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The British Journal of Clinical... Jun 2020Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric condition. Patients with PTSD have marked symptoms that significantly impair their social and emotional...
OBJECTIVES
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric condition. Patients with PTSD have marked symptoms that significantly impair their social and emotional abilities, and numerous studies have explored this issue. We hypothesized that impairment of social cognition takes part in functional disability of individuals with PTSD.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review by querying PubMed database for the titles of articles published up to February 2018 with the terms [PTSD] [Post traumatic disorder] AND [Emotion recognition] OR [Facial expression of emotion] OR [Facial expression perception] OR [Empathy] OR [Affective empathy] OR [Mentalizing] OR [Social cognition] OR [Theory of Mind] OR [Mental state attribution] OR [Cognitive empathy] OR [Emotional empathy] OR [Social behaviour deficits].
RESULTS
Our results suggest that affective and cognitive aspect of theory of mind is comprehensively disturbed in patients with PTSD, showing a significant impairment in their ability to predict what others feel, think, or believe. They could also be massively altered in their perception of basic emotional expressions whether it is an expression of threat or happiness. Their affective empathy appears to be systematically disturbed and correlated to verbal and/or physical aggressive behaviour.
CONCLUSIONS
Social cognition is disturbed in PTSD and should be regarded as an important symptom. Damages in social cognition seem to take part in the functional disability of people with PTSD. We highlight the interest of a systematic assessment of social cognition in the care of patients with PTSD and suggest which tests could be the most relevant for this evaluation.
PRACTITIONER POINTS
•PTSD is no longer regarded as a subtype of anxiety disorder, but as part of a new category in the DSM-5. In clinical practice, symptoms tied to alterations in arousal and reactivity - such as irritability and vigilance - and to the disturbance of cognition and mood, are particularly closely correlated with poorer quality of life. Impaired social cognition clearly impacts the functional disability of people with PTSD. There are potential benefits of individualized cognitive remediation based on empathy and the emotional component of ToM (cognitive remediation, cognitive-behavioural therapy, therapeutic education, etc.) in PTSD people.
Topics: Cognition; Empathy; Female; Humans; Male; Quality of Life; Social Behavior; Social Perception; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 31696974
DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12238 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022The automatic emotion recognition domain brings new methods and technologies that might be used to enhance therapy of children with autism. The paper aims at the... (Review)
Review
The automatic emotion recognition domain brings new methods and technologies that might be used to enhance therapy of children with autism. The paper aims at the exploration of methods and tools used to recognize emotions in children. It presents a literature review study that was performed using a systematic approach and PRISMA methodology for reporting quantitative and qualitative results. Diverse observation channels and modalities are used in the analyzed studies, including facial expressions, prosody of speech, and physiological signals. Regarding representation models, the basic emotions are the most frequently recognized, especially happiness, fear, and sadness. Both single-channel and multichannel approaches are applied, with a preference for the first one. For multimodal recognition, early fusion was the most frequently applied. SVM and neural networks were the most popular for building classifiers. Qualitative analysis revealed important clues on participant group construction and the most common combinations of modalities and methods. All channels are reported to be prone to some disturbance, and as a result, information on a specific symptoms of emotions might be temporarily or permanently unavailable. The challenges of proper stimuli, labelling methods, and the creation of open datasets were also identified.
Topics: Autistic Disorder; Child; Emotions; Facial Expression; Humans; Recognition, Psychology; Speech
PubMed: 35214551
DOI: 10.3390/s22041649 -
International Journal of Pediatric... Nov 2021Babies born with a congenital sensorineural hearing impairment or acquire early-onset permanent bilateral hearing impairment are at risk for delayed speech and language... (Review)
Review
Babies born with a congenital sensorineural hearing impairment or acquire early-onset permanent bilateral hearing impairment are at risk for delayed speech and language development and poor scholastic outcomes. Auditory Verbal Therapy (AVT) has become the primary intervention approach for developing spoken language in children with hearing impairment, and South Africa also has adopted this approach. The outcomes of AVT within the South African context have not been thoroughly investigated. As part of a larger study, the objective of this systematic review was to describe the speech, language and scholastic outcomes of hearing-impaired children enrolled in AVT as a therapeutic approach to early intervention. This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Electronic databases searched included Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed. Selected studies were published in English and focused on the outcomes of early intervention for children with hearing impairment. The selected date range of the included articles ensured that the latest research was reviewed. Due to the limited evidence base, the review cannot conclude definitively that AVT yields positive speech, language, and scholastic outcomes in children with hearing impairment. Of the reviewed articles, only one study compares the outcomes of therapeutic intervention approaches, an important consideration, particularly in Low- and Middle-Income countries (LMICs). Current findings provide a strong rationale for the larger study by highlighting that further research comparing AVT to standard speech-language habilitation is required. Research in contexts with linguistic and cultural diversity in countries such as South Africa is required.
Topics: Audiology; Child; Early Intervention, Educational; Hearing Loss; Humans; Infant; Language Development; Speech
PubMed: 34500357
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110918 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Nov 2023Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit atypical speech-in-noise (SiN) perception, but the scope of these impairments has not been clearly defined. We... (Review)
Review
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit atypical speech-in-noise (SiN) perception, but the scope of these impairments has not been clearly defined. We conducted a systematic review of the behavioural research on SiN perception in ASD, using a comprehensive search strategy across databases (Embase, Pubmed, Web of Science, APA PsycArticles, LLBA, clinicaltrials.gov and PsyArXiv). We withheld 20 studies that generally revealed intact speech perception in stationary noise, while impairments in speech discrimination were found in temporally modulated noise, concurrent speech, and audiovisual speech perception. An association with auditory temporal processing deficits, exacerbated by suboptimal language skills, is shown. Speech-in-speech perception might be further impaired due to deficient top-down processing of speech. Further research is needed to address remaining challenges and gaps in our understanding of these impairments, including the developmental aspects of SiN processing in ASD, and the impact of gender and social attentional orienting on this ability. Our findings have important implications for improving communication in ASD, both in daily interactions and in clinical and educational settings.
Topics: Humans; Speech Perception; Autistic Disorder; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Speech; Auditory Perception
PubMed: 37797728
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105406 -
Systematic Reviews Jul 2023We systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis on the effects of speech therapy and phonosurgery, for transgender women, in relation to the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
We systematically reviewed the literature and performed a meta-analysis on the effects of speech therapy and phonosurgery, for transgender women, in relation to the fundamental frequency gain of the voice, regarding the type of vocal sample collected, and we compared the effectiveness of the treatments. In addition, the study design, year, country, types of techniques used, total therapy time, and vocal assessment protocols were analyzed.
METHODS
We searched the PubMed, Lilacs, and SciELO databases for observational studies and clinical trials, published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish, between January 2010 and January 2023. The selection of studies was carried out according to Prisma 2020. The quality of selected studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
Of 493 studies, 31 were deemed potentially eligible and retrieved for full-text review and 16 were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. Six studies performed speech therapy and ten studies phonosurgery. The speech therapy time did not influence the post-treatment gain in voice fundamental frequency (p = 0.6254). The type of sample collected significantly influenced the post-treatment voice frequency gain (p < 0.01). When the vocal sample was collected through vowel (p < 0.01) and reading (p < 0.01), the gain was significantly more heterogeneous between the different types of treatment. Phonosurgery is significantly more effective in terms of fundamental frequency gain compared to speech therapy alone, regardless of the type of sample collected (p < 0.01). The average gain of fundamental frequency after speech therapy, in the /a/ vowel sample, was 27 Hz, 39.05 Hz in reading, and 25.42 Hz in spontaneous speech. In phonosurgery, there was a gain of 71.68 Hz for the vowel /a/, 41.07 Hz in reading, and 39.09 Hz in spontaneous speech. The study with the highest gain (110 Hz) collected vowels, and the study with the lowest gain (15 Hz), spontaneous speech. The major of the included studies received a score between 4 and 8 on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.
CONCLUSION
The type of vocal sample collected influences the gain result of the fundamental frequency after treatment. Speech therapy and phonosurgery increased the fundamental frequency and improved female voice perception and vocal satisfaction. However, phonosurgery yielded a greater fundamental frequency gain in the different samples collected. The study protocol was registered at Prospero (CRD42017078446).
Topics: Female; Humans; Speech Therapy; Transgender Persons; Speech; Voice; Databases, Factual
PubMed: 37481572
DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02267-5 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Oct 2023Converging evidence supports that gaming and gambling disorders are associated with executive dysfunction. The involvement of different components of executive functions... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Converging evidence supports that gaming and gambling disorders are associated with executive dysfunction. The involvement of different components of executive functions (EF) in these forms of behavioural addiction is unclear.
AIM
In a systematic review, we aim to uncover the association between working memory (WM), a crucial component of EF, and disordered gaming and gambling. Note that, in the context of this review, gaming has been used synonymously with video gaming.
METHODS
Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), we systematically searched for studies published from 2012 onwards.
RESULTS
The search yielded 6081 records after removing duplicates, from which 17 peer-reviewed journal articles were eligible for inclusion. The association between WM and problem or disordered gaming and gambling have been categorized separately to observe possible differences. Essentially, problem gaming or gambling, compared to disorder, presents lesser severity and clinical significance. The results demonstrate reduced auditory-verbal WM in individuals with gambling disorder. Decreased WM capacity was also associated with problem gambling, with a correlation between problem gambling severity and decreased WM capacity. Similarly, gaming disorder was associated with decreased WM. Specifically, gaming disorder patients had lower WM capacity than the healthy controls.
CONCLUSION
Working memory seems to be a significant predictor of gambling and gaming disorders. Therefore, holistic treatment approaches that incorporate cognitive techniques that could enhance working memory may significantly boost gambling and gaming disorders treatment success.
Topics: Humans; Gambling; Memory, Short-Term; Cognition; Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders; Video Games; Behavior, Addictive
PubMed: 37573802
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152408 -
Modifications of auditory feedback and its effects on the voice of adult subjects: a scoping review.CoDAS 2023The auditory perception of voice and its production involve auditory feedback, kinesthetic cues and the feedforward system that produce different effects for the voice.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
The auditory perception of voice and its production involve auditory feedback, kinesthetic cues and the feedforward system that produce different effects for the voice. The Lombard, Sidetone and Pitch-Shift-Reflex effects are the most studied. The mapping of scientific experiments on changes in auditory feedback for voice motor control makes it possible to examine the existing literature on the phenomenon and may contribute to voice training or therapies.
PURPOSE
To map experiments and research results with manipulation of auditory feedback for voice motor control in adults.
METHOD
Scope review following the Checklist Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension (PRISMA-ScR) to answer the question: "What are the investigation methods and main research findings on the manipulation of auditory feedback in voice self-monitoring of adults?". The search protocol was based on the Population, Concept, and Context (PCC) mnemonic strategy, in which the population is adult individuals, the concept is the manipulation of auditory feedback and the context is on motor voice control. Articles were searched in the databases: BVS/Virtual Health Library, MEDLINE/Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System online, COCHRANE, CINAHL/Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, SCOPUS and WEB OF SCIENCE.
RESULTS
60 articles were found, 19 on the Lombard Effect, 25 on the Pitch-shift-reflex effect, 12 on the Sidetone effect and four on the Sidetone/Lombard effect. The studies are in agreement that the insertion of a noise that masks the auditory feedback causes an increase in the individual's speech intensity and that the amplification of the auditory feedback promotes the reduction of the sound pressure level in the voice production. A reflex response to the change in pitch is observed in the auditory feedback, however, with particular characteristics in each study.
CONCLUSION
The material and method of the experiments are different, there are no standardizations in the tasks, the samples are varied and often reduced. The methodological diversity makes it difficult to generalize the results. The main findings of research on auditory feedback on voice motor control confirm that in the suppression of auditory feedback, the individual tends to increase the intensity of the voice. In auditory feedback amplification, the individual decreases the intensity and has greater control over the fundamental frequency, and in frequency manipulations, the individual tends to correct the manipulation. The few studies with dysphonic individuals show that they behave differently from non-dysphonic individuals.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Feedback; Pitch Perception; Voice; Speech; Auditory Perception
PubMed: 38126424
DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20232022202pt -
International Journal of Nursing Studies May 2021Forensic mental health is a challenging workplace, with nurses subject to various trauma exposures in their professional role. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Forensic mental health is a challenging workplace, with nurses subject to various trauma exposures in their professional role.
OBJECTIVES
To identify the key concepts related to the nature, extent and impact of workplace trauma for forensic mental health nurses.
DESIGN
A scoping review, informed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) tool.
METHODS
Sources of evidence were identified and assessed for inclusion using an explicit search strategy. Relevant information was extracted and synthesised to present a descriptive summary of existing evidence.
RESULTS
Of the 16 articles on workplace trauma for forensic mental health nurses included in the review, nine reported data related to extent (incidence and severity) and 14 described the impact. The incidence (per bed/per year) of each workplace trauma type ranged from 0.95 - 7.15 for physical violence, 0.39-5.12 for verbal abuse, 0.03-0.12 for sexual violence, and 1.47-7.9 for self-harming behaviour. The proportion of incidents at the lowest severity rating ranged from 15.1% to 84.7%, and the range for the highest severity rating was 0% to 38.7%. In the single study that examined the incidence of vicarious trauma, 14.9% reported low levels and 27.7% reported high levels. Psychological distress was the most commonly reported impact of workplace trauma, identified in eight studies. Seven studies reported limited data for physical injury from workplace trauma. The impacts of exposure to workplace trauma reported in the remaining studies included needing to access psychological support, experiencing physiological symptoms, feeling less safe at work, and requiring time off work. With the exception of two studies providing limited data related to absenteeism, the impact for organisations was not explored in existing literature.
CONCLUSIONS
While studies indicated that forensic mental health nurses are frequently exposed to various forms of workplace trauma, reports of severe assaults on staff were rare. Although limited, these findings suggest that cumulative exposure to workplace trauma over time, or exposure to more severe forms of physical violence, increase forensic mental health nurse vulnerability to experiencing detrimental impacts on their personal and professional wellbeing.
Topics: Aggression; Humans; Mental Health; Nurses; Psychiatric Nursing; Workplace
PubMed: 33647844
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2021.103897 -
European Journal of Orthodontics Feb 2023To assess the effect of clear aligners on the speech of patients undergoing orthodontic therapy through a systematic review of the literature. Search methods and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of clear aligners on the speech of patients undergoing orthodontic therapy through a systematic review of the literature. Search methods and selection criteria: The protocol of this systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42021278694. An electronic search of the Scopus, Embase, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases was done for papers published between January 2000 till September 2021. Studies that evaluated speech difficulties in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with clear aligners using objective and subjective analyses were included. The evaluated primary outcome was speech difficulties. Secondary outcomes were time to adaptation and recovery from speech difficulties. Study quality was assessed based on the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Handbook guidelines and ROBINS-I tool.
RESULTS
Two hundred and eighty-three articles were screened to identify seven studies (n = 332 patients) that assessed speech difficulty with aligners, of which two were randomized trials. Meta-analysis was not performed due to the heterogeneity in the study designs. Five studies compared speech difficulty with aligners to fixed appliances. Two studies showed a moderate risk of bias and five studies had a serious risk of bias. Level of evidence was downgraded to low due to the methodological insufficiencies and risk of bias in the studies. All seven studies reported that aligners could influence the clarity and delivery of speech, similar to fixed appliances. Various phonemes were affected including /s/,/z/,/zh/,/sh/,/th/,/ch/ on wearing aligners. Errors in articulation of consonants and sibilants were noted with lisping and speech impairment. These speech difficulties were temporary and most patients recovered in 7-14 days while few patients took 30-60 days to recover.
CONCLUSION
The likelihood of speech difficulties appears high with clear aligners. However, patients adapt quickly and speech returns to normal. The results of this review must be interpreted with caution and more well-designed randomized trials examining long-term effects of aligners on speech are indicated.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Orthodontists should counsel patients opting for clear aligner treatment of the potential transient speech difficulties.
REGISTRATION
The protocol for this systematic review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42021278694.
Topics: Humans; Speech; Orthodontic Appliances, Fixed; Speech Disorders; Orthodontic Appliances, Removable
PubMed: 35522548
DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjac018 -
Harvard Review of PsychiatryThe need for objective measurement in psychiatry has stimulated interest in alternative indicators of the presence and severity of illness. Speech may offer a source of...
The need for objective measurement in psychiatry has stimulated interest in alternative indicators of the presence and severity of illness. Speech may offer a source of information that bridges the subjective and objective in the assessment of mental disorders. We systematically reviewed the literature for articles exploring speech analysis for psychiatric applications. The utility of speech analysis depends on how accurately speech features represent clinical symptoms within and across disorders. We identified four domains of the application of speech analysis in the literature: diagnostic classification, assessment of illness severity, prediction of onset of illness, and prognosis and treatment outcomes. We discuss the findings in each of these domains, with a focus on how types of speech features characterize different aspects of psychopathology. Models that bring together multiple speech features can distinguish speakers with psychiatric disorders from healthy controls with high accuracy. Differentiating between types of mental disorders and symptom dimensions are more complex problems that expose the transdiagnostic nature of speech features. Convergent progress in speech research and computer sciences opens avenues for implementing speech analysis to enhance objectivity of assessment in clinical practice. Application of speech analysis will need to address issues of ethics and equity, including the potential to perpetuate discriminatory bias through models that learn from clinical assessment data. Methods that mitigate bias are available and should play a key role in the implementation of speech analysis.
Topics: Humans; Speech; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology; Psychiatry
PubMed: 36608078
DOI: 10.1097/HRP.0000000000000356