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Contact Dermatitis Sep 2022Evidence regarding the association between lifestyle factors and hand eczema is limited.To extensively investigate the association between lifestyle factors (smoking,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Evidence regarding the association between lifestyle factors and hand eczema is limited.To extensively investigate the association between lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, physical activity, body mass index, diet, and sleep) and the prevalence, incidence, subtype, severity, and prognosis of hand eczema, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with the Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology consensus statement. MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science were searched up to October 2021. The (modified) Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to judge risk of bias. Quality of the evidence was rated using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Eligibility and quality were blindly assessed by two independent investigators; disagreements were resolved by a third investigator. Data were pooled using a random-effects model, and when insufficient for a meta-analysis, evidence was narratively summarized. Fifty-five studies were included. The meta-analysis (17 studies) found very low quality evidence that smoking is associated with a higher prevalence of hand eczema (odds ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.09-1.26). No convincing evidence of associations for the other lifestyle factors with hand eczema were found, mostly due to heterogeneity, conflicting results, and/or the limited number of studies per outcome.
Topics: Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Eczema; Humans; Life Style; Odds Ratio; Smoking
PubMed: 35277987
DOI: 10.1111/cod.14102 -
International Journal of Clinical... Dec 2021Smoking cessation is an effective secondary prevention measure after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We conducted a systematic review with the aim to better understand... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Smoking cessation is an effective secondary prevention measure after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We conducted a systematic review with the aim to better understand which patients have a greater propensity to quit smoking and the risk factors for continued smoking after ACS.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies that evaluated smoking cessation after ACS. The pooled rate of smoking cessation across included studies was performed. Random effects meta-analysis for different variables and their association with smoking cessation was conducted.
RESULTS
A total of 39 studies with 11 228 patients were included in this review. The pooled rate of smoking cessation following ACS across 38 studies was 45.0%. Factors associated with greater likelihood of smoking cessation were attendance at cardiac rehabilitation (OR 1.90 95% CI 1.44-2.51), married/not alone (OR 1.68 95% CI 1.32-2.13), intention/attempt to quit smoking (OR 1.27 95% CI 1.11-1.46), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.24 95% CI 1.03-1.51) and hospitalised duration (OR 1.09 95% CI 1.02-1.15). Variables associated with a lower likelihood of smoking cessation were depression (OR 0.57 95% CI 0.43-0.75), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/lung disease (OR 0.73 95% CI 0.57-0.93), previous admission with acute myocardial infarction/cardiac admission (OR 0.61 95% CI 0.47-0.80), cerebrovascular disease/transient ischaemic attack (OR 0.42 95% CI 0.30-0.58) and unemployment (OR 0.37 95% CI 0.17-0.80).
CONCLUSIONS
The majority of smokers with an ACS continue to smoke after admission. Patients attending cardiac rehabilitation show increased odds of quitting while people who are depressed and those with chronic lung disease were less likely to quit smoking and should be targeted for intensive smoking cessation interventions.
Topics: Acute Coronary Syndrome; Hospitalization; Humans; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Smoking Prevention
PubMed: 34541754
DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14894 -
Clinical Epigenetics Mar 2023Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and considered one of the most environmentally driven diseases. The role of DNA methylation in... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide and considered one of the most environmentally driven diseases. The role of DNA methylation in response to the individual exposure for the development and progression of CVD is still poorly understood and a synthesis of the evidence is lacking.
RESULTS
A systematic review of articles examining measurements of DNA cytosine methylation in CVD was conducted in accordance with PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines. The search yielded 5,563 articles from PubMed and CENTRAL databases. From 99 studies with a total of 87,827 individuals eligible for analysis, a database was created combining all CpG-, gene- and study-related information. It contains 74,580 unique CpG sites, of which 1452 CpG sites were mentioned in ≥ 2, and 441 CpG sites in ≥ 3 publications. Two sites were referenced in ≥ 6 publications: cg01656216 (near ZNF438) related to vascular disease and epigenetic age, and cg03636183 (near F2RL3) related to coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, smoking and air pollution. Of 19,127 mapped genes, 5,807 were reported in ≥ 2 studies. Most frequently reported were TEAD1 (TEA Domain Transcription Factor 1) and PTPRN2 (Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type N2) in association with outcomes ranging from vascular to cardiac disease. Gene set enrichment analysis of 4,532 overlapping genes revealed enrichment for Gene Ontology molecular function "DNA-binding transcription activator activity" (q = 1.65 × 10) and biological processes "skeletal system development" (q = 1.89 × 10). Gene enrichment demonstrated that general CVD-related terms are shared, while "heart" and "vasculature" specific genes have more disease-specific terms as PR interval for "heart" or platelet distribution width for "vasculature." STRING analysis revealed significant protein-protein interactions between the products of the differentially methylated genes (p = 0.003) suggesting that dysregulation of the protein interaction network could contribute to CVD. Overlaps with curated gene sets from the Molecular Signatures Database showed enrichment of genes in hemostasis (p = 2.9 × 10) and atherosclerosis (p = 4.9 × 10).
CONCLUSION
This review highlights the current state of knowledge on significant relationship between DNA methylation and CVD in humans. An open-access database has been compiled of reported CpG methylation sites, genes and pathways that may play an important role in this relationship.
Topics: Humans; DNA Methylation; Cardiovascular Diseases; CpG Islands; Smoking; Air Pollution; Epigenesis, Genetic
PubMed: 36991458
DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01468-y -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jun 2022There is conflicting evidence for the association between smoking and dry eye disease (DED). We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the true relationship between... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
There is conflicting evidence for the association between smoking and dry eye disease (DED). We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the true relationship between smoking and DED. A systematic literature search was performed using electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library, till August 2021 to identify observational studies with data on smoking as risk factor of DED. Quality assessment of the included studies was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklists. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR). Heterogeneity was evaluated by Cochrane Q and I index; in addition, subgroup, sensitivity, and meta-regression analyses were performed. Publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger's regression test. A total of 22 studies (4 cohort and 18 cross-sectional studies) with 160,217 subjects met the inclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. There is no statistically significant relationship between current smokers (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 0.95-1.36; P = 0.15; I = 84%) and former smokers (OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.93-1.20; P = 0.38; I = 26.7%) for the risk of DED. The results remained consistent across various subgroups. No risk of publication bias was detected by funnel plot and Eggers's test (P > 0.05). No source of heterogeneity was observed in the meta-regression analysis. Our meta-analysis suggest current or former smoking may not be involved in the risk of dry eye disease. Further studies to understand the mechanism of interaction between current smokers and formers smokers with DED are recommended.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dry Eye Syndromes; Humans; Risk Factors; Smoking
PubMed: 35647954
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_2193_21 -
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric... Oct 2023Tobacco use is an important cause of preventable mortality and morbidity worldwide. Only 7% of smokers successfully quit annually, despite numerous evidence-based... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Tobacco use is an important cause of preventable mortality and morbidity worldwide. Only 7% of smokers successfully quit annually, despite numerous evidence-based smoking cessation treatments. An important reason for failure is barriers to accessing appropriate smoking cessation interventions, which can be minimized by technology-delivered interventions, such as ecological momentary interventions. Ecological momentary interventions provide the right type and intensity of treatment in real time, based on ecological momentary assessments of relevant variables. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of ecological momentary interventions in smoking cessation.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, psychINFO, and ProQuest without applying any filters on 19 September, 2022. One author screened search results for obvious irrelevant and duplicate studies. The remaining studies were independently reviewed by two authors to exclude irrelevant studies, and then they extracted data from the included studies. We collated study findings, transformed data into a common rubric, and calculated a weighted treatment effect across studies using Review Manager 5.
FINDINGS
We analyzed 10 studies with a total of 2391 participants. Assessment methods included exhaled CO analyzers, bidirectional SMS, data input in apps, and hand movement detection. Interventions were based on acceptance and commitment therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy. Smoking abstinence was significantly higher in participants of intervention groups compared to control groups (RR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.07-1.44, P = 0.004; I = 0%).
CONCLUSION
Ecological momentary intervention is a novel area of research in behavioral science. The results of this systematic review based on the available literature suggest that these interventions could be beneficial for smoking cessation.
Topics: Humans; Smoking Cessation; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy; Smoking; Behavior Therapy
PubMed: 37269310
DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02503-2 -
Surgical Endoscopy Jun 2021The prevalence of smoking among patients undergoing bariatric surgery has been reported to be as high as 40%. The effect of smoking in the perioperative period has been...
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of smoking among patients undergoing bariatric surgery has been reported to be as high as 40%. The effect of smoking in the perioperative period has been extensively studied for various surgical procedures, but limited data are available for bariatric surgery. The objective of this study is to review the existing literature to assess: (1) the impact of smoking on postoperative morbidity and mortality after bariatric surgery, (2) the relationship between smoking and weight loss after bariatric surgery, and (3) the efficacy of smoking cessation in the perioperative period among bariatric surgery patients.
METHODS
A comprehensive search of electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from 1946 to February 2020 was performed to identify relevant articles. Following an initial screen of 940 titles and abstracts, 540 full articles were reviewed.
RESULTS
Forty-eight studies met criteria for analysis: five structured interviews, three longitudinal studies, thirty-two retrospective studies and eight prospective studies. Smoking within 1 year prior to bariatric surgery was found to be an independent risk factor for increased 30-day mortality and major postoperative complications, particularly wound and pulmonary complications. Smoking was significantly associated with long-term complications including marginal ulceration and bone fracture. Smoking has little to no effect on weight loss following bariatric surgery, with studies reporting at most a 3% increased percentage excess weight loss. Rates of smoking recidivism are high with studies reporting that up to 17% of patients continue to smoke postoperatively.
CONCLUSIONS
Although current best practice guidelines recommend only a minimum of 6 weeks of abstinence from smoking prior to bariatric surgery, the findings of this review suggest that smoking within 1 year prior to bariatric surgery is associated with significant postoperative morbidity. More investigation is needed on strategies to improve smoking cessation compliance among bariatric surgery patients in the perioperative period.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Humans; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Smoking; Weight Loss
PubMed: 32524412
DOI: 10.1007/s00464-020-07669-3 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Feb 2020The purpose of this systematic review was to examine if, in adult patients, the absence or presence of smoking influenced the prevalence of periapical periodontitis (PP).
OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this systematic review was to examine if, in adult patients, the absence or presence of smoking influenced the prevalence of periapical periodontitis (PP).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Databases were searched, and original research manuscripts up to June 2019 were identified by two reviewers. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used for risk of bias. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system was used for certainty in the evidence. A meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5 software. Risk ratio (RR) was used for the cohort studies, and odds ratio (OR) was used for the case-control studies with 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
All the studies had many covariates and confounding variables. Three longitudinal cohort articles discussed radiographic findings as they related to the prevalence of PP in root-filled teeth. The RR of smoking and the prevalence of PP was 2.11 (95% CI 0.88-5.05, p = 0.09). Nine case-control studies focused on the prevalence of PP and smoking. There was a positive association between smoking and the prevalence of PP with an OR of 2.78 and a 95% confidence interval of 2.23-3.48, with p value < 0.05. The quality of the studies was fair per NOS, and the certainty of the literature assessment was moderate per GRADE.
CONCLUSIONS
The current best available evidence suggests that smoking was associated with the prevalence of PP but more studies are needed to report this association in the longitudinal cohort studies.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Smoking has a positive association with the prevalence of PP.
Topics: Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Periapical Periodontitis; Prevalence; Root Canal Obturation; Smoking
PubMed: 31773370
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03094-6 -
Tobacco Control Nov 2023Smoking remains prevalent in many countries despite rigorous tobacco control strategies. The use of Swedish snus, a type of low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco, has been... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Smoking remains prevalent in many countries despite rigorous tobacco control strategies. The use of Swedish snus, a type of low-nitrosamine smokeless tobacco, has been promoted as a tobacco harm reduction strategy.
DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION
Three databases were searched for studies that assessed the effectiveness of snus in promoting smoking abstinence. A total of 28 studies were reviewed (5 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 7 longitudinal and 16 cross-sectional studies).
DATA EXTRACTION
Separate meta-analyses were conducted by study type, pooling effect estimates where outcome measures and design were sufficiently comparable. Study details and quality assessment (Risk of Bias 2 for RCTs, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for observational studies) are provided for each study.
DATA SYNTHESIS
While the meta-analysis of RCTs did not show a significant association between snus use and smoking cessation (risk ratio (RR)=1.33, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.47 and RR=0.62, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.41), the results of the meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies (RR=1.38, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.82, p=0.022) and cross-sectional studies (OR=1.87, 95% CI 1.29 to 2.72, p=0.001) indicated that use of snus was associated with an increased likelihood of quitting or having quit smoking. There was significant heterogeneity in the cross-sectional studies, and leave-one-out analysis indicated that the longitudinal cohort results were driven by one study. Most studies examined were subject to an elevated risk of bias.
CONCLUSION
There is weak evidence for the use of snus for smoking cessation. Better RCTs and longitudinal studies are needed; meanwhile, existing cessation aids may be better placed than snus to promote abstinence.
Topics: Humans; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco, Smokeless; Smoking; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices; Cohort Studies
PubMed: 35197366
DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057019 -
Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and... Oct 2020To provide up-to-date evidence-based guidelines for the management of smoking cessation during pregnancy and the post-partum period.
OBJECTIVES
To provide up-to-date evidence-based guidelines for the management of smoking cessation during pregnancy and the post-partum period.
STUDY DESIGN
A systematic review of the international literature was undertaken between January 2003 and April 2019. MEDLINE, EMBASE databases and the Cochrane library were searched for a range of predefined key words. All relevant reports in English and French were classified according to their level of evidence ranging from 1(highest) to 4(lowest). The strength of each recommendation was classified according to the Haute Autorité de Santé (French National Authority for Health) ranging from A (highest) to C (lowest).
RESULTS
"Counselling", including all types of non-pharmacological interventions, has a moderate benefit on smoking cessation, birth weight and prematurity. The systematic use of measuring expired air CO concentration does not influence smoking abstinence, however, it may be useful in assessing smoked tobacco exposure prior to and after quitting. The use of self-help therapies and health education are recommended in helping pregnant smokers quit and should be advised by healthcare professionals. Nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) may be prescribed to pregnant women who have failed to stop smoking after trying non-pharmacological interventions. Different modes of delivery and dosages can be used in optimizing their efficacy. Smoking in the postpartum period is essential to consider. The same treatment options as during pregnancy can be used.
CONCLUSION
Smoking during pregnancy concerns more than a hundred thousand women each year in France resulting in a major public health burden. Healthcare professionals should be mobilised to employ a range of methods to reduce or even eradicate it.
Topics: Adult; Counseling; Female; France; Health Education; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prenatal Care; Risk Factors; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
PubMed: 32619725
DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101847 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022Small cigarette pack sizes contain less than 20 cigarette sticks in a pack. Smaller packs may suggest lower costs, increasing affordability among lower-income users,... (Review)
Review
Small cigarette pack sizes contain less than 20 cigarette sticks in a pack. Smaller packs may suggest lower costs, increasing affordability among lower-income users, especially the younger generation, which could lead to tobacco-related diseases and economic costs, including human capital lost results from tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality. This concern has caused many countries to ban the sale of single cigarette sticks or kiddie packs. However, small cigarette pack sizes were proposed recently to be reintroduced by the tobacco industry with an excuse to prevent consumers from buying illicit cigarettes. This would demean efforts in combating tobacco consumption based on the existing tobacco control policies to prevent minors from purchasing cigarettes. Given the competing influences of affordability and availability of tobacco on consumption and the dearth of evidence-based review on the impact of pack size on smoking, this systematic review was conducted to identify the link between kiddie packs and smoking specifically on the initiation of smoking, urge/tendency to buy cigarettes among the general population and attempt to reduce cigarette consumption and prevalence of smoking using kiddie packs among current smokers. We include all studies except for reviews, guidelines, conference papers, commentaries, editorials, or opinion pieces. A database search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Scopus on 27 November 2021. The results were presented in the form of narrative synthesis under four groups: initiation of smoking; urge/tendency to buy cigarettes; the prevalence of smoking, and attempt to reduce cigarette consumption. The literature search identified 1601 articles, of which 21 articles had met the inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of all included articles was determined using a validated 16-item quality assessment tool (QATSDD). The average quality score for all papers was 34.8%. Given the diverse study settings of the articles and despite the challenges of the methodological quality of some articles, this review provides some evidence that kiddie packs may increase the urge/tendency to buy cigarettes and mixed evidence on the attempt to reduce cigarette consumption. This review also found some evidence that kiddie pack purchasing among teenage smokers was higher compared to adults. However, we are uncertain about the link between kiddie packs and smoking initiation. Nevertheless, since most studies were of low quality, further high-quality studies are needed to conclude about the impact of kiddie packs on smoking to assist the policymakers and stakeholders in formulating new policies and strengthening existing strategies related to the kiddie packs.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Product Packaging; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Nicotiana; Tobacco Industry; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 36231349
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912051