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The British Journal of Clinical... Jun 2020Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric condition. Patients with PTSD have marked symptoms that significantly impair their social and emotional...
OBJECTIVES
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric condition. Patients with PTSD have marked symptoms that significantly impair their social and emotional abilities, and numerous studies have explored this issue. We hypothesized that impairment of social cognition takes part in functional disability of individuals with PTSD.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review by querying PubMed database for the titles of articles published up to February 2018 with the terms [PTSD] [Post traumatic disorder] AND [Emotion recognition] OR [Facial expression of emotion] OR [Facial expression perception] OR [Empathy] OR [Affective empathy] OR [Mentalizing] OR [Social cognition] OR [Theory of Mind] OR [Mental state attribution] OR [Cognitive empathy] OR [Emotional empathy] OR [Social behaviour deficits].
RESULTS
Our results suggest that affective and cognitive aspect of theory of mind is comprehensively disturbed in patients with PTSD, showing a significant impairment in their ability to predict what others feel, think, or believe. They could also be massively altered in their perception of basic emotional expressions whether it is an expression of threat or happiness. Their affective empathy appears to be systematically disturbed and correlated to verbal and/or physical aggressive behaviour.
CONCLUSIONS
Social cognition is disturbed in PTSD and should be regarded as an important symptom. Damages in social cognition seem to take part in the functional disability of people with PTSD. We highlight the interest of a systematic assessment of social cognition in the care of patients with PTSD and suggest which tests could be the most relevant for this evaluation.
PRACTITIONER POINTS
•PTSD is no longer regarded as a subtype of anxiety disorder, but as part of a new category in the DSM-5. In clinical practice, symptoms tied to alterations in arousal and reactivity - such as irritability and vigilance - and to the disturbance of cognition and mood, are particularly closely correlated with poorer quality of life. Impaired social cognition clearly impacts the functional disability of people with PTSD. There are potential benefits of individualized cognitive remediation based on empathy and the emotional component of ToM (cognitive remediation, cognitive-behavioural therapy, therapeutic education, etc.) in PTSD people.
Topics: Cognition; Empathy; Female; Humans; Male; Quality of Life; Social Behavior; Social Perception; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 31696974
DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12238 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Oct 2022What types of honesty interventions have been tested and to what extent? We conducted a systematic literature review of single-element intervention studies designed to... (Review)
Review
What types of honesty interventions have been tested and to what extent? We conducted a systematic literature review of single-element intervention studies designed to curtail individual-level dishonesty and classified the obtained interventions in a taxonomy that encompasses three frameworks: nudging, economic, and internal-reward. We find moral reminders that we classify as educative nudges as well as external commitments (pledges, oaths, honor codes) and priming that we classify under the internal-reward framework to be the most frequently studied interventions, whereas architectural nudges (defaults, sludge) have hardly been developed. Most importantly, we identify two areas for improvement essential for our collective ability to successfully translate and scale honesty interventions: a more thorough examination of the interventions' underlying psychological processes and precise description of the experimental designs.
Topics: Deception; Humans; Morals; Reward; Sewage
PubMed: 35921754
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101410 -
Nutrition Reviews Jun 2022There is no systematic review on the relationship between racial discrimination and eating habits.
CONTEXT
There is no systematic review on the relationship between racial discrimination and eating habits.
OBJECTIVE
A systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence on the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and eating habits. A conceptual model was developed to depict the most common mechanisms used to explain this association.
DATA SOURCES
Articles were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and PsycINFO databases from inception to January 2021.
STUDY SELECTION
Only observational studies were included, and there were no restrictions on age, racial group, or country. Two reviewers selected the articles independently.
DATA EXTRACTION
Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers. The assessment of methodological quality was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
RESULTS
All studies retrieved were conducted among the US population. Nineteen studies were included. On average, the studies showed a methodological quality of 66%. Forty-six associations were evaluated: 38 between PRD and negative eating habits, 29 between PRD and eating behavior, and 17 between PRD and food consumption.
CONCLUSIONS
PRD negatively affects eating habits. A conceptual framework based on ecosocial theory is suggested as a guide for future research. Further studies in different countries (beyond the United States) should be conducted to understand how racial discrimination affects eating habits within different ethnic, cultural, social, and economic contexts.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019142605.
Topics: Ethnicity; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Racism; United States
PubMed: 35182155
DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac001 -
Trauma, Violence & Abuse Oct 2022Adolescent aggression is a global public health with long-lasting and costly emotional, social, and economic consequences, and it is of vital importance to identify... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Adolescent aggression is a global public health with long-lasting and costly emotional, social, and economic consequences, and it is of vital importance to identify those variables that can reduce these behaviors in this population. Therefore, there is a need to establish the protective factors of aggressive behavior in adolescence. While some research has demonstrated the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and various aggressive responses in adolescence, indicating that EI-or the ability to perceive, use, understand, and regulate emotions-could be considered a protective factor for the development of aggressive behavior in adolescence, the strength of this effect is not clear. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature concerning the relationship between aggressive behavior and EI in adolescents and provide a reliable estimate of the relationship between both constructs through a meta-analysis. For this purpose, we searched for relevant articles in English and Spanish in Medline, PsycINFO, and Scopus, obtaining 17 selectable articles based on the search terms used in research in the adolescent population. These studies provide scientific evidence of the relationship between the level of EI assessed from the three theoretical models of EI (performance-based ability model, self-report ability model, and self-report mixed model) and various aggressive responses, showing that adolescents with higher levels of EI show less aggressive behavior. Implications for interventions and guidelines for future research are discussed.
Topics: Adolescent; Aggression; Emotional Intelligence; Humans; Protective Factors; Self Report
PubMed: 33568015
DOI: 10.1177/1524838021991296 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Oct 2022The term "paedophilia erotica" was first coined in 1886 by the psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing and it was considered a "psycho-sexual perversion." It was at the beginning of...
INTRODUCTION
The term "paedophilia erotica" was first coined in 1886 by the psychiatrist Krafft-Ebing and it was considered a "psycho-sexual perversion." It was at the beginning of the twentieth century that the term "pedophilia" was adopted and it started to appear in medical dictionaries. Sexual abuse is legally defined as the engagement in sexual contact with a person below a specified age or who is incapable of giving consent. Both, pedophilia and child sexual abuse (CSA) are worldwide phenomena requiring deep scientific knowledge in order to improve prevention strategies. Individuals' misconceptions of pedophilia and CSA may legitimize sexual violence, which can influence prevention strategies and policies.
OBJECTIVES
This review aimed to summarize existing research to help answer the question: "What are laypeople´s myths regarding pedophilia and CSA?"
METHODS
This systematic review followed the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to identify as many relevant articles as possible. A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and EBSCOhost databases for articles published before January 2022. Sixty-one articles were included in the current review.
RESULTS
Overall, findings revealed a significant number of myths regarding pedophilia and CSA, organized into the following categories: (i) blame diffusion, (ii) denial of abusiveness, (iii) restrictive stereotypes, (iv) victim age and consequences, (v) social stigma, (vi) punitive attitudes, and (vii) treatment.
CONCLUSION
Findings suggested that laypeople's perceptions should be taken into account when devising prevention policies. Additionally, perceptions should also be a target of prevention since there is evidence of social stigma and prejudice involving individuals with pedophilia. Such phenomena can contribute to social, emotional, and cognitive problems, among said individuals as well as causing these individuals to exhibit a higher risk for abusive behavior and less help-seeking.
Topics: Child; Humans; Pedophilia; Child Abuse, Sexual; Sexual Behavior; Paraphilic Disorders; Social Stigma
PubMed: 37051950
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2022.06.010 -
Journal of Clinical Psychology May 2022Emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism with relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant outcomes. This study... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Emotion regulation is a transdiagnostic mechanism with relevance to the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of a wide range of clinically relevant outcomes. This study applied systematic review methods to summarize the existing literature examining racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
METHODS
We systematically searched four electronic databases (PsycINFO, Embase, MEDLINE, and CINAHL Plus) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
RESULTS
Of the initial 1253 articles, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Findings for emotion regulation strategies generally provide evidence for racial/ethnic differences (71% of reviewed studies), with ethnoracial minorities largely exhibiting greater use of emotion regulation strategies. Whereas the results for emotion regulation potential were slightly more mixed (63% of reviewed studies found racial/ethnic differences), ethnoracial minorities were also largely found to report lower emotion regulation potential.
CONCLUSION
This review advances the literature by providing additional support for racial and ethnic differences in emotion regulation.
Topics: Emotional Regulation; Humans; Minority Groups; Racial Groups
PubMed: 34841522
DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23284 -
Appetite Dec 2023Loneliness or social isolation and food/eating behaviours have important health consequences and there are rationales for why they could interact. Loneliness and dietary... (Review)
Review
Loneliness or social isolation and food/eating behaviours have important health consequences and there are rationales for why they could interact. Loneliness and dietary behaviours are recognised as health determinants and targets for interventions at individual, group and population levels. However, there are currently no research reviews investigating associations between these areas. This scoping review synthesized evidence investigating loneliness or social isolation and food/eating behaviours in people aged over 16 years in high-income countries. A systematic search of five databases from 2000 was conducted using predetermined search terms. Dissertation database and backwards citation searches were also conducted. Full text screening of 254 articles/theses resulted in inclusion of three qualitative and 26 quantitative studies, with eight conducted in COVID-19 lockdowns. Almost all studies reported a relationship between loneliness/social isolation and eating behaviours usually considered harmful such as low fruit and vegetable intake and lower diet quality. Qualitative research also supports the detrimental influence of loneliness or social isolation on eating. Study quality was considered, and interpretation and comparison of results was complicated by use of varying methods. Better awareness and understanding of the relationship between these complex aspects of health is needed to inform the development of interventions and practice of nutrition and mental health practitioners, policymakers, researchers and end-users.
Topics: Humans; Loneliness; Social Isolation; Feeding Behavior; COVID-19; Diet; Female; Male; Adolescent; Adult; Middle Aged; Young Adult; Aged; Eating; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 37802217
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107051 -
Research in Developmental Disabilities Jun 2022Group social skills interventions (GSSIs) are offered to youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to improve social functioning. This systematic review focused on the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Group social skills interventions (GSSIs) are offered to youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) to improve social functioning. This systematic review focused on the adolescent population, including a wider range of disabilities.
AIMS
To evaluate effectiveness of GSSIs at improving social functioning in adolescents with congenital, acquired or developmental disabilities.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
Databases, trial registries and dissertations were systematically searched and a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials conducted. Study screening, risk-of-bias assessment and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation were completed.
OUTCOMES AND RESULTS
Sixteen studies (n = 1119), 15 with adolescents with ASD and one with brain tumor survivors, revealed GSSIs reduced social impairment on the Social Responsiveness Scale (mean difference (MD) 9.68, 95% CI 5.63-13.73; P < 0.001), increased social skills on the Social Skill Improvement System Rating Scales (SMD 0.38, 95% CI 0.10-0.65; P = 0.007), and improved adolescent social knowledge on the Test of Adolescent Social Skills (MD 7.43 points, 95% CI 5.36-9.50; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
There is moderate certainty evidence that GSSIs improve social responsiveness, social skills and knowledge, and low certainty of evidence to improve social participation for adolescents with ASD. High quality randomized studies are required to inform clinical practice with adolescents with other disabilities.
WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS
Current evidence for group social skills interventions (GSSIs) is for adolescents with autism (ASD). GSSIs likely improve social knowledge and reduce impairments in adolescents with ASD, however the effect of GSSIs on social participation is not well understood. Only one randomized trial investigated GSSIs in another population of adolescents, highlighting the need for more high-quality studies including adolescents with other disabilities.
Topics: Adolescent; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Disabled Persons; Humans; Social Adjustment; Social Participation; Social Skills
PubMed: 35306461
DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104218 -
Eating and Weight Disorders : EWD Jun 2021Prior research indicates that deficits in emotional abilities are key predictors of the onset and maintenance of eating disorders (ED). As a relatively new... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Prior research indicates that deficits in emotional abilities are key predictors of the onset and maintenance of eating disorders (ED). As a relatively new emotion-related construct, emotional intelligence (EI) comprises a set of basic emotional abilities. Preliminary research suggests that deficits in EI are linked with disordered eating and other impulsive behaviours. Also, previous research reveals that emotional and socio-cognitive abilities, as well as ED symptomatology, varies across lifespan development. However, while the findings suggest promising results for the development of potential effective treatments for emotional deficits and disordered eating, it is difficult to summarise the relationship between EI and ED due to the diversity of theoretical approaches and variety of EI and ED measures.
OBJECTIVE
Our study, therefore, aimed to systematically review the current evidence on EI and ED in both the general and clinical populations and across different developmental stages.
METHODS
The databases examined were Medline, PsycInfo and Scopus, and 15 eligible articles were identified. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used.
RESULTS
All the studies reviewed indicated negative associations between EI and the dimensions of ED. Additionally, several mechanisms involved, namely adaptability, stress tolerance and emotional regulation were highlighted.
CONCLUSION
The systematic review suggests promising but challenging preliminary evidence of the associations between EI and the dimensions of ED across diverse stages of development. In addition, future research, practical implications and limitations are discussed.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I
Systematic review.
Topics: Emotional Intelligence; Emotional Regulation; Emotions; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Impulsive Behavior
PubMed: 32734465
DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00968-7 -
Clinical Psychology Review Jul 2021The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the role of emotion (dys)regulation in gambling disorder (GD). PsycINFO,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the role of emotion (dys)regulation in gambling disorder (GD). PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed were systematically searched for articles published until November 3, 2020. Forty-nine studies were considered for the systematic review; of these, 38 comprising 5242 participants met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. Associations were found between GD and specific emotion regulation (ER) deficits, namely (1) nonacceptance of negative emotional states, (2) difficulties in maintaining goal-directed behaviors when faced with intense emotional contexts, (3) lack of clarity about emotional states (poor emotional awareness), (4) low impulse control in reaction to negative emotional states, and (5) difficulties in accessing adaptive ER strategies. We furthermore found that GD is associated with a tendency for emotional suppression, which is known as a maladaptive ER strategy and linked with reduced mindfulness abilities. Additional moderator analyses were conducted regarding age, gender, type of instrument used to measure GD, clinical status of the samples, and quality of the studies. Overall, the data demonstrated consistent and significant associations between GD and ER. This systematic review and meta-analysis mostly supports the conceptualization of GD as an addictive disorder characterized by ER deficits and stresses the need to develop interventions in ER deficits that are tailored to the specificities of GD.
Topics: Behavior, Addictive; Emotional Regulation; Emotions; Gambling; Humans; Mindfulness
PubMed: 34022642
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102037