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Molecular Plant Pathology Apr 2020RNA interference is a biological process whereby small RNAs inhibit gene expression through neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. This process is conserved in... (Review)
Review
RNA interference is a biological process whereby small RNAs inhibit gene expression through neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. This process is conserved in eukaryotes. Here, recent work regarding the mechanisms of how small RNAs move within and between organisms is examined. Small RNAs can move locally and systemically in plants through plasmodesmata and phloem, respectively. In fungi, transportation of small RNAs may also be achieved by septal pores and vesicles. Recent evidence also supports bidirectional cross-kingdom communication of small RNAs between host plants and adapted fungal pathogens to affect the outcome of infection. We discuss several mechanisms for small RNA trafficking and describe evidence for transport through nakedĀ form, combined with RNA-binding proteins or enclosed by vesicles.
Topics: Extracellular Vesicles; Fungi; Phloem; Plasmodesmata; RNA Interference; RNA, Plant
PubMed: 32027079
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12911 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Sep 2020Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common clinical inflammatory disease of the autoimmune system manifested by persistent synovitis, cartilage damage and even deformities.... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common clinical inflammatory disease of the autoimmune system manifested by persistent synovitis, cartilage damage and even deformities. Despite significant progress in the clinical treatment of RA, long-term administration of anti-rheumatic drugs can cause a series of problems, including infections, gastrointestinal reactions, and abnormal liver and kidney functions. The emergence of RNA interference (RNAi) drugs has brought new hope for the treatment of RA. Designing a reasonable vector for RNAi drugs will greatly expand the application prospects of RNAi. Nanoparticles as a promising drug carrier provide reliable support for RNAi drugs. The review summarizes the pathogenesis of RA as a possible target for small interference RNA (siRNA) design. At the same time, the review also analyzes the nanoparticles used in siRNA carriers in recent years, laying the foundation and prospect for the next step in the development of intelligent nanocarriers.
Topics: Antirheumatic Agents; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Humans; Nanoparticles; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 32653501
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.006 -
Molecular Cancer Mar 2023PIWI proteins have a strong correlation with PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which are significant in development and reproduction of organisms. Recently, emerging... (Review)
Review
PIWI proteins have a strong correlation with PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which are significant in development and reproduction of organisms. Recently, emerging evidences have indicated that apart from the reproductive function, PIWI/piRNAs with abnormal expression, also involve greatly in varieties of human cancers. Moreover, human PIWI proteins are usually expressed only in germ cells and hardly in somatic cells, so the abnormal expression of PIWI proteins in different types of cancer offer a promising opportunity for precision medicine. In this review, we discussed current researches about the biogenesis of piRNA, its epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in human cancers, such as N6-methyladenosine (mA) methylation, histone modifications, DNA methylation and RNA interference, providing novel insights into the markers for clinical diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in human cancers.
Topics: Humans; Piwi-Interacting RNA; Neoplasms; Epigenesis, Genetic; DNA Methylation; RNA Interference
PubMed: 36882835
DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01749-3 -
Nature Plants Sep 2023Small RNA (sRNA)-mediated trans-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) between host and pathogen has been demonstrated and utilized. However, interspecies RNAi in rhizospheric...
Small RNA (sRNA)-mediated trans-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) between host and pathogen has been demonstrated and utilized. However, interspecies RNAi in rhizospheric microorganisms remains elusive. In this study, we developed a microbe-induced gene silencing (MIGS) technology by using a rhizospheric beneficial fungus, Trichoderma harzianum, to exploit an RNAi engineering microbe and two soil-borne pathogenic fungi, Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum, as RNAi recipients. We first detected the feasibility of MIGS in inducing GFP silencing in V. dahliae. Then by targeting a fungal essential gene, we further demonstrated the effectiveness of MIGS in inhibiting fungal growth and protecting dicotyledon cotton and monocotyledon rice plants against V. dahliae and F. oxysporum. We also showed steerable MIGS specificity based on a selected target sequence. Our data verify interspecies RNAi in rhizospheric fungi and the potential application of MIGS in crop protection. In addition, the in situ propagation of a rhizospheric beneficial microbe would be optimal in ensuring the stability and sustainability of sRNAs, avoiding the use of nanomaterials to carry chemically synthetic sRNAs. Our finding reveals that exploiting MIGS-based biofungicides would offer straightforward design and implementation, without the need of host genetic modification, in crop protection against phytopathogens.
Topics: Crop Protection; Gene Silencing; RNA Interference; Gene Editing; Genes, Fungal
PubMed: 37653339
DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01507-9 -
Plant & Cell Physiology May 2024Trans-species RNA interference (RNAi) occurs naturally when small RNAs (sRNAs) silence genes in species different from their origin. This phenomenon has been observed... (Review)
Review
Trans-species RNA interference (RNAi) occurs naturally when small RNAs (sRNAs) silence genes in species different from their origin. This phenomenon has been observed between plants and various organisms including fungi, animals and other plant species. Understanding the mechanisms used in natural cases of trans-species RNAi, such as sRNA processing and movement, will enable more effective development of crop protection methods using host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). Recent progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of sRNAs within individual plants. This increased understanding of endogenous plant sRNA movement may be translatable to trans-species sRNA movement. Here, we review diverse cases of natural trans-species RNAi focusing on current theories regarding intercellular and long-distance sRNA movement. We also touch on trans-species sRNA evolution, highlighting its research potential and its role in improving the efficacy of HIGS.
Topics: RNA Interference; Plants; RNA, Plant; RNA, Small Interfering; Animals
PubMed: 38288670
DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae012 -
The New Phytologist Oct 2023RNA interference (RNAi) is arguably one of the more versatile mechanisms in cell biology, facilitating the fine regulation of gene expression and protection against... (Review)
Review
RNA interference (RNAi) is arguably one of the more versatile mechanisms in cell biology, facilitating the fine regulation of gene expression and protection against mobile genomic elements, whilst also constituting a key aspect of induced plant immunity. More recently, the use of this mechanism to regulate gene expression in heterospecific partners - cross-kingdom RNAi (ckRNAi) - has been shown to form a critical part of bidirectional interactions between hosts and endosymbionts, regulating the interplay between microbial infection mechanisms and host immunity. Here, we review the current understanding of ckRNAi as it relates to interactions between plants and their pathogenic and mutualistic endosymbionts, with particular emphasis on evidence in support of ckRNAi in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.
Topics: Symbiosis; Mycorrhizae; RNA Interference; Plants
PubMed: 37452489
DOI: 10.1111/nph.19122 -
Current Opinion in Plant Biology Jun 2021When an mRNA enters into the RNA degradation pathway called RNA interference (RNAi), it is cleaved into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that then target complementary... (Review)
Review
When an mRNA enters into the RNA degradation pathway called RNA interference (RNAi), it is cleaved into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that then target complementary mRNAs for destruction. The consequence of entry into RNAi is mRNA degradation, post-transcriptional silencing and in some cases transcriptional silencing. RNAi functions as a defense against transposable element and virus activity, and in plants, RNAi additionally plays a role in development by regulating some genes. However, it is unknown how specific transcripts are selected for RNAi, and how most genic mRNAs steer clear. This Current Opinion article explores the key question of how RNAs are selected for entry into RNAi, and proposes models that enable the cell to distinguish between transcripts to translate versus destroy.
Topics: DNA Transposable Elements; Plants; RNA Interference; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 33657510
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102014 -
Journal of Controlled Release :... Nov 2022RNA interference (RNAi) is a major cellular mechanism regulating gene expression in which short double-stranded RNA molecules called small interfering RNA (siRNA)... (Review)
Review
RNA interference (RNAi) is a major cellular mechanism regulating gene expression in which short double-stranded RNA molecules called small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediate sequence-specific mRNA degradation. RNAi technology has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic platform for the effective treatment of various diseases caused by inappropriate gene activity, such as cancer. However, the clinical translation of siRNA therapeutics has been hampered by the major hurdles associated with biological instability and limited delivery efficiency. Based on the various efforts, recent siRNA delivery strategies using cationic lipids and polymers allowed to enhance pharmacokinetics and delivery efficiency, resulting in potent and liver-targeted RNAi therapy. However, non-specific protein adsorption, high liver accumulation, and severe toxicity of cationic nanocarriers still limit the possibility of transfer of siRNA therapeutics from the laboratory to the clinic. One of the promising delivery strategies to overcome the limitations of siRNA therapeutics is carrier-free bioconjugation which is chemically modified and connected with biocompatible molecules such as lipids, peptides, antibodies, aptamers, and polymers. These molecularly engineered siRNA conjugates can be utilized for RNAi delivery to tissues beyond the liver, providing opportunities for clinical translation. This review focused on introducing the recent progress in molecularly engineered siRNA conjugates and their applications toward overcoming the limitations of siRNA for tumor-targeted delivery and therapy.
Topics: Humans; RNA, Small Interfering; RNAi Therapeutics; RNA, Double-Stranded; RNA Interference; Neoplasms; Polymers; Lipids
PubMed: 36152808
DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.040 -
SLAS Discovery : Advancing Life... Jul 2020
Topics: CRISPR-Cas Systems; Genomics; Humans; RNA Interference; RNA, Small Interfering
PubMed: 32567999
DOI: 10.1177/2472555220927692 -
Biotechnology Advances 2020RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which small RNA (sRNA) molecules sequence-specifically silence gene expression at the transcriptional or... (Review)
Review
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which small RNA (sRNA) molecules sequence-specifically silence gene expression at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level, either by directing inhibitory chromatin modifications or by decreasing the stability or translation potential of the targeted mRNA. The trigger for gene silencing is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) generated from an endogenous genomic locus or a foreign source, such as a transgene or virus. The process of gene silencing can be exploited in agriculture to control plant diseases and pests. Of the pests that impact crop yield (including nematodes, arthropods, rodents, snails, slugs and birds), insects constitute the largest and most diverse group. Here, we review the "pros" and "cons" of using RNAi technology mediated by dsRNA-expressing transgenic plants (host-induced gene silencing, HIGS) or direct application of chemically synthesized dsRNA to control plant-damaging insects. Rapid progress in elucidating RNAi mechanisms has led to the first commercial products on the market. Given the high potential of RNAi strategies, their use in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry will likely be extensive in the future. However, further studies are needed to improve the efficacy of RNAi-based plant protection strategies and to assess their associated safety risks.
Topics: Animals; Insect Control; Insecta; Plants, Genetically Modified; RNA Interference; RNA, Double-Stranded
PubMed: 31678220
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107463