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Transactions of the Royal Society of... Apr 2021Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that is caused either by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). The latter is caused by various... (Review)
Review
Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that is caused either by fungi (eumycetoma) or bacteria (actinomycetoma). The latter is caused by various actinomycetes of the genera Nocardia, Streptomyces and Actinomadura. They have different geographical distributions within mycetoma-endemic regions. In parts of Latin America, Nocardia species are more often encountered while in Africa, Streptomyces species dominate. For instituting a proper patient treatment plan, accurate identification of the causative organism is vital. For actinomycetoma, different laboratory-based techniques have been developed during recent decades. These include direct microscopy, cytology, histopathology and serology. More recently, different molecular techniques and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry have been included as diagnostic methods for actinomycetoma. In this review, an update on the laboratory techniques currently in use for the identification of actinomycetoma-causative agents to the species level is presented.
Topics: Africa; Humans; Laboratories; Microscopy; Mycetoma; Nocardia
PubMed: 33449118
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa176 -
Transactions of the Royal Society of... Apr 2021Mycetoma is a neglected disease, which is socioeconomically important, and with the possibility of permanent disability in infected persons if not treated early. This is... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Mycetoma is a neglected disease, which is socioeconomically important, and with the possibility of permanent disability in infected persons if not treated early. This is especially true in resource-limited settings such as West Africa, where there is a lack of facilities and skilled personnel to make a definitive laboratory diagnosis. Countries in West Africa have similar climatic conditions to Sudan. The majority of patients seek medical care very late, when there is already bone involvement, resulting in amputations. This results in poor capture of the true burden of the problem in the literature.
METHODS
A review of the literature revealed about 2685 documented cases in West Africa from 1929 to 2020; from 15 out of 16 countries, Senegal accounted for 74.1% (1943) of cases in the subregion.
RESULTS
The majority of lesions were found on the foot; however, other body parts were also reported. Rural dwellers accounted for most cases. Only 547 (20.4%) cases had identified isolates reported. Actinomycetoma accounted for 47.9% of cases, eumycetoma 39.7% and unidentified pathogens 12.4%. Actinomadura pelletieri was the predominant pathogen isolated (21.4%; 117 isolates).
CONCLUSION
There is a dire need for capacity building, provision of facility and health education to raise awareness of this debilitating disease in West Africa.
Topics: Africa, Western; Humans; Mycetoma; Neglected Diseases; Senegal; Sudan
PubMed: 33728466
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab032 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Feb 2023Two mycelium-forming actinobacterial strains, designated OS3-83 and OS3-89, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of a cactus () sampled on Mara Island, Jeju, Republic of...
Two mycelium-forming actinobacterial strains, designated OS3-83 and OS3-89, were isolated from rhizosphere soil of a cactus () sampled on Mara Island, Jeju, Republic of Korea. Both of the isolates were found to grow at 20-37 °C, pH 6.0-10.0 and with 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl. Their taxonomic positions were investigated by a polyphasic approach. Strains OS3-83 and OS3-89 were most closely related to the type strain of (99.5 % and 98.9 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, respectively). Both of the isolates shared 99.2 % sequence similarity to each other. Morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics supported the affiliation of the two isolates to the genus . 16S rRNA gene phylogeny exhibited that strain OS3-83 formed a tight cluster with , while strain OS3-89 occupied a position located remotely from . Nevertheless, phylogenomic analysis based on 92 core gene sequences showed that both of the isolates formed a tight clade with . The values of average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization between strain OS3-83 and the closest relative, , were 92.2 and 46.2 %, respectively, whereas strain OS3-89 shared an average nucleotide identity value of 97.5 % and a digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 76.9 % with . These results strongly suggested that strain OS3-83 (=KACC 19752=NBRC 114688) represents a novel species and strain OS3-89 (=KACC 19753=NBRC 114400) is a strain of . On the basis of the data obtained here, strain OS3-83 is considered to represent a new species of the genus , for which the name sp. nov. is proposed.
Topics: Actinomadura; Fatty Acids; Phospholipids; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rhizosphere; Cactaceae; Phylogeny; Soil Microbiology; DNA, Bacterial; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition
PubMed: 36748505
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005687 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Dec 2022Prodiginines are a large family of microbial secondary metabolites with a core structure of tripyrrole rings. They exhibit not only diverse chemical structures but also... (Review)
Review
Prodiginines are a large family of microbial secondary metabolites with a core structure of tripyrrole rings. They exhibit not only diverse chemical structures but also rich biological activities, such as anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-algae, anti-parasitic, pesticides, and UV radiation resistance. The preferred cytotoxicity to cancer cells rather than normal cells indicates a good biological selectivity and safety, which makes the prodiginines promising candidates for drug development and novel additives for food processing. Until now, 33 prodiginine natural products have been identified in various bacteria, including Serratia, Hahella, Pseudoalteromonas, Vibrio, Zooshikella, Streptomyces, and Actinomadura. However, most efforts are still focused on the star molecule prodigiosin, while little yet is known about other prodiginine members, which retards the research and application of prodiginine compounds. To gain insight into the prodiginine family, we reviewed the recent discoveries on their chemical structures, biosynthesis, biological activities, and mechanisms of action. We believe this article will provide a guideline for new research on prodiginines, such as the discovery of new congeners and drug development. KEY POINTS: • The prodiginines are a large family of natural products with a core structure of tripyrrole rings and exhibit various bioactivities. • The prodiginines have a widespread distribution among many environmental microbes and diverse biosynthetic pathways, indicating important ecological roles and a great potential for new congeners. • The potent biological activities and good selectivity of action make prodiginines good lead compounds for drug development.
Topics: Prodigiosin; Biological Products; Streptomyces; Serratia
PubMed: 36319792
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12245-x -
Acta Tropica Jan 2022Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that is caused either by bacteria or fungi. Bacterial mycetoma (actinomycetoma) can be caused by various... (Review)
Review
Mycetoma is a chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease that is caused either by bacteria or fungi. Bacterial mycetoma (actinomycetoma) can be caused by various causative agents of the genera Nocardia, Streptomyces and Actinomadura. On the other hand, fungal mycetoma (eumycetoma) is most commonly caused by causative agents belonging to the genera Madurella, Scedosporium and Falciformispora. Early and accurate diagnosis of the causative organisms can guide proper patient management and treatment. To allow rapid and accurate species identification, different molecular techniques were developed over the past decades. These techniques can be protein based (MALDI-TOF MS) as well as DNA based (Sequencing, PCR and isothermal amplification methods). In this review, we provide an overview of the different molecular techniques currently in use and identify knowledge gaps, which need to be addressed before we can implement molecular diagnostics for mycetoma in different clinical settings.
Topics: Fungi; Humans; Madurella; Mycetoma; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
PubMed: 34687643
DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106205 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Oct 2020The taxonomic positions of two novel aerobic, Gram-positive actinobacteria, designated strains RB29 and RB68, were determined using a polyphasic approach. Based on 16S...
The taxonomic positions of two novel aerobic, Gram-positive actinobacteria, designated strains RB29 and RB68, were determined using a polyphasic approach. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the closest phylogenetic neighbours of RB29 were identified as DSM 102126 (99.2 % similarity) and DSM 43919 (98.7 %), and for strain RB68 was DSM 44148 (98.3 %). Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) between RB29 and its closest phylogenetic neighbours, DSM 102126 and DSM 43919, resulted in similarity values of 53.2 % (50.6-55.9 %) and 26.4 % (24.1-28.9 %), respectively. Additionally, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) was 93.2 % (94.0 %) for DSM 102126 and 82.3 % (78.9 %) for DSM 43919. dDDH analysis between strain RB68 and DSM 44148 gave a similarity value of 24.5 % (22.2-27.0 %). Both strains, RB29 and RB68, revealed morphological characteristics and chemotaxonomic features typical for the genus , such as the presence of -diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall, galactose and glucose as major sugar components within whole-cell hydrolysates and the absence of mycolic acids. The major phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. Predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H) and MK-9(H) for RB29 and MK-9(H) and MK-9(H) for RB68. The main fatty acids were identified as 10-methyloctadecanoic acid (10-methyl C), 14-methylpentadecanoic acid (iso-C), hexadecanoic acid (C) and -9-octadecanoic acid (C ω9). Here, we propose two novel species of the genus : sp. nov. with the type strain RB29 (=CCUG 72668=NRRL B-65537) and sp. nov. with the type strain RB68 (=CCUG 72669=NRRL B-65538).
Topics: Actinobacteria; Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; DNA, Bacterial; Diaminopimelic Acid; Fatty Acids; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Isoptera; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; South Africa; Vitamin K 2
PubMed: 32845828
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004403 -
RSC Advances Jul 2019Actinomycetes are outstanding and fascinating sources of potent bioactive compounds, particularly antibiotics. In recent years, rare actinomycetes have had an... (Review)
Review
Actinomycetes are outstanding and fascinating sources of potent bioactive compounds, particularly antibiotics. In recent years, rare actinomycetes have had an increasingly important position in the discovery of antibacterial compounds, especially , and . Focusing on the period from 2008 to 2018, we herein summarize the structures and bioactivities of secondary metabolites from rare actinomycetes, involving 21 genera.
PubMed: 35518871
DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03579f -
Journal of Natural Products Nov 2021Eight new angucyclic quinones, miaosporones A to H (-), along with the previously described metabolites 8-hydroxy-3-methylbenz[]anthraquinone (), tetrangulol (),...
Eight new angucyclic quinones, miaosporones A to H (-), along with the previously described metabolites 8-hydroxy-3-methylbenz[]anthraquinone (), tetrangulol (), 5,6-dihydro-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methybenz[]anthracene-7,12-quinone (), and SF2315A (), were isolated from the terrestrial actinomycete TBRC 5172 obtained from sediment collected from the Huai Yang reservoir, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand. The relative and absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined from analysis of NMR spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic data. Miaosporone A exhibited antimalarial activity against K1 and antibacterial activity against with respective IC values of 2.5 and 2.4 μM and displayed cytotoxic activities against both cancerous (MCF-7 and NCI-H187) and nonmalignant (Vero) cells.
Topics: Actinomadura; Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Plasmodium falciparum; Quinolones
PubMed: 34748348
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00232 -
New Microbes and New Infections Nov 2021Two hundred and eighty-six isolates from human clinical samples were identified between 1996 and 2019 as belonging to 8 families, 19 genera and 88 species of . The most...
Two hundred and eighty-six isolates from human clinical samples were identified between 1996 and 2019 as belonging to 8 families, 19 genera and 88 species of . The most identified genera were (182 strains from 45 species), (29 strains, 5 species), (21 strains, 6 species) and (18 strains, 5 species). The rest of the identified genera (15) contained 27 species with 36 isolates. Of the species studied, only 13/88 had been documented previously as isolates from clinical samples, and in some cases, as true pathogens. In this sense, a literature review of the species found in infections or in clinical samples without clear involvement in pathology has been carried out. Finally, the susceptibility to 8 antimicrobial agents has been studied. showed high resistance (80.8%) against cefotaxime and cotrimoxazole (55.5%), and no isolate resistance to amikacin and linezolid have been found. Lower percentages of resistance have been found in other genera, except in (100% against cotrimoxazole and 44.4% against erythromycin). The greatest resistance in these genera was to cotrimoxazole (29.8) and erythromycin (27,9%), and no resistance to linezolid has been found in these genera. In , no resistant isolates have been found against any antibiotic studied. Only 3/104 isolates were resistant to amikacin in , , and One isolate of was resistant to imipenem.
PubMed: 34917388
DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100946 -
The Journal of Antibiotics Jan 2021A novel actinomycete strain CYP1-5 was isolated from the mountain soil sample collected from Chaiyaphum province, Thailand and its taxonomic position was clarified by...
A novel actinomycete strain CYP1-5 was isolated from the mountain soil sample collected from Chaiyaphum province, Thailand and its taxonomic position was clarified by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain CYP1-5 were consistent within the genus Actinomadura. Cell-wall peptidoglycan of this strain contained meso-diaminopimelic acid. Galactose, madurose, and ribose were presented as the diagnostic sugars in whole-cell hydrolysates. The major menaquinone was MK-9(H). Major cellular fatty acids were iso-C and C. Phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylinositol mannoside were observed as predominant phospholipids. Based on the results of phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequence, strain CYP1-5 was constituent with the genus Actinomadura and was closely related to Actinomadura syzygii GKU157 (99.5%) and Actinomadura chibensis IFM 10266 (= JCM 14158) (98.2%). The draft genome size of strain CYP1-5 was 9.30 Mb with 72.2 mol% of G + C content. Strain CYP1-5 showed ANIb values of 94.9% with A. syzygii GKU157 and 93.2% with A. chibensis JCM 14158. Phenotypic characteristics, phylogenetic analysis and genome data support that strain CYP1-5 could be discriminated from its closest relatives, representing a novel species of the genus Actinomadura, for which the name Actinomadura decatromicini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CYP1-5 (= JCM 16996 = KCTC 19916 = TISTR 2901).
Topics: Actinomadura; Genome, Fungal; Phylogeny; Soil Microbiology; Thailand
PubMed: 32724099
DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0353-y