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Dental and Medical Problems 2023White spot lesions (WSLs) are one of the most common adverse effects following comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this review was to evaluate... (Review)
Review
White spot lesions (WSLs) are one of the most common adverse effects following comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment. The purpose of this review was to evaluate recent studies addressing the prevention and treatment of these lesions. Electronic databases were searched for English-written studies published between 2015 and October 2020 involving randomized clinical trials aiming at prevention or treatment of orthodontically induced WSLs using the following keywords in their title or abstracts: randomized clinical trial OR randomized controlled trial AND white spot OR caries OR demineralization OR decalcification OR remineralization. From the 23 papers which met the inclusion criteria, 11 were on preventive methods, while 12 addressed treatment protocols. However, most of the reviewed studies had a high risk of bias. The results of this review strongly support the importance of oral hygiene observation in preventing WSLs. Sodium fluoride varnish 5% was confirmed to be effective in the treatment of these lesions, as well as in the prevention of WSLs in patients with suboptimal oral hygiene. In addition, immediate CO2 laser irradiation after bonding can effectively prohibit formation of WSLs during orthodontic treatment. The literature also illustrates a promising masking effect of resin infiltration for the treatment of WSLs. However, little scientific evidence supports the effectiveness of Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) against WSLs, although more clinical trials with long-term follow-up are needed. Oral hygiene maintenance is crucial in the prevention of WSLs, and 5% sodium fluoride varnish and CO2 laser irradiation are recommended in patients with compromised oral hygiene. In the case of WSL formation, fluoride varnish and resin infiltration are effective treatment modalities.
Topics: Humans; Cariostatic Agents; Fluorides, Topical; Tooth Remineralization; Dental Caries; Sodium; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37815515
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/140964 -
BMC Gastroenterology May 2023To summarize the effect of adding Lactobacillus reuteri in the treatment plan for diarrheal disease in children, and analyze the potential of probiotics in preventing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the effect of adding Lactobacillus reuteri in the treatment plan for diarrheal disease in children, and analyze the potential of probiotics in preventing the occurrence of diarrheal disease.
METHODS
Search for randomized controlled trials of Lactobacillus reuteri for the treatment and prevention of diarrhea in the Pubmed, Web of science, Medline, and Cochrane databases. Data such as the number of diarrhea patients, time, length of stay, clinical symptoms and effect of diarrhea prevention were extracted for meta-analysis. Relative risk and confidence interval (RR and 95% CI) were used as outcome indicators.
RESULTS
963 participants in the 9 RCTs came from multiple countries/regions. Compared with placebo/no intervention, the number of diarrhea patients in the Lactobacillus reuteri group was significantly reduced on the day 1 (RR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.78-0.97) and day 2 (RR = 0.61, 95%CI: 0.44-0.83). Cumulative statistics analysis showed that the effect was stable and significant starting on the 4th day after treatment. A few studies have shown that Lactobacillus reuteri can reduce the time of diarrhea, the number of days with watery stools, and days of hospital stay. However, it has no effect on the occurrence of nosocomial diarrhea (RR = 1.11, 95%CI: 0.68-1.83), rotavirus diarrhea (RR = 1.46, 95%CI: 0.78-2.72), antibiotic-related diarrhea (RR = 1.76, 95%CI: 0.77-4.05), and diarrhea (RR = 1.35, 95%CI: 0.95-1.92).
CONCLUSION
Addition of Lactobacillus reuteri in the treatment plan has a significant effect on reducing the number of diarrhea and reducing the symptoms of diarrhea, but has no obvious effect on the prevention of diarrhea. Combining probiotics and improving the ability of probiotics to respond is the focus of attention.
Topics: Humans; Child; Infant; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Diarrhea; Rotavirus; Probiotics; Length of Stay
PubMed: 37147591
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-023-02778-4 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jul 2021Given the extent of workaholism identified in the literature, it seems essential to consider effective preventive measures. The purpose of this article is to summarize... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Given the extent of workaholism identified in the literature, it seems essential to consider effective preventive measures. The purpose of this article is to summarize literature data on possible collective and individual preventive measures against workaholism, especially in occupational medicine.
METHOD
We conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
RESULTS
155 articles were retrieved in March 2019, but only 15 well-designed studies providing concrete measures to prevent workaholism were included. The various measures were classified using the traditional distinction between three levels of prevention. At the first level of prevention, workaholism can be avoided by implementing a protective organizational culture. The second level of prevention rather focuses on individual training and counselling to address the negative consequences of workaholism. Finally, the third level of prevention combines cognitive and behavioral interventions that enable professional and social reintegration of workaholics.
DISCUSSION
This literature review confirms the multifactorial origin of workaholism and the involvement of organizational factors, supporting the necessary contribution of companies in its prevention. This review also reinforces the growing perception of workaholism as a behavioral addiction. Occupational physicians play a key role in this preventive approach as they can influence both working conditions and individual care. The highlighted preventive measures seem to be not only favorable to workaholics, but also to companies.
CONCLUSION
This review provides field tools that can be used at the various levels of workaholism prevention. Nevertheless, intervention studies are required to confirm the effectiveness of the measures presented.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Occupational Medicine; Occupations
PubMed: 34281048
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18137109 -
Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2022This meta-analysis aimed to compare the incidence of gallstone formation, subsequent biliary disease and the need for cholecystectomy in untreated patients and patients... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
This meta-analysis aimed to compare the incidence of gallstone formation, subsequent biliary disease and the need for cholecystectomy in untreated patients and patients treated with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) following bariatric surgery.
METHODS
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing UDCA and controls for the prevention of gallstone formation after bariatric surgery published until February 2022 were selected and subjected to a systematic review and meta-analysis. Articles were searched in the MEDLINE, Web of Science and Cochrane Trials Register databases. Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.0.
RESULTS
Eleven randomized controlled studies were included, with a total of 2363 randomized patients and 2217 patients analysed in the UDCA group versus 1415 randomized patients and 1257 patients analysed in the control group. Considering analysed patients, prophylactic use of UDCA was significantly associated with decreased (i) gallstone formation (OR = 0.25, 95% CI = 0.21-0.31), (ii) symptomatic gallstone disease (GD) (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.20-0.42) and consequently (iii) cholecystectomy rate (OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.20-0.55). The results were similar in ITT analysis, in the subgroup of patients undergoing sleeve gastrectomy or considering only randomized versus placebo studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Prophylactic use of UDCA after bariatric surgery prevents both gallstone formation and symptomatic GD and reduces the need for cholecystectomy.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Cholecystectomy; Gallstones; Humans; Obesity, Morbid; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Ursodeoxycholic Acid
PubMed: 35704084
DOI: 10.1007/s00535-022-01886-4 -
Vaccine Nov 2023Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in patients with symptoms of central nervous system (CNS)... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infectious disease caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in patients with symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. More than 25 European countries have one or more TBE-endemic areas. Although two TBE vaccines, FSME-IMMUN® and Encepur®, are commonly used in Europe, there are no published reviews of the real-world effectiveness of TBE vaccines in Europe or elsewhere.
METHODS
We searched PubMed for TBE vaccine effectiveness (VE) articles and extracted information on country, study design, study period, study population, number of TBEV-infected cases, number of participants, and VE against TBEV infection and outcomes.
RESULTS
We identified 13 studies, conducted in Austria, the Czech Republic, Latvia, Germany, and Switzerland, published in 2003-2023. One study was a cohort investigation of a milk-borne outbreak. In the other studies, 11 (91.7%) used the screening method and two (16.7%) used a case-control design (one study used both). TBE vaccines were highly effective (VE estimates >92%) against TBEV infection in all age groups. Vaccines were also highly protective against mild infections (i.e., infections in patients without symptoms of CNS inflammation), and against infections resulting in TBE and hospitalization. Vaccines were also highly protective against the most serious outcomes such as hospitalization greater than 12 days. Product-specific VE estimates were also high, though limited data were available. Studies in Austria, the Czech Republic, Latvia, and Switzerland estimated that TBE vaccines prevented >1,000 TBE cases a year, avoiding many hospitalizations and deaths, in these countries combined.
CONCLUSIONS
Published VE studies demonstrate a high real-world effectiveness of the commercially available TBE vaccines in Europe. Although cases averted have been estimated in only four countries, TBE vaccination prevents thousands of cases in Europe each year. To prevent life-threatening TBE, TBE vaccine uptake and compliance with the vaccination schedule should be increased in residents of, and travelers to, TBE-endemic countries in Europe.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne; Viral Vaccines; Europe; Vaccination; Milk; Inflammation; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
PubMed: 37858450
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.014 -
International Journal of Surgery... Nov 2023Surgery induces high rates of cognitive disorders, persisting for up to 12 months in elderly adults. This review aimed to assess the currently debated preventive effect... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Surgery induces high rates of cognitive disorders, persisting for up to 12 months in elderly adults. This review aimed to assess the currently debated preventive effect of perioperative ketamine on postoperative delirium and postoperative neurocognitive disorders (POND).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Systematic review and meta-analysis including all randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of perioperative ketamine administration in adult patients compared to placebo or no intervention on postoperative delirium and/or POND between January 2007 and April 2022. Database searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Central. Random effects models were used to pool overall estimates. The GRADE approach was used to assess the quality of the evidence.
RESULTS
From 1379 records screened, 14 randomized controlled trials with 1618 patients randomized met our inclusion criteria with a high level of consensus among reviewers, amongst whom 50% were at low-moderate risk of bias. There was no between-group difference in postoperative delirium [8 trials, 1265 patients, odds ratio (OR) 0.93, 95% CI (0.51-1.70), I2 =28%] and POND [5 trials, 494 patients, OR 0.52, 95% CI (0.15-1.80); I2 =78%]. There was no significant between-group difference in postoperative psychological adverse effects, level of pain, hospital length of stay, or mortality. Between-group subgroup analyses showed no difference in delirium or POND incidence according to surgical setting, ketamine dose, mode of administration, combination or not with other drug(s), and assessment timing or definition of cognitive disorders.
CONCLUSION
Perioperative ketamine does not prevent postoperative delirium or POND. Significant study heterogeneity suggests that standardized measures for POND assessment and a specific focus on patients at high risk for POND should be used to improve the comparability of future studies.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Aged; Ketamine; Emergence Delirium; Cognition Disorders; Cognitive Dysfunction; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37526094
DOI: 10.1097/JS9.0000000000000619 -
International Wound Journal Oct 2023The purpose of this review study is to investigate the attitude of nursing students toward the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs) and related factors. From February 1,... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review study is to investigate the attitude of nursing students toward the prevention of pressure ulcers (PUs) and related factors. From February 1, 2023, a comprehensive search was conducted in international and Persian electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Iranmedex, and Scientific information database (SID). The keywords obtained from Medical Subject Headings, including "Attitude", "Nursing students", and "Pressure ulcer" were used in this search. The quality assessment of the present studies in this systematic review was based on the appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies (AXIS tool). A total of 6454 nursing students participated in ten cross-sectional studies. All students were studying at the undergraduate level and 81.20% of them were female. Nursing students were in the first (39.27%), second (28.19%), and third and fourth (32.54%) academic years. Among the participants, 49.86% have completed at least 2 clinical units. The mean scores of attitudes toward PU prevention in nursing students based on attitude toward PU prevention (APuP) and researcher-made questionnaires were 75.01% and 68.82%, respectively. The attitude of nursing students was influenced by various factors, including age, sex, academic year, clinical experience, number of clinical units, experience in caring for PU patients, previous courses on PU in the curriculum, and contribution of training to knowledge. Also, in the present study, the positive relationship between the attitude and knowledge of nursing students was shown as the only significant correlation. In sum, the attitude of the majority of nursing students toward the prevention of PUs was at a satisfactory level. Therefore, it is expected to transfer the necessary knowledge to them with proper planning so that preventive actions can be carried out by following the guidelines.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Ulcer; Students, Nursing; Cross-Sectional Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; Pressure Ulcer; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Suppuration; Attitude of Health Personnel
PubMed: 37434034
DOI: 10.1111/iwj.14191 -
Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and... Mar 2022Background Hygiene measures are recommended to prevent toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, although screening for seroconversion in pregnant women currently are debated and... (Review)
Review
Background Hygiene measures are recommended to prevent toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, although screening for seroconversion in pregnant women currently are debated and practices vary among countries. Objectives The purpose of this systematic literature review was to assess the effectiveness of hygiene measures during pregnancy to prevent toxoplasmosis infection. Search Strategy We followed the standard MOOSE and PRISMA criteria when conducting this systematic review and reporting the results. Selection criteria A systematic literature search was conducted for studies focused on congenital toxoplasmosis prevention, toxoplasmosis prevention during pregnancy, toxoplasmosis prevention and hygiene measures, which were published between 1970 and August 2020, using the databases of PubMed, Scope Med, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library. Data collection and analysis Our literature search identified 3964 articles, 3757 were excluded after review of title or abstract and 67 studies were considered relevant to the subject. We reviewed risk factors for toxoplasmosis infection during pregnancy and for congenital toxoplasmosis, preventive measures for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy, including: dietary recommendations, pet care measures, environmental measures, knowledge of risk factors and ways to control toxoplasmosis infection, knowledge of risk factors for infection by health professionals, knowledge of primary prevention measures by pregnant women. Conclusion: Hygiene measures are effective and applicable primary prevention to reduce toxoplasmosis and avoid congenital toxoplasmosis and its consequences. Funding No.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hygiene; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic; Primary Prevention; Toxoplasmosis; Toxoplasmosis, Congenital
PubMed: 34979320
DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2021.102300 -
The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2023There is a growing incidence of cognitive decline and dementia associated with the ageing population. Lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and cognitive...
OBJECTIVES
There is a growing incidence of cognitive decline and dementia associated with the ageing population. Lifestyle factors such as diet, physical activity, and cognitive activities may individually or collectively be undertaken to increase one's odds of preventing cognitive decline and future dementia. This study will examine whether clinical trials using multidomain lifestyle intervention can significantly decrease the risk of cognitive decline and therefore dementia.
DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
This systematic literature review of multidomain lifestyle interventions for the prevention of cognitive decline and dementia followed the PRISMA guidelines. Clinical trials involving multidomain intervention (i.e., diet and physical activity, or without cognitive training) in older adults (≥ 49 years old) at higher risk of dementia were identified through 5 electronic databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Scopus). A comprehensive search was performed to identify and retrieve publications until 15 November 2022. Trials were published in English.
RESULTS
The included studies (n=15) assessed change in cognition in response to a multidomain lifestyle intervention. However, the cognitive outcome measures used in these studies were heterogeneous. Despite this heterogeneity, two thirds of the studies showed improvement in cognition following a multidomain intervention (n=10 with a total of 9,439 participants). However, five studies reported no improvement in cognition following the multidomain intervention. The most common form of dietary intervention included higher amount of fruit and vegetable intake; whole-grain cereal products instead of refined; low fat options in milk and meat products; and limiting sucrose intake to less than 50 g/day. Most clinical trial studies were powered to examining the effects of multidomain interventions in cognition but were not designed to test the contribution of individual domains (i.e., dietary changes, increased physical activity, or increased cognitive stimulation alone).
CONCLUSION
This systematic review aimed to determine the effect of multimodal lifestyle interventions on cognitive outcomes in older adults at risk of dementia. We found that participants with conditions that may increase the risk of dementia, (e.g., hypertension, cardiovascular fragility) do benefit from multi-modal lifestyle changes including diet, physical activity, and cognitive training. Two thirds of studies using multidomain lifestyle interventions showed improvements in cognitive function. Trials with a focus on cognitive training, dietary improvement, and physical activity may prevent or delay cognitive decline in older adults including those at risk of developing dementia. Future studies should consider longer follow-up periods and adequate power to be able to examine the effects of each lifestyle component in the context of multimodal interventions.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cognition; Diet; Life Style; Dementia
PubMed: 38151879
DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-2046-2 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2023(1) Background: Bullying is a worldwide public health problem, with short- and long-term physical, mental, and socio-economic implications for all involved, including... (Review)
Review
(1) Background: Bullying is a worldwide public health problem, with short- and long-term physical, mental, and socio-economic implications for all involved, including consequences as serious as suicide. (2) Objective: The aim of this study is to compile data on nursing interventions for preventing and addressing bullying at the international level. (3) Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines laid out in the PRISMA statement. The search included papers written in Spanish, English, and Portuguese over the previous five years from the following databases: Web of Science, CUIDEN, CINHAL, BDENF, Cochrane, Lilacs, and PubMed. The following descriptors were used: "Acoso escolar AND Enfermería", "Bullying AND Nursing" and "Intimidação AND Enferma-gem". Due to the heterogeneity in the methodology of the studies, a narrative synthesis of the results is provided. (4) The synthesis of results shows nurses' involvement in tackling and preventing bullying. Interventions are categorised into awareness raising; coping mechanisms; and approach/care, nursing skills in the face of bullying, and the role of the family in the face of bullying. (5) Conclusions: It is clear that at the international level, nursing is involved in planning and developing autonomous and interdisciplinary interventions to address and prevent bullying. The evidence paves the way for school nurses and family and community nurses to take steps to tackle this phenomenon.
Topics: Humans; Bullying; Adaptation, Psychological; Suicide; Public Health
PubMed: 36833610
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042914