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Cureus May 2022Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad term encompassing hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a form of chronic hepatitis. This may,... (Review)
Review
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad term encompassing hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a form of chronic hepatitis. This may, unfortunately, lead to terminal complications like cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. The growing prevalence of NAFLD, its associated conditions, and its complications are alarming. The insulin sensitizer group "thiazolidinediones" has shown some therapeutic benefits in this condition. This systematic review is intended to focus on the clinical efficacy of this group in patients with NAFLD, employing PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library as databases. We discovered 10 randomized control trials (RCTs; nine involving pioglitazone and one involving rosiglitazone) involving 887 participants. All studies varied in duration from 6 to 24 months. Most of the involved trials had a small number of participants, and the intrinsic quality of the studies was mixed. Pioglitazone consistently improved histological parameters and normalized liver transaminases, although evidence supporting the benefits of other drugs in this class was minimal. Thiazolidinediones, particularly pioglitazone, have proven efficacious in patients with NAFLD/NASH. However, more extensive trials need to be carried out to investigate this drug class's benefits further. Unfortunately, this drug has attendant side effects like weight gain and fractures, limiting its widespread use; hence, careful selection for likely candidates is imperative.
PubMed: 35765391
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25380 -
Cureus Oct 2023Modern diabetic treatment has gone beyond glycemic control, with the choice of different medications to attain therapeutic targets also affected by the risk of long-term... (Review)
Review
Modern diabetic treatment has gone beyond glycemic control, with the choice of different medications to attain therapeutic targets also affected by the risk of long-term outcomes and safety profiles. The effect of diabetes on increased morbidity and mortality and its relationship to cardiovascular outcomes and coronary artery diseases have driven recent diabetes studies toward medications that improve cardiovascular outcomes and reduce all-cause mortality. This is attained by holistically treating cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients beyond glycemic control. Moreover, both diabetes and pre-diabetes are considered risk factors for both microvascular and macrovascular cardiac events. Despite the fact that initial research acknowledged fluid retention as a safety issue in pioglitazone use, clinical trial data have not presented conclusive proof of a positive or negative impact on cardiac function. This comprehensive literature review aims to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone on all-cause mortality, hospitalizations for heart failure, and major adverse cardiovascular outcomes, including the individual outcomes of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and cardiovascular mortality.
PubMed: 37954768
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.46911 -
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience :... Dec 2022This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone on Parkinson's disease (PD) in diabetes patients. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of pioglitazone on Parkinson's disease (PD) in diabetes patients.
METHODS
A study search was carried out in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases from inception to July 22, 2021. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to evaluate the quality of the eligible studies. The risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as effect size indicators in this meta-analysis to evaluate the risk association between pioglitazone and PD. The Cochran's Q and I tests were used to assess statistical heterogeneity. A dose-response meta-analysis was conducted using the least squares trend estimation method.
RESULTS
Three studies were eligible for this meta-analysis. Compared with diabetes patients who did not use pioglitazone, there was a significant reduction in the risk of PD (RR of 0.87 [95 % CI 0.62-0.99, P = 0.039]) in pioglitazone users. No significant difference in PD risk was noted in diabetes patients taking 438 dose-duration-days (DDDs) of pioglitazone or lower compared with those who did not. When the DDD of pioglitazone was 438, the RR was 0.85 (95 % CI [0.72-1.00], P = 0.05). When the DDD of pioglitazone was > 438, the risk of PD in patients with diabetes was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) and showed an approximate linear correlation trend.
CONCLUSION
Pioglitazone administration in PD in diabetes patients is significantly associated with a decrease in the risk of PD.
Topics: Humans; Pioglitazone; Parkinson Disease; Diabetes Mellitus; Risk; Odds Ratio
PubMed: 36335768
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.10.023 -
Andrology Feb 2023Erectile dysfunction is recognized as one of the complications of diabetes mellitus. To date, a wide gap of knowledge is present on the efficacy of pharmacological... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Erectile dysfunction is recognized as one of the complications of diabetes mellitus. To date, a wide gap of knowledge is present on the efficacy of pharmacological treatments of diabetes mellitus on erectile function, acting not only through metabolic control. Similarly, the effects of different diet regimens on erectile dysfunction are still debated.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to explore the effects of diet and antihyperglycemic drugs, considering both old and novel therapeutic approaches, on erectile function.
MATERIALS/METHODS
We performed a systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines. The research was conducted on studies reporting erectile dysfunction assessment in subjects with diabetes and the relationship with diet and antihyperglycemic drugs.
RESULTS
The Mediterranean diet was effective in most studies for the protection of erectile function. Furthermore, antihyperglycemic drugs seem to show an overall protective role on erectile function.
DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION
Although encouraging results are present for all classes of antihyperglycemic drugs, several studies are needed in humans, mainly on acarbose, pioglitazone, dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 inhibitors, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors.
Topics: Male; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Erectile Dysfunction; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; Diet, Mediterranean
PubMed: 35485604
DOI: 10.1111/andr.13192 -
Advances in Therapy Jun 2024Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterised by insulin resistance and is a risk for... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterised by insulin resistance and is a risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to review the literature on the effect of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in women with PCOS.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library and the Web of Science in April 2020 and updated in March 2023. Studies were deemed eligible if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) reporting the effect of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in PCOS. The study follows the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Two reviewers independently extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.
RESULTS
Out of 814 initially retrieved citations, 24 randomised clinical trials (RCTs) involving 976 participants were deemed eligible. Among women with PCOS, treatment with rosiglitazone compared to metformin resulted in a significant increase in the mean body weight (mean difference (MD) 1.95 kg; 95% CI 0.03-3.87, p = 0.05). Metformin treatment was associated with a reduction in mean body mass index (BMI) compared to pioglitazone (MD 0.85 kg/m; 95% CI 0.13-1.57, p = 0.02). Both pioglitazone compared to placebo (MD 2.56 kg/m; 95% CI 1.77-3.34, p < 0.00001) and rosiglitazone compared to metformin (MD 0.74 kg/m; 95% CI 0.07-1.41, p = 0.03) were associated with a significant increase in BMI. Treatment with pioglitazone compared to placebo showed a significant reduction in triglycerides (MD - 0.20 mmol/L; 95% CI - 0.38 to - 0.03, p = 0.02) and fasting insulin levels (MD - 11.47 mmol/L; 95% CI - 20.20, - 2.27, p = 0.01). Rosiglitazone compared to metformin was marginally significantly associated with a reduction in the luteinising hormone (LH) (MD - 0.62; 95% CI - 1.25-0.00, p = 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Both pioglitazone and rosiglitazone were associated with significant increases in body weight and BMI when compared with metformin or placebo. Pioglitazone significantly reduced triglycerides and fasting insulin when compared with placebo while rosiglitazone showed a modest reduction of LH when compared with metformin.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NO
CRD42020178783.
Topics: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Humans; Female; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Hypoglycemic Agents; Pioglitazone; Rosiglitazone; Thiazolidinediones; Metformin; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Body Mass Index
PubMed: 38683294
DOI: 10.1007/s12325-024-02848-3 -
JPEN. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral... May 2023Skeletal muscle wasting is a determinant of physical disability in survivors of critical illness. Intramuscular bioenergetic failure, altered substrate metabolim, and...
BACKGROUND
Skeletal muscle wasting is a determinant of physical disability in survivors of critical illness. Intramuscular bioenergetic failure, altered substrate metabolim, and inflammation are likely underpinning mechanisms. We examined the effect of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, on muscle-related outcomes in adults.
METHODS
We included randomized controlled trials in which pioglitazone was administered (no dose/dosage restrictions) and muscle-related outcomes were reported. We searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, and trial registries. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2. Primary outcomes were physical function and symptoms, muscle mass and function, or body composition and muscular compositional change. Secondary outcomes included muscle insulin sensitivity, mitochondrial effects, and intramuscular inflammation.
RESULTS
Fourteen studies over 19 publications (n = 474 patients) were included. Lean body mass was unaffected in three studies (n = 126) and increased by 1.8-1.92 kg in two studies (P = 0.02 and 0.003, respectively; n = 48). Pioglitazone was associated with increased peripheral insulin sensitivity (+23%-72%, standardized mean difference of 0.97 from trial start point to end point [95% CI, 0.36-1.58; n = 213]). Treatment reduced intramuscular tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels (-30%; P = 0.02; n = 29), with mixed effects on serum TNF-α and intramyocellular lipid concentrations. Treatment increased intramuscular markers of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis (ATP5A [+33%, P ≤ 0.05], ETFA [+60%, P ≤ 0.05], and CX6B1 [+ 33%, P = 0.01] [n = 24]), PGC1α and PGC1β messenger RNA expression (P < 0.05; n = 26), and AMPK phosphorylation (+38%, P < 0.05; n = 26). These data have low-quality evidence profiles owing to risk of bias.
CONCLUSIONS
Pioglitazone therapy increases skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and can decrease intramuscular inflammation.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Pioglitazone; Thiazolidinediones; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Resistance; Critical Illness; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Inflammation
PubMed: 36700419
DOI: 10.1002/jpen.2481 -
Biomedicines Jan 2023Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to be a risk factor for dementia, especially in the elderly population, and close associations between diabetes and Alzheimer disease... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is known to be a risk factor for dementia, especially in the elderly population, and close associations between diabetes and Alzheimer disease (AD) have been determined. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists are insulin-sensitising drugs. In addition to their anti-diabetic properties, their effectiveness in preventing and decreasing cognitive impairment are the most recent characteristics that have been studied. For this study, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to critically analyse and evaluate the existing data on the effects of PPAR-γ agonist therapy on the cognitive status of patients. For this purpose, we first analysed both early intervention and later treatment with PPAR-γ agonists, according to the disease status. The involved studies indicated that early PPAR-γ agonist intervention is beneficial for patients and that high-dose PPAR-γ therapy may have a better clinical effect, especially in reversing the effects of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the efficacy of pioglitazone (PIO) seems to be promising, particularly for patients with comorbid diabetes. PIO presented a better clinical curative effect and safety, compared with rosiglitazone (RSG). Thus, PPAR-γ agonists play an important role in the inflammatory response of AD or DM patients, and clinical therapeutics should focus more on relevant metabolic indices.
PubMed: 36830783
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020246 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Aug 2022The preclinical and clinical data regarding the efficacy of metformin as a pro-cognitive and anti-depressant therapy is mixed. We conducted a systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The preclinical and clinical data regarding the efficacy of metformin as a pro-cognitive and anti-depressant therapy is mixed. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of metformin on cognition and depressive symptoms.
METHODS
The study was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO identifier: CRD42020184547). PubMed and Web of Science were searched (inception through to May 6, 2020) for trials which measured the effects (change from baseline to end-of-treatment) of metformin on cognition and depressive symptoms, compared to either placebo or other oral antidiabetic therapies. When feasible, pooled meta-analytic estimates were provided using a random-effects model.
RESULTS
Eight studies met the inclusion criteria: four assessed only cognition, three assessed only depressive symptoms, and one study assessed both cognition and depressive symptoms. Results suggested that metformin was significantly superior to placebo in improving cognitive function in patients suffering with clinical conditions associated with cognitive impairment (SMD: 0.80; 95%CI: 0.46 to 1.15; p < 0.001; N = 2 studies; I = 0.0%). One study reported an association between improved cognition and depressive symptoms in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and depression. Two studies investigating metformin versus pioglitazone showed a superior, but not significant, effect of pioglitazone on depressive symptoms (SMD: 1.56; 95%CI: -0.52 to 3.56; p = 0.13;I = 94.9%; N = 2 studies).
LIMITATIONS
Assessment of risk of bias identified two studies as having "some concerns".
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that metformin might be re-purposed for the treatment of cognitive deficits in select clinical conditions.
Topics: Cognition; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Pioglitazone; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 35513115
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.156 -
Clinical Endocrinology Mar 2022Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by insulin resistance and is a major risk... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Impact of pharmacological interventions on insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
OBJECTIVE
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine condition affecting women of reproductive age. It is characterized by insulin resistance and is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective was to review the literature on the effect of different pharmacological interventions on insulin resistance in women with PCOS.
DESIGN
We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane library and the Web of Science in April 2020 and updated in March 2021. The study follows the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-ana. Reviwers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.
RESULTS
In 58 randomized controlled trials there were significant reductions in the fasting blood glucose (FBG) with metformin versus placebo (standardized mean difference [SMD]: -0.23; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.40, -0.06; I² = 0%, low-grade evidence), and acarbose versus metformin (mean difference [MD]: -10.50 mg/dl; 95% CI: -15.76, -5.24; I² = 0%, low-grade evidence). Significant reductions in fasting insulin (FI) with pioglitazone versus placebo (SMD: -0.55; 95% CI: -1.03, -0.07; I² = 37%; p = .02, very-low-grade evidence). A significant reduction in homoeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was seen with exenatide versus metformin (MD: -0.34; 95% CI: -0.65, -0.03; I² = 0%, low-grade evidence). No effect on homoeostatic model assessment of beta cells (HOMA-B) was observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Pharmacological interventions, including metformin, acarbose, pioglitazone and exenatide have significant effects on FBG, FI, HOMA-IR but not on HOMA-B.
Topics: Acarbose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exenatide; Female; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Metformin; Pioglitazone; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34713480
DOI: 10.1111/cen.14623 -
Clinical Endocrinology Jun 2022Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous condition affecting women of reproductive age and is associated with increased body weight. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Impact of pharmacological interventions on anthropometric indices in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
CONTEXT
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous condition affecting women of reproductive age and is associated with increased body weight.
OBJECTIVE
To review the literature on the effect of different pharmacological interventions on the anthropometric indices in women with PCOS.
DATA SOURCES
We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane library, and the Web of Science in April 2020 with an update in PubMed in March 2021.
STUDY SELECTION
The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)2020.
DATA EXTRACTION
Reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.
RESULTS
80 RCTs were included in the meta-analysis. Metformin vs placebo showed significant reduction in the mean body weight (MD: -3.13 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -5.33 to -0.93, I² = 5%) and the mean body mass index (BMI) (MD: -0.75 kg/m ; 95% CI: -1.15 to -0.36, I² = 0%). There was a significant reduction in the mean BMI with orlistat versus placebo (MD: -1.33 kg/m²; 95% CI: -2.16 to -0.66, I² = 0.0%), acarbose versus metformin (MD: -1.26 kg/m²; 95% CI: -2.13 to -0.38, I² = 0%), and metformin versus pioglitazone (MD: -0.91 kg/m²; 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.19, I² = 0%). A significant increase in the mean BMI was also observed in pioglitazone versus placebo (MD: + 2.59 kg/m²; 95% CI: 1.78-3.38, I² = 0%) and in rosiglitazone versus metformin (MD: + 0.80 kg/m²; 95% CI: 0.32-1.27, I² = 3%). There was a significant reduction in the mean waist circumference (WC) with metformin versus placebo (MD: -1.21 cm; 95% CI: -3.71 to 1.29, I² = 0%) while a significant increase in the mean WC with pioglitazone versus placebo (MD: + 5.45 cm; 95% CI: 2.18-8.71, I² = 0%).
CONCLUSION
Pharmacological interventions including metformin, sitagliptin, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone orlistat, and acarbose have significant effects on the anthropometric indices in women with PCOS.
Topics: Acarbose; Body Weight; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metformin; Orlistat; Pioglitazone; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rosiglitazone
PubMed: 34918367
DOI: 10.1111/cen.14663