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Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology 2020Biological molecules are widely produced by fermentation technology using bacteria, fungi or yeast. Fermentation is a biochemical process wherein the rate of... (Review)
Review
Biological molecules are widely produced by fermentation technology using bacteria, fungi or yeast. Fermentation is a biochemical process wherein the rate of bioconversion is governed by the organisms involved. The growth of the organism is mainly limited by mass transfer rates of nutrients and gases that directly affect the product formation in fermentation. Attempts have been made to enhance the growth rate and yield using mutational, recombinant strain development approach at microbial level as well as fed batch and continuous processing approach at bioprocess level in the past. The growth rate of microbes can be accelerated by increased mass transfer rates and cell wall permeability with the use of controlled low frequency ultrasound irradiation. The present review provides insights into the application of acoustic cavitation in process intensification of fermentation approaches and the role of various factors involved are highlighted with typical examples.
Topics: Bacteria; Bioreactors; Cell Membrane Permeability; Cell Proliferation; Fermentation; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 32065573
DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1725773 -
Cytotherapy Nov 2023Extracellular vesicles and exosome-mimetic nanovesicles (NVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising to promote hair growth. However,...
BACKGROUND AIMS
Extracellular vesicles and exosome-mimetic nanovesicles (NVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising to promote hair growth. However, short local skin retention after subcutaneous administration hinders their clinical applications.
METHODS
In this study, we prepared magnetic nanovesicles (MNVs) from iron oxide nanoparticle-incorporated MSCs. MNVs contained more therapeutic growth factors than NVs derived from naive MSCs, and their localization and internalization were manipulated by external magnetic field.
RESULTS
Following the subcutaneous injection of MNVs into a mouse model of depilation-induced hair regeneration, the magnetic attraction increased their skin retention. Then, the cellular proliferation and β-catenin signaling in hair follicles (HF) were markedly enhanced by MNV injection and magnetic field application. Furthermore, an acceleration of HF growth was revealed by histological analysis.
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed strategy can enhance the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived NVs for hair regeneration and other dermatological diseases.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Hair Follicle; Skin; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Cell Proliferation; Magnetic Phenomena
PubMed: 37516947
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.07.001 -
Genes Jan 2022Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the structurally similar and highly conserved type of functional proteins that play an important role in hair follicle growth and...
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are the structurally similar and highly conserved type of functional proteins that play an important role in hair follicle growth and development. was a differentially expressed gene in different patterns of Hu sheep lambskin identified using Agilent microarray. Since hair follicle is the basis of pattern formation of lambskin, and its growth and development is governed by dermal papilla cells (DPCs), to clarify the role of and hair follicle, our study was designed to investigate the regulation between and DPCs. Firstly, the CDS region of was cloned by 3'Race and PCR in Hu sheep and performed serious of bioinformatic analysis. Then, the effects of on DPCs were analyzed after overexpression and interference of in dermal papilla cells by CCK8, EdU, and PI assay. Additionally, qPCR was also conducted to clarify the relationship between and the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. A total of 1296 bp of the CDS region sequence was sucessfully cloned in Hu sheep, encoding a signal peptide of 431 amino acids, molecular weight was 49,316.9 Da and the isoelectric point (Pi) was 7.75. Nucleotide sequencing analysis of revealed that Hu sheep had high homology with and . Structure domain prediction showed that TGF-β superfamily domain exist between 330th-431th amino acid, protein is a secreted protein. In up-regulated DPCs, DPCs proliferation rate and cell cycle were significantly higher than that of NC group ( < 0.05). Meanwhile, the expression level of , , , and in TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway were significantly lower than that in NC group ( < 0.05). In down-regulated DPCs, it presented the opposite result. In conclusion, our study showed that had a positive effect on DPCs by accelerating the proliferation and cell cycle of DPCs, and hypothesized that regulate hair follicles growth and development via TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. These findings may provide a synergistic target for the subsequent research of hair follicle growth and development.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Cycle; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Dogs; Hair Follicle; Sheep; Transforming Growth Factor beta
PubMed: 35205246
DOI: 10.3390/genes13020201 -
Journal For Immunotherapy of Cancer Mar 2023Loss of Ambra1 (autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1), a multifunctional scaffold protein, promotes the formation of nevi and contributes to several phases of melanoma...
BACKGROUND
Loss of Ambra1 (autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1), a multifunctional scaffold protein, promotes the formation of nevi and contributes to several phases of melanoma development. The suppressive functions of Ambra1 in melanoma are mediated by negative regulation of cell proliferation and invasion; however, evidence suggests that loss of Ambra1 may also affect the melanoma microenvironment. Here, we investigate the possible impact of Ambra1 on antitumor immunity and response to immunotherapy.
METHODS
This study was performed using an Ambra1-depleted / genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model of melanoma, as well as GEM-derived allografts of / and / / tumors with Ambra1 knockdown. The effects of Ambra1 loss on the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) were analyzed using NanoString technology, multiplex immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Transcriptome and CIBERSORT digital cytometry analyses of murine melanoma samples and human melanoma patients (The Cancer Genome Atlas) were applied to determine the immune cell populations in null or low-expressing AMBRA1 melanoma. The contribution of Ambra1 on T-cell migration was evaluated using a cytokine array and flow cytometry. Tumor growth kinetics and overall survival analysis in / / mice with Ambra1 knockdown were evaluated prior to and after administration of a programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) inhibitor.
RESULTS
Loss of Ambra1 was associated with altered expression of a wide range of cytokines and chemokines as well as decreased infiltration of tumors by regulatory T cells, a subpopulation of T cells with potent immune-suppressive properties. These changes in TIME composition were associated with the autophagic function of Ambra1. In the / / model inherently resistant to immune checkpoint blockade, knockdown of Ambra1 led to accelerated tumor growth and reduced overall survival, but at the same time conferred sensitivity to anti-PD-1 treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that loss of Ambra1 affects the TIME and the antitumor immune response in melanoma, highlighting new functions of Ambra1 in the regulation of melanoma biology.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; Melanoma; Autophagy; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cytokines; Tumor Microenvironment; Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
PubMed: 36868570
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006389 -
American Journal of Epidemiology Aug 2023Early puberty onset is associated with higher risk of diabetes, but most studies have not accounted for childhood factors that may confound the association. Using data...
Early puberty onset is associated with higher risk of diabetes, but most studies have not accounted for childhood factors that may confound the association. Using data from a study conducted in an Indigenous community in Arizona (1965-2007), we examined associations of timing and velocity of the adolescent growth spurt with type 2 diabetes, and whether these associations are mediated by childhood body mass index and insulinemia. Adolescent growth parameters were derived from the Preece-Baines growth model, a parametric growth curve fitted to longitudinal height data, for 861 participants with height measurements spanning the whole period of growth. In males, older age at take-off, age at peak velocity, and age at maturation were associated with decreased prevalence of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 0.43 per year, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.27, 0.69; OR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.72; OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.83, respectively), while higher velocity at take-off was associated with increased risk (OR = 3.47 per cm/year, 95% CI: 1.87, 6.42) adjusting for age, birth year, and maternal diabetes. Similar results were observed with incident diabetes. Our findings suggest that an early and accelerated adolescent growth spurt is a risk factor for diabetes, at least in males. These associations are only partially explained by measures of adiposity and insulinemia.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Humans; Male; American Indian or Alaska Native; Body Height; Body Mass Index; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Longitudinal Studies; Puberty; Risk Factors; Adolescent Development
PubMed: 37083933
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad100 -
Aging Cell Feb 2022Older age is a major risk factor for damage to many tissues, including liver. Aging undermines resiliency and impairs liver regeneration. The mechanisms whereby aging...
Older age is a major risk factor for damage to many tissues, including liver. Aging undermines resiliency and impairs liver regeneration. The mechanisms whereby aging reduces resiliency are poorly understood. Hedgehog is a signaling pathway with critical mitogenic and morphogenic functions during development. Recent studies indicate that Hedgehog regulates metabolic homeostasis in adult liver. The present study evaluates the hypothesis that Hedgehog signaling becomes dysregulated in hepatocytes during aging, resulting in decreased resiliency and therefore, impaired regeneration and enhanced vulnerability to damage. Partial hepatectomy (PH) was performed on young and old wild-type mice and Smoothened (Smo)-floxed mice treated with viral vectors to conditionally delete Smo and disrupt Hedgehog signaling specifically in hepatocytes. Changes in signaling were correlated with changes in regenerative responses and compared among groups. Old livers had fewer hepatocytes proliferating after PH. RNA sequencing identified Hedgehog as a top downregulated pathway in old hepatocytes before and after the regenerative challenge. Deleting Smo in young hepatocytes before PH prevented Hedgehog pathway activation after PH and inhibited regeneration. Gene Ontogeny analysis demonstrated that both old and Smo-deleted young hepatocytes had activation of pathways involved in innate immune responses and suppression of several signaling pathways that control liver growth and metabolism. Hedgehog inhibition promoted telomere shortening and mitochondrial dysfunction in hepatocytes, consequences of aging that promote inflammation and impair tissue growth and metabolic homeostasis. Hedgehog signaling is dysregulated in old hepatocytes. This accelerates aging, resulting in decreased resiliency and therefore, impaired liver regeneration and enhanced vulnerability to damage.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Cell Proliferation; Hedgehog Proteins; Hepatocytes; Liver; Liver Regeneration; Mice; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34984806
DOI: 10.1111/acel.13530 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Sep 2023Since the initial outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel population of children with in utero exposure to maternal infection has emerged whose health...
CONTEXT
Since the initial outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a novel population of children with in utero exposure to maternal infection has emerged whose health outcomes are largely unknown.
OBJECTIVE
To compare longitudinal growth trajectories among infants with vs without in utero COVID-19 exposure.
METHODS
We conducted a longitudinal cohort study leveraging a prospectively enrolled perinatal biorepository among 149 infants with in utero COVID-19 exposure and 127 unexposed controls. Weight, length, and body mass index (BMI) were abstracted from health records at 0, 2, 6, and 12 months and standardized using World Health Organization growth charts. Analyses were adjusted for maternal age, ethnicity, parity, insurance, and BMI as well as infant sex, birthdate, and breastfeeding.
RESULTS
Infants with in utero COVID-19 exposure vs controls exhibited differential trajectories of weight and BMI, but not length, z-score over the first year of life (study group × time interaction, P < .0001 for weight and BMI). Infants born to mothers with prenatal COVID-19 had lower BMI z-score at birth (effect size: -0.35, 95% CI -0.66 to -0.03) and greater gain in BMI z-score from birth to 12 months (effect size: 0.53, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.99). Birth weight z-score mediated a significant proportion of the relationship between COVID-19 exposure and postnatal growth (estimate ± SE, 32 ± 14%, P = .02).
CONCLUSION
Infants with in utero COVID-19 exposure exhibited lower birth weight and accelerated weight gain in the first year of life, which may be harbingers of downstream cardiometabolic pathology. Further studies are needed to delineate cardiometabolic sequelae among this emerging global population.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Child; Female; Pregnancy; Infant; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Birth Weight; COVID-19; Weight Gain; Body Mass Index; Cardiovascular Diseases
PubMed: 36988326
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad130 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Mar 2021: Fetal overgrowth is related to many perinatal complications, including stillbirth, cesarean section, maternal and neonatal injuries, and shoulder dystocia. It is... (Review)
Review
: Fetal overgrowth is related to many perinatal complications, including stillbirth, cesarean section, maternal and neonatal injuries, and shoulder dystocia. It is related to maternal diabetes, obesity, and gestational weight gain but also happens in low-risk pregnancies. There is ongoing discussion regarding definitions, methods of detection, and classification. The method used for detection is crucial as it draws a line between those at risk and low-risk popula-tions. : For this narrative review, relevant evidence was identified through PubMed search with one of the general terms (macrosomia, large-for-gestational-age) combined with the outcome of interest. : This review summarizes evidence on the relation of fetal overgrowth with stillbirth, cesarean sections, shoulder dystocia, anal sphincter injury, and hem-orrhage. Customized growth charts help to detect mothers and fetuses at risk of those complica-tions. Relations between fetal overgrowth and diabetes, maternal weight, and gestational weight gain were investigated. : a substantial proportion of complications are an effect of the fetus growing above its potential and should be recognized as a new dangerous condition of Fetal Growth Acceleration.
Topics: Acceleration; Cesarean Section; Diabetes, Gestational; Dystocia; Female; Fetal Macrosomia; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy
PubMed: 33801377
DOI: 10.3390/medicina57030228 -
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology &... Feb 2022Constitutional delay of growth (CDG) is usually associated with a delay in pubertal onset (CDGP) and a catch-up growth after puberty. Some individuals, however, have...
OBJECTIVES
Constitutional delay of growth (CDG) is usually associated with a delay in pubertal onset (CDGP) and a catch-up growth after puberty. Some individuals, however, have earlier-than-expected pubertal onset resulting in a shorter adult height. We investigated the current incidence of such individuals and that of 30 years ago.
METHODS
The study subjects are 1,312 consecutive Japanese children referred to Osaka City General Hospital (OCGH) for short stature during 2010-2018, and a cohort of 11,256 individuals in the Ogi Growth Research (OGR, 1979-1992). Individuals with the height standard deviation score <-1.0, the bone age (BA)/chronological age (CA) ratio <0.8 at first visits, and without other identifiable causes of short stature were extracted from the record of OCGH. Similarly, individuals meeting the height and bone age criteria were extracted from the OGR record. The pubertal growth onset was auxologically determined as the upward shift from the prepubertal growth curve fitted to a quadratic function. Earlier-than-expected onset was defined as the onset earlier than the population average +1 year.
RESULTS
From the OCGH cohort, 55 children (38 boys, 17 girls) met the criteria, and earlier-than-expected onset was observed in 34.2% of boys and 29.4% of girls. In the 73 short individuals with delayed bone age in the OGR cohort, earlier-than-expected onset was less common (13.0% for boys and 14.8% for girls). There was no significant association between the timing of pubertal growth onset and the BA/CA ratio, IGF-1, and midparental height.
CONCLUSIONS
Earlier-than-expected pubertal growth onset is common in CDG and possibly increasing.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Determination by Skeleton; Age Factors; Body Height; Child; Female; Humans; Male; Puberty, Delayed
PubMed: 34536343
DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2021-0313 -
Journal of Experimental Zoology. Part... Jan 2021Research on the thermal ecology and physiology of free-living organisms is accelerating as scientists and managers recognize the urgency of the global biodiversity... (Review)
Review
Research on the thermal ecology and physiology of free-living organisms is accelerating as scientists and managers recognize the urgency of the global biodiversity crisis brought on by climate change. As ectotherms, temperature fundamentally affects most aspects of the lives of amphibians and reptiles, making them excellent models for studying how animals are impacted by changing temperatures. As research on this group of organisms accelerates, it is essential to maintain consistent and optimal methodology so that results can be compared across groups and over time. This review addresses the utility of reptiles and amphibians as model organisms for thermal studies by reviewing the best practices for research on their thermal ecology and physiology, and by highlighting key studies that have advanced the field with new and improved methods. We end by presenting several areas where reptiles and amphibians show great promise for further advancing our understanding of how temperature relations between organisms and their environments are impacted by global climate change.
Topics: Amphibians; Animals; Body Temperature; Ecosystem; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Monitoring, Physiologic; Reptiles
PubMed: 32638552
DOI: 10.1002/jez.2396