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Journal of Neurosurgery Mar 2022A systematic review was performed to provide objective evidence on the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of secretory pituitary adenomas and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
A systematic review was performed to provide objective evidence on the use of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of secretory pituitary adenomas and develop consensus recommendations.
METHODS
The authors performed a systematic review of the English-language literature up until June 2018 using the PRISMA guidelines. The PubMed (Medline), Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. A total of 45 articles reporting single-institution outcomes of SRS for acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and prolactinomas were selected and included in the analysis.
RESULTS
For acromegaly, random effects meta-analysis estimates for crude tumor control rate, crude endocrine remission rate, and any new hypopituitarism rates were 97.0% (95% CI 96.0%-98.0%), 44.0% (95% CI 35.0%-53.0%), and 17.0% (95% CI 13.0%-23.0%), respectively. For Cushing's disease, random effects estimates for crude tumor control rate, crude endocrine remission rate, and any new hypopituitarism rate were 92.0% (95% CI 87.0%-95.0%), 48.0% (95% CI 35.0%-61.0%), and 21.0% (95% CI 13.0%-31.0%), respectively. For prolactinomas, random effects estimates for crude tumor control rate, crude endocrine remission rate, and any new hypopituitarism rate were 93.0% (95% CI 90.0%-95.0%), 28.0% (95% CI 19.0%-39.0%), and 12.0% (95% CI 6.0%-24.0%), respectively. Meta-regression analysis did not show a statistically significant association between mean margin dose with crude endocrine remission rate or mean margin dose with development of any new hypopituitarism rate for any of the secretory subtypes.
CONCLUSIONS
SRS offers effective tumor control of hormone-producing pituitary adenomas in the majority of patients but a lower rate of endocrine improvement or remission.
Topics: Acromegaly; Humans; Hypopituitarism; Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactinoma; Radiosurgery; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34479203
DOI: 10.3171/2021.2.JNS204440 -
Journal of Clinical Densitometry : the... 2024No meta-analysis has holistically analysed and summarized the effect of prolactin excess due to prolactinomas on bone mineral metabolism. We undertook this meta-analysis... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
No meta-analysis has holistically analysed and summarized the effect of prolactin excess due to prolactinomas on bone mineral metabolism. We undertook this meta-analysis to address this knowledge-gap.
METHODS
Electronic databases were searched for studies having patients with hyperprolactinemia due to prolactinoma and the other being a matched control group. The primary outcome was to evaluate the differences in BMD Z-scores at different sites. The secondary outcomes of this study were to evaluate the alterations in bone mineral density, bone mineral content and the occurrence of fragility fractures.
RESULTS
Data from 4 studies involving 437 individuals was analysed to find out the impact of prolactinoma on bone mineral metabolism. Individuals with prolactinoma had significantly lower Z scores at the lumbar spine [MD -1.08 (95 % CI: -1.57 - -0.59); P < 0.0001; I = 54 % (moderate heterogeneity)] but not at the femur neck [MD -1.31 (95 % CI: -3.07 - 0.45); P = 0.15; I = 98 % (high heterogeneity)] as compared to controls. Trabecular thickness of the radius [MD -0.01 (95 % CI: -0.02 - -0.00); P = 0.0006], tibia [MD -0.01 (95 % CI: -0.02 - -0.00); P=0.03] and cortical thickness of the radius [MD -0.01 (95 % CI: -0.19 - -0.00); P = 0.04] was significantly lower in patients with prolactinoma as compared to controls. The occurrence of fractures was significantly higher in patients with prolactinoma as compared to controls [OR 3.21 (95 % CI: 1.64 - 6.26); P = 0.0006] Conclusion: Bone mass is adversely affected in patients with hyperprolactinemia due to prolactinoma with predominant effects on the trabecular bone.
Topics: Humans; Prolactinoma; Bone Density; Hyperprolactinemia; Absorptiometry, Photon; Cancellous Bone; Fractures, Bone; Radius; Femur Neck; Pituitary Neoplasms; Minerals
PubMed: 38064881
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2023.101453 -
Pituitary Feb 2023Pituitary tumors are the third most common brain tumor and yet there is no standardization of the surveillance schedule and assessment modalities after transsphenoidal...
CONTEXT
Pituitary tumors are the third most common brain tumor and yet there is no standardization of the surveillance schedule and assessment modalities after transsphenoidal surgery.
EVIDENCE ACQUISITION
OVID, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases were systematically screened from database inception to March 5, 2020. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were designed to capture studies examining detection of pituitary adenoma recurrence in patients 18 years of age and older following surgical resection with curative intent.
EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS
A total of 7936 abstracts were screened, with 812 articles reviewed in full text and 77 meeting inclusion criteria for data extraction. A pooled analysis demonstrated recurrence rates at 1 year, 5 years and 10 years for non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA; N = 3533 participants) were 1%, 17%, and 33%, for prolactin-secreting adenomas (PSPA; N = 1295) were 6%, 21%, and 28%, and for growth-hormone pituitary adenomas (GHPA; N = 1257) were 3%, 8% and 13%, respectively. Rates of recurrence prior to 1 year were 0% for NFPA, 1-2% for PSPA and 0% for GHPA. The mean time to disease recurrence for NFPA, PSPA and GHPA were 4.25, 2.52 and 4.18 years, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
This comprehensive review of the literature quantified the recurrence rates for commonly observed pituitary adenomas after transsphenoidal surgical resection with curative intent. Our findings suggest that surveillance within 1 year may be of low yield. Further clinical trials and cohort studies investigating cost-effectiveness of surveillance schedules and impact on quality of life of patients under surveillance will provide further insight to optimize follow-up.
Topics: Humans; Adolescent; Adult; Pituitary Neoplasms; Lactotrophs; Somatotrophs; Quality of Life; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Adenoma; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36422846
DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01289-x -
Endocrine Connections Oct 2019Recent large cohort studies suggest an association between high plasma prolactin and cardiovascular mortality. The objective of this systematic review was to...
OBJECTIVES
Recent large cohort studies suggest an association between high plasma prolactin and cardiovascular mortality. The objective of this systematic review was to systematically assess the effect of reducing prolactin with dopamine agonist on established cardiovascular risk factors in patients with prolactinomas.
DESIGN
Bibliographical search was done until February 2019 searching the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, WHO and LILAC. Eligible studies had to include participants with verified prolactinomas where metabolic variables were assessed before and after at least 2 weeks treatment with dopamine agonists.
METHODS
Baseline data and outcomes were independently collected by two investigators. The study was registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42016046525).
RESULTS
Fourteen observational studies enrolling 387 participants were included. The pooled standardized mean difference of the primary outcome revealed a reduction of BMI and weight of -0.21 (95% CI -0.37 to -0.05; P = 0.01; I2 = 71%), after treatment. Subgroup analysis suggested that the reduction of weight was primarily driven by studies with high prolactin levels at baseline (P = 0.04). Secondary outcomes suggested a small decrease in waist circumference, a small-to-moderate decrease in triglycerides, fasting glucose levels, HOMA-IR, HbA1c and hsCRP, and a moderate decrease in LDL, total cholesterol and insulin.
CONCLUSION
This systematic review suggests a reduction of weight as well as an improved lipid profile and glucose tolerance after treatment with dopamine agonist in patients with prolactinomas. These data are based on low-quality evidence.
PubMed: 31518995
DOI: 10.1530/EC-19-0286 -
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery Jan 2021The transsphenoidal approach presents unique challenges in young, with scanty literature. This study compares the outcome of pituitary tumors among young in our center... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
PURPOSE
The transsphenoidal approach presents unique challenges in young, with scanty literature. This study compares the outcome of pituitary tumors among young in our center between endoscopic(EES) and microscopic(MTS) transsphenoidal surgery, with a meta-analysis.
METHODS
Patients within 20 years were studied for their surgical approach to a favorable outcome of endocrine remission (ER) (functioning) or Gross/Near-Total resection (nonfunctioning), besides the need for retreatment. Relevant studies were pooled and analyzed according to PRISMA guidelines.
RESULTS
Out of 64 young patients with pituitary tumors, 48 underwent transsphenoidal surgery using MTS(33) or EES(15). Of these, 21, 14, 5, and 8 had Cushing's, somatotropinomas, prolactinomas, and non-secreting tumors, respectively. Mean symptom duration was 28months, with weight gain(50 %) and visual complaints(29 %) most prevalent. Hypogonadism(21 %) was the most frequent endocrinopathy. The mean tumor volume was 3.8 cm. Over mean follow-up of 4.4years, favorable outcome was significantly higher after EES than MTS(78.6 % vs. 46.7 %)(odds ratio 4.18, p = 0.05). EES's better outcome was homogeneous across subgroups of age and tumor type, with no significant subgroup difference. Symptom duration was significantly higher among those who required retreatment(p = 0.05), while ER had a non-significant association with tumor volume(p = 0.07). Overall, 40 %, 27 %, 17 %, and 8% were on hydrocortisone, thyroxine, sex hormone, and desmopressin, respectively, at follow-up with no significant difference between EES and MTS. In pooled analysis of literature, both favorable outcome(74 % vs. 48 %,p = 0.02) and retreatment rate(8% vs. 37 %,p = 0.004) were significantly better with EES than MTS.
CONCLUSION
Among young patients with pituitary tumors, the favorable outcome and retreatment rates are better with endonasal endoscopy and associated with symptom duration and tumor volume.
Topics: Adenoma; Humans; Microsurgery; Nasal Cavity; Neuroendoscopy; Pituitary Neoplasms; Sphenoid Bone; Tumor Burden
PubMed: 33338824
DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106411 -
Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology... Dec 2020Phenotype transformation in pituitary adenomas (PA) is a little known and unexpected clinical phenomenon. We describe two illustrative cases and performed a systematic...
PURPOSE AND METHODS
Phenotype transformation in pituitary adenomas (PA) is a little known and unexpected clinical phenomenon. We describe two illustrative cases and performed a systematic review of cases reported in literature.
RESULTS
: A 24-year-old woman underwent surgery because of Cushing's disease. A complete tumor resection and hypercortisolism resolution was achieved. Two years later, tumor recurred but clinical and hormonal hypercortisolism were absent. : A 77-year-old woman underwent surgery due to acromegaly. A complete tumor resection and GH excess remission was achieved. Four years later, tumor recurred but clinical and hormonal acromegaly was ruled out. : From 20 patients (including our cases), 75% were female with median age 45 (19) years. Ten patients (50%) had initially functioning PA: 8 switched to NFPA (5 ACTH-secreting PA, 2 prolactinomas and 1 acromegaly) and 2 exchanged to acromegaly from TSH-secreting PA and microprolactinoma. One patient developed a pituitary carcinoma from ACTH-secreting PA. Ten patients (50%) initially had NFPA; 9 developed Cushing's disease (4 silent corticotroph adenomas, 4 null cell PA and 1 managed conservatively). One patient with silent somatotroph PA changed to acromegaly. Treatments before transformation were surgery (80%), radiotherapy (40%), pharmacological (40%) and in 2 patients switching happened without any treatment. Median follow-up until transformation was 72 months (range 12-276).
CONCLUSION
PA can change from functioning to (NF) non-functioning (vice versa) and even exchange their hormonal expression. Clinicians should be aware and a careful lifelong follow-up is mandatory to detect it.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Pituitary Neoplasms; Young Adult
PubMed: 32289831
DOI: 10.1055/a-1120-8277 -
Journal of Neurosurgery. Pediatrics May 2022Central diabetes insipidus (DI) is frequently identified preoperatively and/or postoperatively in patients with sellar or parasellar lesions. Early diagnosis and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Central diabetes insipidus (DI) is frequently identified preoperatively and/or postoperatively in patients with sellar or parasellar lesions. Early diagnosis and effective perioperative management of central DI is critical to minimize disruptions in fluid homeostasis. In particular, although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is generally less common in pediatric patients than their adult counterparts, isolated reports suggest that VTE occurs at a higher frequency in pediatric patients with central DI.
METHODS
Using the PubMed, Scopus, and Springer Link databases, the authors performed a systematic review of the literature with regard to the incidence of VTE in pediatric patients with central DI. Inclusion criteria were availability of the full text in English, diagnosis of central DI and VTE in the same patient, and pediatric age defined as ≤ 21 years. Data were reported as median and interquartile range for continuous variables and as frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. Risk of bias assessments of the individual studies were performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklists for case series and case reports.
RESULTS
Of 2094 search results, 12 articles met the inclusion criteria and described a total of 17 cases of VTE in pediatric patients with central DI. Two additional patients from the authors' institution were added to this cohort. The underlying pathologies included craniopharyngioma (n = 6), suprasellar germinoma (n = 4), epileptic encephalopathy (n = 2), pilocytic astrocytoma (n = 2), prolactinoma (n = 2), Cushing disease (n = 1), failure to thrive (n = 1), and congenital hypothalamic syndrome (n = 1). Thrombotic complications included deep vein thrombosis (n = 10 [53%]), cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (n = 6 [32%]), pulmonary embolism (n = 4 [21%]), inferior vena cava thrombosis (n = 2 [11%]), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (n = 1 [5%]). There was a 26% mortality rate.
CONCLUSIONS
VTE is a rare but potentially devastating postoperative complication that appears to have a higher incidence among patients with central DI. Although this review was limited by heterogeneous information across limited reports, pediatric neurosurgical patients with DI may benefit from more aggressive VTE surveillance and prophylaxis.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Young Adult; Venous Thromboembolism; Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic; Venous Thrombosis; Pulmonary Embolism; Postoperative Complications; Anticoagulants; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 35213827
DOI: 10.3171/2022.1.PEDS21469 -
European Journal of Endocrinology Jul 2021Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) are a rare entity, occurring in one per million people. We performed a systematic review of 535 adult cases...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) are a rare entity, occurring in one per million people. We performed a systematic review of 535 adult cases summarizing the clinical, biochemical, hormonal and radiological characteristics of TSHoma. Furthermore, we discussed the current guidelines for diagnosis and treatment.
METHODS
A structured research was conducted using Pubmed and Web of Science with the following MeSH terms: 'thyrotropin secreting pituitary adenoma' OR 'TSHoma' OR 'thyrotropinoma.'
RESULTS
Our analysis included 535 cases originating from 18 case series, 5 cohort studies and 91 case reports. The mean age at diagnosis was 46 years. At presentation, 75% had symptoms of hyperthyroidism, 55.5% presented with a goitre and 24.9% had visual field defects. The median TSH at diagnosis was 5.16 (3.20-7.43) mU/L with a mean FT4 of 41.5 ± 15.3 pmol/L. The majority (76.9%) of the TSHomas were macroadenoma. Plurihormonality was seen in 37.4% of the adenoma with a higher incidence in macroadenoma. Surgical resection of the adenoma was performed in 87.7% of patients of which 33.5% had residual pituitary adenoma. Post-operative treatment with a somatostatin analogue (SSA) led to a stable disease in 81.3% of the cases with residual tumour. We noticed a significant correlation between the diameter of the adenoma and residual pituitary adenoma (r = 0.490, P < 0.001). However, in patients preoperatively treated with an SSA, this correlation was absent.
CONCLUSION
TSHomas are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism and are frequently misdiagnosed. Based on our structured analysis of case series, cohort studies and case reports, we conclude that the majority of TSHomas are macroadenoma being diagnosed in the fifth to sixth decade of life and presenting with symptoms of hyperthyroidism. Plurihormonalitiy is observed in one-third of TSHomas. Treatment consists of neurosurgical resection and SSA in case of surgical failure.
Topics: Adenoma; Atrial Fibrillation; Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; Goiter; Gonadotropins, Pituitary; Growth Hormone-Secreting Pituitary Adenoma; Heart Failure; Hormones; Humans; Hyperthyroidism; Neoplasm, Residual; Neurosurgical Procedures; Pituitary Neoplasms; Prolactinoma; Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; Somatostatin; Thyrotropin; Thyroxine; Tumor Burden; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 34132199
DOI: 10.1530/EJE-21-0162 -
Journal of Psychiatric Practice May 2024Prolactinomas-pituitary tumors that overproduce prolactin-can cause various troublesome symptoms. Dopamine agonists (DAs) reduce prolactin production in the prolactin...
OBJECTIVE
Prolactinomas-pituitary tumors that overproduce prolactin-can cause various troublesome symptoms. Dopamine agonists (DAs) reduce prolactin production in the prolactin pathway, making them the first-line treatment for prolactinomas. However, the main side effect of DA treatment, hyperdopaminergia, is an explicit etiology for psychiatric side effects. Psychiatric conditions are often treated with dopamine antagonists, which can induce hyperprolactinemia. This presents a challenge for patients with both a prolactinoma and a preexisting psychiatric condition, as treatment of one condition could worsen the other. This review seeks to identify an adequate therapeutic regimen for patients with coexisting prolactinomas and psychiatric symptoms.
METHODS
This review examined PubMed citations from 1960 to 2023 published in English and involving human subjects. Case reports, case series, and cohort studies involving patients with concomitant prolactinomas and psychiatric symptoms, as validated by brain imaging, serologic prolactin levels, and medical history or chart reports of psychiatric symptoms, were included.
RESULTS
Thematic analysis included 23 reports involving 42 participants; 27 of the 42 patients experienced a significant reduction in prolactin levels and psychiatric symptoms (64%). Treatment of those 42 patients included discontinuing or altering antipsychotic/dopamine antagonist therapy or discontinuing DA therapy to reduce psychiatric symptoms, with surgery or radiation postpharmacotherapy as a last-line strategy. However, in some cases (reported in Tables 2 to 4), either psychiatric or prolactin-related symptoms recurred despite adjustment.
CONCLUSIONS
Clinicians may find it beneficial to prioritize specific antipsychotics (aripiprazole, olanzapine, ziprasidone, or clozapine) over others (risperidone, thioridazine, thiothixene, and remoxipride). Discontinuing DA medication at least periodically until the patient's condition improves may also be advisable. If these 2 initial approaches do not yield a significant improvement in symptom management, surgery or radiation therapy may be considered. As patients may respond differently to these therapies, our study still recommends a patient-centered approach.
Topics: Humans; Prolactinoma; Pituitary Neoplasms; Mental Disorders; Dopamine Agonists; Antipsychotic Agents; Dopamine Antagonists
PubMed: 38819244
DOI: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000783 -
Journal of Clinical Neuroscience :... Nov 2023Rarely, Pituitary adenomas (PA) can co-occur with intrasellar or intracavernous aneurysms. There is currently no clear guidance for the management of this dual... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Rarely, Pituitary adenomas (PA) can co-occur with intrasellar or intracavernous aneurysms. There is currently no clear guidance for the management of this dual pathology. We attempt to provide an algorithm to help guide clinical decision making for treatment of PAs co-occurring with adjacent cerebral aneurysms.
METHODS
A comprehensive literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines using various databases. Search terms included "(Pituitary Adenoma OR Prolactinoma OR Macroadenoma OR Adenoma) AND (ICA OR Internal Carotid Artery OR paracliniod OR clinoid) Aneurysm AND (Intra-cavernous OR intracavernous OR intrasellar OR Cavernous)."
RESULTS
A total of 24 studies with 24 patients were included. Twelve (50%) patients experienced visual symptoms. Ten patients (42%) had an aneurysm embedded within the adenoma. Fourteen patients (58%) had an aneurysm adjacent to the adenoma. Embedded aneurysms were significantly associated with rupture events.
CONCLUSION
Vision loss is the most pressing determinant of treatment. In the absence of visual symptoms, the aneurysm should be treated first by coil embolization. If not amenable to coiling, place flow diverting stent followed by six months of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy. If visual loss is apparent, the adenoma-aneurysm spatial relationship becomes critical. In cases of an adjacent aneurysm, the adenoma should be removed transsphenoidally with extreme care and aneurysm rupture protocols in place. If the aneurysm is embedded within the adenoma, then a BTO is favored with permanent ICA occlusion followed by transsphenoidal resection if adequate collateral supply is demonstrated. If there is inadequate collateral supply, then an open-approach for amenable aneurysms with transcranial adenoma debulking should be performed.
Topics: Humans; Pituitary Neoplasms; Cavernous Sinus; Adenoma; Intracranial Aneurysm; Algorithms
PubMed: 37757653
DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.09.012