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Microorganisms Nov 2022The Red Sea is a suitable model for studying coral reefs under climate change due to its strong environmental gradient that provides a window into future global warming... (Review)
Review
The Red Sea is a suitable model for studying coral reefs under climate change due to its strong environmental gradient that provides a window into future global warming scenarios. For instance, corals in the southern Red Sea thrive at temperatures predicted to occur at the end of the century in other biogeographic regions. Corals in the Red Sea thrive under contrasting thermal and environmental regimes along their latitudinal gradient. Because microbial communities associated with corals contribute to host physiology, we conducted a systematic review of the known diversity of Red Sea coral-associated bacteria, considering geographic location and host species. Our assessment comprises 54 studies of 67 coral host species employing cultivation-dependent and cultivation-independent techniques. Most studies have been conducted in the central and northern Red Sea, while the southern and western regions remain largely unexplored. Our data also show that, despite the high diversity of corals in the Red Sea, the most studied corals were , spp., , and . Microbial diversity was dominated by bacteria from the class Gammaproteobacteria, while the most frequently occurring bacterial families included and . We also identified bacterial families exclusively associated with each of the studied coral orders: Scleractinia ( = 125), Alcyonacea ( = 7), and Capitata ( = 2). This review encompasses 20 years of research in the Red Sea, providing a baseline compendium for coral-associated bacterial diversity.
PubMed: 36557593
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122340 -
Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy Sep 2022O1/O139 is responsible for cholera epidemics that remains a huge public health menace across the globe. Furthermore, an increasing resistance rate among strains has... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
O1/O139 is responsible for cholera epidemics that remains a huge public health menace across the globe. Furthermore, an increasing resistance rate among strains has been reported around the world. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the weighted pooled resistance (WPR) rates in clinical O1/O139 isolates based on different years, areas, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and resistance rates.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We searched the studies in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (until January 2020). Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software (ver. 14.0).
RESULTS
A total of 139 studies investigating 24,062 O1/O139 isolates were analyzed. The majority of the studies originated in Asia ( = 102). The WPR rates were as follows: azithromycin 1%, erythromycin 36%, ciprofloxacin 3%, cotrimoxazole 79%, doxycycline 7%, and tetracycline 20%. There was increased resistance to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline during the 1980-2020 years.
CONCLUSIONS
Temporal changes in antibiotic resistance rate found in this study demonstrated the critical continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance. Also, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamicin, cephalexin, imipenem, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin were found to be the best antibiotics against , with the highest and the lowest effectiveness resistance rate.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Azithromycin; Cholera; Ciprofloxacin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Tetracyclines; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Vibrio cholerae O1; Vibrio cholerae O139
PubMed: 35790112
DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2098114 -
The Science of the Total Environment Nov 2020Non-cholera Vibrio bacteria are a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Raw oysters are commonly implicated in gastroenteritis caused by pathogenic...
BACKGROUND
Non-cholera Vibrio bacteria are a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Raw oysters are commonly implicated in gastroenteritis caused by pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In response to outbreaks in 1997-1998, the US Food and Drug Administration developed a nation-wide quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters in 2005. The QMRA identified information gaps that new research may address. Incidence of sporadic V. parahaemolyticus illness has recently increased and, as oyster consumption increases and sea temperatures rise, V. parahaemolyticus outbreaks may become more frequent, posing health concerns. Updated and region-specific QMRAs will improve the accuracy and precision of risk of infection estimates.
OBJECTIVES
We identify research to support an updated QMRA of V. parahaemolyticus from oysters harvested in Chesapeake Bay and Puget Sound, focusing on observational and experimental research on post-harvest practices (PHPs) published from 2004 to 2019.
METHODS
A predefined search strategy was applied to PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Science.gov, NAL Agricola, and Google Scholar. Study eligibility criteria were defined using a population, intervention, comparator, and outcome statement. Reviewers independently coded abstracts for inclusion/exclusion using predefined criteria. Data were extracted and study quality and relevance evaluated based on published guidance for food safety risk assessments. Findings were synthesized using a weight of evidence approach.
RESULTS
Of 12,174 articles retrieved, 93 were included for full-text review. Twenty-seven studies were found to be high quality and high relevance, including studies on cold storage, high hydrostatic pressure, depuration, and disinfectant, and other PHPs. High hydrostatic pressure consistently emerged as the most effective PHP in reducing abundance of V. parahaemolyticus.
DISCUSSION
Limitations of the knowledge base and review approach involve the type and quantity of data reported. Future research should focus on PHPs for which few or no high quality and high relevance studies exist, such as irradiation and relaying.
Topics: Animals; Colony Count, Microbial; Food Contamination; Food Safety; Foodborne Diseases; Ostreidae; Seafood; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 32731065
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140795 -
International Journal of Infectious... Apr 2024South Asia remains home to foodborne diseases caused by the Vibrio species. We aimed to compile and update information on the epidemiology of vibriosis in South Asia. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
South Asia remains home to foodborne diseases caused by the Vibrio species. We aimed to compile and update information on the epidemiology of vibriosis in South Asia.
METHODS
For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google Scholar for studies related to vibriosis in South Asia published up to May 2023. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled isolation rate of non-cholera-causing Vibrio species.
RESULTS
In total, 38 studies were included. Seven of these were case reports and 22 were included in the meta-analysis. The reported vibriosis cases were caused by non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, V. fluvialis, and V. vulnificus. The overall pooled isolation rate was 4.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.0-5.0%) in patients with diarrhea. Heterogeneity was high (I = 98.0%). The isolation rate of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. fluvialis were 9.0 (95% CI 7.0-10.0%), 1.0 (95% CI 1.0-2.0%), and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.0-3.0%), respectively. Regarding V. parahaemolyticus, O3:K6 was the most frequently isolated serotype. Cases peaked during summer. Several studies reported antibiotic-resistant strains and those harboring extended-spectrum beta-lactamases genes.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates a high burden of infections caused by non-cholera-causing Vibrio species in South Asia.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio cholerae; Vibrio Infections; Foodborne Diseases; Diarrhea; Asia, Southern
PubMed: 38311027
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.01.022 -
Pathogens and Global Health May 2023Non-O1/non-O139 (NOVC) are nonpathogenic or asymptomatic colonizers in humans, but they may be related to intestinal or extra-intestinal (severe wound infections or... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Non-O1/non-O139 (NOVC) are nonpathogenic or asymptomatic colonizers in humans, but they may be related to intestinal or extra-intestinal (severe wound infections or sepsis) infections in immunocompromised patients.The present study aimed to evaluate the weighted pooled resistance (WPR) rates in clinical NOVC isolates based on different years, areas, quality, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), and resistance rates. We systematically searched the articles in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (until January 2020). Data analyses were performed using the Stata software program (version 17). A total of 16 studies that had investigated 824 clinical NOVC isolates were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of the studies were conducted in Asia (n = 14) and followed by Africa (n = 2). The WPR rates were as follows: erythromycin 10%, ciprofloxacin 5%, cotrimoxazole 27%, and tetracycline 13%. There was an increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin, norfloxacin during the period from 2000 to 2020. On the contrary, there was a decreased resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, and neomycin during the period from 2000 to 2020. The lowest resistance rate were related to gentamicin, kanamycin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol against NOVC strains. However, temporal changes in antimicrobial resistance rate were found in our study. We established continuous surveillance, careful appropriate AST, and limitations on improper antibiotic usage, which are essential, especially in low-income countries.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio cholerae non-O1; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cholera; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ciprofloxacin; Tetracycline; Chloramphenicol; Kanamycin; Erythromycin; Gentamicins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 35983997
DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2022.2114620 -
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology Dec 2022Cholera is an enteric disease caused by , a water-borne pathogen, and characterized by severe diarrhea. Vaccines have been recommended for use by the WHO in...
INTRODUCTION
Cholera is an enteric disease caused by , a water-borne pathogen, and characterized by severe diarrhea. Vaccines have been recommended for use by the WHO in resource-limited settings. Efficacies of the currently licensed cholera vaccines are not optimal in endemic settings and low in children below the age of five, a section of the population most susceptible to the disease. Development of next generation of cholera vaccines would require a detailed understanding of the required protective immune responses.
AREA COVERED
In this review, we revisit clinical trials which are focused on the early transcriptional mucosal responses elicited during infection and upon vaccination along with summarizing various components of the effector immune response against .
EXPERT OPINION
The inability of currently licensed killed/inactivated vaccines to elicit key inflammatory pathways locally may explain their restricted efficacy in endemic settings. More studies are required to understand the immunogenicity of the live attenuated cholera vaccine in these regions. Various extrinsic and intrinsic factors influence anti-cholera immunity and need to be considered to develop region-specific next generation vaccines.
Topics: Child; Humans; Administration, Oral; Antibodies, Bacterial; Cholera; Cholera Vaccines; Immunity; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 36255170
DOI: 10.1080/1744666X.2022.2136650 -
PloS One 2019Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (VNSSTIs) are associated with a high mortality rate that varies remarkably with host susceptibility.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Vibrio vulnificus necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections (VNSSTIs) are associated with a high mortality rate that varies remarkably with host susceptibility. Hepatic disease (HD) is considered the key risk factor for high VNSSTIs incidence and mortality; however, there is limited evidence in the literature to support this observation.
METHODOLOGY
We examined all reported cases of VNSSTIs and associated mortality rates between 1966 and mid-2018. The PubMed, Medline and Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched for observational studies on patients with VNSSTIs. Twelve studies with 1157 total patients with VNSSTIs were included in the analysis. From the pooled dataset, nearly half (46.8%) of the patients with VNSSTIs had HD. The mortality rate in HD patients with VNSSTIs was 53.9% (n = 292/542), which was considerably higher than the mortality rate of 16.1% (n = 99/615) in non-HD patients. Patients with HD contracted VNSSTIs were found to be two or more times (RR = 2.61, 95% CI = 2.14-3.19) as likely to die compared with those without HD. Besides, liver cirrhosis (LC), the end-stage HD, was confirmed to be a significant risk factor, with risk ratios of 1.84 (95% CI 1.21-2.79) and 2.00 (95% CI 1.41-2.85) when compared to non-LC and non-HD, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
HD with or without LC can be associated with infections and complications from V. vulnificus. Clinicians should aggressively approach care and management of acutely and/or critically ill patients with VNSSTIs.
Topics: Humans; Incidence; Liver Diseases; Mortality; Odds Ratio; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Soft Tissue Infections; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 31652263
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223513 -
Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection... Aug 2021There has been an increasing resistance rate to tetracyclines, the first line treatment for cholera disease caused by V. cholera strains, worldwide. The aim of the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
There has been an increasing resistance rate to tetracyclines, the first line treatment for cholera disease caused by V. cholera strains, worldwide. The aim of the present study was to determine the global status of resistance to this class of antibiotic among V. cholera isolates.
METHODS
For the study, electronic databases were searched using the appropriate keywords including: 'Vibrio', 'cholera', 'Vibrio cholerae', 'V. cholerae', 'resistance', 'antibiotic resistance', 'antibiotic susceptibility', 'antimicrobial resistance', 'antimicrobial susceptibility', 'tetracycline', and 'doxycycline'. Finally, after some exclusion, 52 studies from different countries were selected and included in the study and meta-analysis was performed on the collected data.
RESULTS
The average resistance rate for serogroup O1 to tetracycline and doxycycline was 50% and 28%, respectively (95% CI). A high level of heterogeneity (I > 50%, p-value < 0.05) was observed in the studies representing resistance to tetracycline and doxycycline in O1 and non-O1, non-O139 serogroups. The Begg's tests did not indicate the publication bias (p-value > 0.05). However, the Egger's tests showed some evidence of publication bias in the studies conducted on serogroup O1.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study show that the overall resistance to tetracyclines is relatively high and prevalent among V. cholerae isolates, throughout the world. This highlights the necessity of performing standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing prior to treatment choice along with monitoring and management of antibiotic resistance patterns of V. cholerae strains in order to reduce the emergence and propagation of antibiotic resistant strains as well as the failure of treatment.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Doxycycline; Serotyping; Tetracycline Resistance; Vibrio cholerae
PubMed: 34362438
DOI: 10.1186/s13756-021-00985-w