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Annual Review of Microbiology Oct 2021Most bacteria are protected from environmental offenses by a cell wall consisting of strong yet elastic peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential for preserving... (Review)
Review
Most bacteria are protected from environmental offenses by a cell wall consisting of strong yet elastic peptidoglycan. The cell wall is essential for preserving bacterial morphology and viability, and thus the enzymes involved in the production and turnover of peptidoglycan have become preferred targets for many of our most successful antibiotics. In the past decades, , the gram-negative pathogen causing the diarrheal disease cholera, has become a major model for understanding cell wall genetics, biochemistry, and physiology. More than 100 articles have shed light on novel cell wall genetic determinants, regulatory links, and adaptive mechanisms. Here we provide the first comprehensive review of 's cell wall biology and genetics. Special emphasis is placed on the similarities and differences with , the paradigm for understanding cell wall metabolism and chemical structure in gram-negative bacteria.
Topics: Biology; Cell Wall; Escherichia coli; Peptidoglycan; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 34623898
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-040621-122027 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Feb 2022Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139. Cholera rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used to screen for cholera cases. However,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 or O139. Cholera rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are widely used to screen for cholera cases. However, their accuracy has not been systematically reviewed.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cholera RDTs.
METHODS
Systematic review and meta-analysis.
DATA SOURCES
Medline, EMBASE and Web of science through to November 2020; references of included studies and a technical guidance on cholera RDTs. This review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021233124).
STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Cross-sectional studies comparing the performance of cholera RDTs either to stool culture or PCR.
PARTICIPANTS
Individuals with clinically suspected cholera.
DATA EXTRACTION
Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality using Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) criteria.
RESULTS
Eighteen studies were included in the systematic review of which 17 were used for meta-analysis. Crystal VC was the most frequently used RDT (13 studies), followed by Cholkit and Institut Pasteur cholera dipstick (three studies each), SD Bioline (two studies), Artron (one study) and Smart (one study). Using direct testing (n = 12 627 specimens), the bivariate random-effects model yielded a pooled sensitivity and specificity of 91% (95% CI 87%-94%) and 80% (95% CI 74%-84%), respectively. However, through alkaline peptone water (APW) enrichment (n = 3403 specimens), the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 89% (95% CI 79%-95%) and 98% (95% CI 95%-99%), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Cholera RDTs, especially when enriched with APW, have moderate sensitivity and specificity. Although less useful for clinical management, the current generation of RDTs have clear utility for surveillance efforts if used in a principled manner. Enrichment of stool specimens in APW before using cholera RDTs reduces the possibility of obtaining false-positive results, despite the few cholera cases that go undetected. It is noteworthy that APW-enriched cholera RDTs are not necessarily rapid tests, and are not listed in the Global Task Force on Cholera Control/WHO target product profile.
Topics: Cholera; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Vibrio cholerae O1
PubMed: 34506946
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.08.027 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Oct 2022Vibriosis disease is a major threat to the aquaculture industry caused by Vibrio spp. that are often resistant to antibiotics. Alternative controlling measures such as... (Review)
Review
Vibriosis disease is a major threat to the aquaculture industry caused by Vibrio spp. that are often resistant to antibiotics. Alternative controlling measures such as bacteriocins could be effective due to their narrow-spectrum activity. Hence, this systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out to review the feasibility of Vibrio spp. and their vibriocins to be used as a vibriosis control measure in aquaculture. A literature search using the web of science (WOS) and SCOPUS databases resulted in 42 unique articles which were reviewed. The results showed that Vibrio spp. could be used as a probiotic to control vibriosis, but not recommended due to their opportunistic nature and pathogenesis. Vibriocin showed narrow-spectrum activity against Vibrio spp. including highly pathogenic strains such as V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, and V. parahaemolyticus. This supported this review's hypothesis of using vibriocin as a targeted vibriosis control measure. Vibrio cholerae was the most studied and showed the highest inhibition range, inhibiting 13 different vibrio and non-vibrio species. Various innovations were reported in the field and vibriocins can now be produced on large scales using whole-cell culture. Vibriocins were structurally diverse, large molecular weight, and relatively heat stable. These vibriocins mainly inhibited the cell wall but could have other novel mechanisms. These properties could affect the extraction process as well as applications in aquaculture, hence, should be considered in future research.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Aquaculture; Bacteriocins; Humans; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 35451794
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03919-3 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2022Approximately 2.9 million people worldwide suffer from cholera each year, many of whom are destitute. However, understanding of immunity against cholera is still... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Approximately 2.9 million people worldwide suffer from cholera each year, many of whom are destitute. However, understanding of immunity against cholera is still limited. Several studies have reported the duration of antibodies following cholera; however, systematic reviews including a quantitative synthesis are lacking.
OBJECTIVE
To meta-analyze cohort studies that have evaluated vibriocidal, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antibody levels following a clinical cholera case.
METHODS
Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and Web of science for studies assessing antibodies against in cohorts of patients with clinical cholera. Two authors independently extracted data and assessed the quality of included studies. Random effects models were used to pool antibody titers in adults and older children (aged ≥ 6 years). In sensitivity analysis, studies reporting data on young children (2-5 years) were included.
RESULTS
Nine studies met our inclusion criteria for systematic review and seven for meta-analysis. The pooled mean of vibriocidal antibody titers in adults and older children (aged ≥ 6 years) was 123 on day 2 post-symptom onset, which sharply increased on day 7 (pooled mean = 6956) and gradually waned to 2247 on day 30, 578 on day 90, and 177 on day 360. Anti-CTB IgA antibodies also peaked on day 7 (pooled mean = 49), followed by a rapid decrease on day 30 (pooled mean = 21), and further declined on day 90 (pooled mean = 10), after which it plateaued from day 180 (pooled mean = 8) to 360 (pooled mean = 6). Similarly, anti-CTB IgG antibodies peaked in early convalescence between days 7 (pooled mean = 65) and 30 (pooled mean = 69), then gradually waned on days 90 (pooled mean = 42) and 180 (pooled mean = 30) and returned to baseline on day 360 (pooled mean = 24). Anti-LPS IgA antibodies peaked on day 7 (pooled mean = 124), gradually declined on day 30 (pooled mean = 44), which persisted until day 360 (pooled mean = 10). Anti LPS IgG antibodies peaked on day 7 (pooled mean = 94). Thereafter, they decreased on day 30 (pooled mean = 85), and dropped further on days 90 (pooled mean = 51) and 180 (pooled mean = 47), and returned to baseline on day 360 (pooled mean = 32). Sensitivity analysis including data from young children (aged 2-5 years) showed very similar findings as in the primary analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms that serological antibody (vibriocidal, CTB, and LPS) titers return to baseline levels within 1 year following clinical cholera, i.e., before the protective immunity against subsequent cholera wanes. However, this decay should not be interpreted as waning immunity because immunity conferred by cholera against subsequent disease lasts 3-10 years. Our study provides evidence for surveillance strategies and future research on vaccines and also demonstrates the need for further studies to improve our understanding of immunity against cholera.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Antibodies, Bacterial; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Child, Preschool; Cholera; Humans; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G; Immunologic Memory; Kinetics; Lipopolysaccharides; Vibrio cholerae O1
PubMed: 35742404
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127141 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Nov 2022Vibrio cholera (V. cholera) is a facultative pathogen that colonizes the small intestine and produces cholerae toxin as the primary virulence factor that causes cholera... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Vibrio cholera (V. cholera) is a facultative pathogen that colonizes the small intestine and produces cholerae toxin as the primary virulence factor that causes cholera and fatal diarrhea in humans. In recent decades, V. cholera has emerged as a notorious multidrug-resistant enteric pathogen. This meta-analysis estimated the pooled proportion of V. cholera antimicrobial resistance against RNA and DNA effective antibiotics.
METHOD
A systematic search was performed for relevant literature until 05 June 2021 in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases. Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation was performed to estimate weighted pooled resistance (WPR).
RESULTS
The meta-analysis were included 164 articles. The WPR of V. cholera were as follows 76% [67,84] to furazolidone, 65% [29,94] to nitrofurantoin, 55% [44,66] to nalidixic acid, 10% [2,23] to rifampicin, 4%(0, 12) to novobiocin, 4% [2,6] to norfloxacin, 3% [1,4] to ciprofloxacin, 1%(0, 3) to sparofloxacin, 0%(0, 3) to levofloxacin, 0%(0, 2) to ofloxacin, 0%(0, 0) to gatifloxacin.
CONCLUSION
V. cholera is a severe problem in Asia and Africa, especially in South Asian countries. The resistance patterns are various in geographical regions. novobiocin 0% (0, 0), and ofloxacin 0% (0, 1) in Africa, gatifloxacin 0% (0, 0), and levofloxacin 0% (0, 6) in Asia and ciprofloxacin 0% (0, 2) in North America are most effective antibiotis. The resistance rate to furazolidone, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, and cephalothin has increased over the years. Monitoring antibiotic resistance and prescribing an appropriate antibiotic is vital to control resistance.
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cephalothin; Cholera; Cholera Toxin; Ciprofloxacin; Furazolidone; Gatifloxacin; Levofloxacin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Nalidixic Acid; Nitrofurantoin; Norfloxacin; Novobiocin; Rifampin; Vibrio cholerae; Virulence Factors; Drug Resistance, Bacterial
PubMed: 35537594
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105514 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Apr 2022Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 were the predominant circulating serogroups exhibiting multi-drug resistance (MDR) during the cholera outbreak which led to cholera treatment... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 were the predominant circulating serogroups exhibiting multi-drug resistance (MDR) during the cholera outbreak which led to cholera treatment failures.
OBJECTIVE
This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the weighted pooled resistance (WPR) rates in V. cholerae O1/O139 isolates obtained from environmental samples.
METHODS
We systematically searched the articles in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (until January 2020). Subgroup analyses were then employed by publication year, geographic areas, and the quality of studies. Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software (ver. 14.0).
RESULTS
A total of 20 studies investigating 648 environmental V. cholerae O1/O139 isolates were analysed. The majority of the studies were originated from Asia (n = 9). In addition, a large number of studies (n = 15 i.e. 71.4%) included in the meta-analysis revealed the resistance to cotrimoxazole and ciprofloxacin. The WPR rates were as follows: cotrimoxazole 59%, erythromycin 28%, tetracycline 14%, doxycycline 5%, and ciprofloxacin 0%. There was increased resistance to nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, furazolidone, and tetracycline while a decreased resistance to amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin, and ceftriaxone was observed during the years 2000-2020. A significant decrease in the doxycycline and ciprofloxacin-resistance rates in V. cholerae O1/O139 isolates was reported over the years 2011-2020 which represents a decrease in 2001-2010 (p < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Fluoroquinolones, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, doxycycline, kanamycin, and cefotaxime showed the highest effectiveness and the lowest resistance rate. However, the main interest is the rise of antimicrobial resistance in V. cholerae strains especially in low-income countries or endemic areas, and therefore, continuous surveillance, careful appropriate AST, and limitation on improper antibiotic usage are crucial.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftriaxone; Cholera; Ciprofloxacin; Doxycycline; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Erythromycin; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Vibrio cholerae O1; Vibrio cholerae O139
PubMed: 35468830
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-022-01100-3 -
PLoS Medicine Sep 2023Cholera surveillance relies on clinical diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea. Suspected cholera case definitions have high sensitivity but low specificity, challenging our... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Cholera surveillance relies on clinical diagnosis of acute watery diarrhea. Suspected cholera case definitions have high sensitivity but low specificity, challenging our ability to characterize cholera burden and epidemiology. Our objective was to estimate the proportion of clinically suspected cholera that are true Vibrio cholerae infections and identify factors that explain variation in positivity.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
We conducted a systematic review of studies that tested ≥10 suspected cholera cases for V. cholerae O1/O139 using culture, PCR, and/or a rapid diagnostic test. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies that sampled at least one suspected case between January 1, 2000 and April 19, 2023, to reflect contemporary patterns in V. cholerae positivity. We estimated diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity using a latent class meta-analysis. We estimated V. cholerae positivity using a random-effects meta-analysis, adjusting for test performance. We included 119 studies from 30 countries. V. cholerae positivity was lower in studies with representative sampling and in studies that set minimum ages in suspected case definitions. After adjusting for test performance, on average, 52% (95% credible interval (CrI): 24%, 80%) of suspected cases represented true V. cholerae infections. After adjusting for test performance and study methodology, the odds of a suspected case having a true infection were 5.71 (odds ratio 95% CrI: 1.53, 15.43) times higher when surveillance was initiated in response to an outbreak than in non-outbreak settings. Variation across studies was high, and a limitation of our approach was that we were unable to explain all the heterogeneity with study-level attributes, including diagnostic test used, setting, and case definitions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we found that burden estimates based on suspected cases alone may overestimate the incidence of medically attended cholera by 2-fold. However, accounting for cases missed by traditional clinical surveillance is key to unbiased cholera burden estimates. Given the substantial variability in positivity between settings, extrapolations from suspected to confirmed cases, which is necessary to estimate cholera incidence rates without exhaustive testing, should be based on local data.
Topics: Humans; Cholera; Vibrio cholerae; Disease Outbreaks; Diarrhea; Polymerase Chain Reaction
PubMed: 37708235
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004286 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jul 2023Vibrio species are waterborne ubiquitous organisms capable of causing diseases in humans and animals and the occurrence of infections caused by pathogenic Vibrio species... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Vibrio species are waterborne ubiquitous organisms capable of causing diseases in humans and animals and the occurrence of infections caused by pathogenic Vibrio species among humans have increased globally. This reemergence is attributed to environmental impacts such as global warming and pollution. Africa is most vulnerable to waterborne infections caused by these pathogens because of lack of good water stewardship and management. This study was carried out to provide an in-depth inquiry into the occurrence of pathogenic Vibrio species in water sources and wastewater across Africa. In this regard, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by searching five databases: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Springer Search and African Journals Online (AJOL). The search yielded 70 articles on pathogenic Vibrio species presence in African aquatic environments that fit our inclusion criteria. Based on the random effects model, the pooled prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio species in various water sources in Africa was 37.6 % (95 % CI: 27.7-48.0). Eighteen countries were represented by the systematically assessed studies and their nationwide prevalence in descending order was: Nigeria (79.82 %), Egypt (47.5 %), Tanzania (45.8 %), Morocco (44.8), South Africa (40.6 %), Uganda (32.1 %), Cameroon (24.5 %), Burkina Faso (18.9 %) and Ghana (5.9 %). Furthermore, 8 pathogenic Vibrio species were identified across water bodies in Africa with the highest detection for V. cholerae (59.5 %), followed by V. parahaemolyticus (10.4 %), V.alginolyticus (9.8 %), V. vulnificus (8.5 %), V. fluvialis (6.6 %), V. mimicus (4.6 %), V. harveyi (0.5 %) and V. metschnikovii (0.1 %). Evidently, pathogenic Vibrio species occurrence in these water sources especially freshwater corroborates the continuous outbreaks observed in Africa. Therefore, there is an urgent need for proactive measures and continuous monitoring of water sources used for various purposes across Africa and proper treatment of wastewater before discharge into water bodies.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Wastewater; Water; Vibrio; Vibrio cholerae; Burkina Faso
PubMed: 37028683
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163332 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Feb 2023Human vibriosis, caused by pathogenic Vibrio spp., such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus, has been increasing worldwide, mediated by... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Human vibriosis, caused by pathogenic Vibrio spp., such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio vulnificus, has been increasing worldwide, mediated by increasing consumption of seafood. The present study was conducted to examine the global prevalence of V. vulnificus, V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae in fishes. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and CNKI for peer-reviewed articles and dissertations prior to December 31, 2021. A total of 24,831 articles were retrieved, and 82 articles contained 61 fish families were included. The global pooled prevalence of V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in fishes was 9.56 % (95 % CI: 2.12-20.92), 24.77 % (95 % CI: 17.40-32.93) and 5.29 % (95 % CI: 0.38-13.61), respectively. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that study-level covariates, including temperature, country, continent, origin and detection methods partly explained the between-study heterogeneity. These heterogeneities were underpinned by differences of the three Vibrio spp. in fishes at geographical and climatic scales. These results reveal a high global prevalence of pathogenic Vibrio spp. in fishes and highlight the need for implementation of more effective prevention and control measures to reduce food-borne infection in humans.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Public Health; Prevalence; Seafood; Vibrio; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio Infections; Fishes
PubMed: 36621299
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114521 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Sep 2023Waterborne pathogenic bacteria, including faecal indicator bacteria and potentially pathogenic Vibrio, are a global concern for diseases transmitted through water. A... (Review)
Review
Waterborne pathogenic bacteria, including faecal indicator bacteria and potentially pathogenic Vibrio, are a global concern for diseases transmitted through water. A systematic review was conducted to analyse publications that investigated these bacteria in relation to macrophytes (seagrasses and macroalgae) in coastal marine environments. The highest quantities of FIB were found on brown algae and seagrasses, and the highest quantities of Vibrio bacteria were on red algae. The most extensively studied macrophyte group was brown algae, green algae were the least researched. Macrophyte wrack was found to favor the presence of FIB, but there is a lack of information about Vibrio quantities in this environment. To understand the role of Vibrio bacteria that are pathogenic to humans, molecular methods complementary to cultivation methods should be used. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms of FIB and potentially pathogenic Vibrio with macrophytes and their microbiome in the coastal marine environment.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Environment; Ecosystem
PubMed: 37523954
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115325