their Enhancement of Plant Salt Tolerance: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.
Brassinosteroids (BRs), the sixth major phytohormone, can regulate plant salt tolerance. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of BRs on plant salt tolerance, generating a large amount of research data. However, a meta-analysis on regulating plant salt tolerance by BRs has not been reported. Therefore, this study conducted a meta-analysis of 132 studies to elucidate the most critical physiological mechanisms by which BRs regulate salt tolerance in plants from a higher dimension and analyze the best ways to apply BRs. The results showed that exogenous BRs significantly increased germination, plant height, root length, and biomass (total dry weight was the largest) of plants under salt stress. There was no significant difference between seed soaking and foliar spraying. However, the medium method (germination stage) and stem application (seedling stage) may be more effective in improving plant salt tolerance. BRs only inhibit germination in Solanaceae. BRs (2 μM), seed soaking for 12 h, and simultaneous treatment with salt stress had the highest germination rate. At the seedling stage, the activity of Brassinolide (CHO) was higher than that of Homobrassinolide (CHO), and post-treatment, BRs (0.02 μM) was the best solution. BRs are unsuitable for use in the germination stage when Sodium chloride is below 100 mM, and the effect is also weakest in the seedling stage. Exogenous BRs promoted photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activity increased the accumulation of osmoregulatory and antioxidant substances and reduced the content of harmful substances and Na, thus reducing cell damage and improving plant salt tolerance. BRs induced the most soluble protein, chlorophyll a, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, Glutathione peroxidase, and root-Ca, with BRs causing Ca signals in roots probably constituting the most important reason for improving salt tolerance. BRs first promoted the accumulation of Ca in roots, which increased the content of the above vital substances and enzyme activities through the Ca signaling pathway, improving plant salt tolerance.
Topics: Brassinosteroids; Antioxidants; Salt Tolerance; Chlorophyll A; Seedlings; Plant Roots
PubMed: 38003311
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216123 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Lipids are a large group of natural compounds, together with proteins and carbohydrates, and are essential for various processes in the body. After death, the organism's... (Review)
Review
Lipids are a large group of natural compounds, together with proteins and carbohydrates, and are essential for various processes in the body. After death, the organism's tissues undergo a series of reactions that generate changes in some molecules, including lipids. This means that determining the lipid change profile can be beneficial in estimating the postmortem interval (PMI). These changes can also help determine burial sites and advance the localization of graves. The aim was to explore and analyze the decomposition process of corpses, focusing on the transformation of lipids, especially triglycerides (TGs) and fatty acids (FAs), and the possible application of these compounds as markers to estimate PMI and detect burial sites. A systematic review of 24 scientific articles from the last 23 years (2000-2023) was conducted. The results show that membrane glycerophospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol, among others) are the most studied, and the most promising results are obtained, with decreasing patterns as PMI varies. Fatty acids (FAs) are also identified as potential biomarkers owing to the variations in their postmortem concentration. An increase in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), such as stearic acid and palmitic acid, and a decrease in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), such as oleic acid and linoleic acid, were observed. The importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in decomposition is also observed. Finally, as for the burial sites, the presence of fatty acids and some sterols in burial areas of animal and human remains can be verified. In conclusion, glycerophospholipids and fatty acids are good markers for estimating PMI. It has been observed that there are still no equations for estimating the PMI that can be applied to forensic practice, as intrinsic and extrinsic factors are seen to play a vital role in the decomposition process. As for determining burial sites, the importance of soil and textile samples has been demonstrated, showing a direct relationship between saturated fatty acids, hydroxy fatty acids, and some sterols with decomposing remains.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Lipidomics; Fatty Acids; Cadaver; Phytosterols; Sterols; Glycerophospholipids
PubMed: 38256058
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020984 -
Nutrition, Metabolism, and... Aug 2023The main objective was to assess if foods fortified with phytosterols (PS), including plant sterols and plant stanols, reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
AIMS
The main objective was to assess if foods fortified with phytosterols (PS), including plant sterols and plant stanols, reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations. The secondary objective was to determine the impact of different factors related to PS administration.
DATA SYNTHESIS
The search was carried out in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases up to March 2023. The meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42021236952). From a total of 223 studies, 125 were included. On average, PS lowered LDL-C 0.55 mmol/L [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.82-12.67], and this decrease was significantly maintained for all analysed subgroups. A greater reduction in LDL-C levels was detected in relation to a higher daily PS dosage. The food format "Bread, biscuits, cereals", conditioned a lower decrease of 0.14 mmol/L (95%CI -8.71 to -2.16) in LDL-C levels, compared to the predominant food format group of "butter, margarine, spreads". No significant differences were detected with the other subgroups (treatment duration, intake pattern, number of daily intakes and concomitant statin treatment).
CONCLUSION
The present meta-analysis supported that the use of PS-fortified foods had a beneficial effect on LDL-C lowering. In addition, it was observed that the factors that influence a decline LDL-C levels were PS dose as well as the food format in which they were consumed.
Topics: Humans; Phytosterols; Cholesterol, LDL; Food, Fortified; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
PubMed: 37225641
DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.04.014