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Tropical Doctor Oct 2022formerly known as is a Gram positive bacilli. It is a fastidious, facultative anerobic, catalase negative, beta haemolytic and non motile bacterium. Gram positive...
formerly known as is a Gram positive bacilli. It is a fastidious, facultative anerobic, catalase negative, beta haemolytic and non motile bacterium. Gram positive bacilli are usually considered to be non-pathogenic as the majority are part of normal flora of human skin and mucous membranes. Hence, diagnosis of such infection and its treatment may be delayed by a failure of recognition. However, this bacterium has been implicated in wound, superficial and deep-seated soft tissue infections, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, pneumonia, and also septicemia. The early diagnostic evaluation of this organism is emphasized. We report a case series which illustrates the significance of in skin and soft tissue infections.
Topics: Actinomycetales Infections; Arcanobacterium; Catalase; Humans; Soft Tissue Infections
PubMed: 35892166
DOI: 10.1177/00494755221097506 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis; Latent Tuberculosis
PubMed: 38268359
DOI: 10.53738/REVMED.2024.20.858.141 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia :... 2023Vulnerable populations, such as migrants and refugees, have an increased risk of tuberculosis disease, especially in the first years after arrival in the host country.... (Review)
Review
Vulnerable populations, such as migrants and refugees, have an increased risk of tuberculosis disease, especially in the first years after arrival in the host country. The presence of migrants and refugees in Brazil exponentially grew over the period between 2011 and 2020, and approximately 1.3 million migrants from the Global South were estimated to be residing in Brazil, most of whom from Venezuela and Haiti. Tuberculosis control programs for migrants can be divided into pre- and post-migration screening strategies. Pre-migration screening aims to identify cases of tuberculosis infection (TBI) and can be carried out in the country of origin (pre-entry) or in the destination country (at entry). Pre-migration screening can also detect migrants at an increased risk of developing tuberculosis in the future. High-risk migrants are then followed up in post-migration screening. In Brazil, migrants are considered a priority group for the active search for tuberculosis cases. However, there is no recommendation or plan regarding screening for TBI in migrants and refugees. Ensuring prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for TBI and tuberculosis disease in migrant populations is an important aspect of tuberculosis control and elimination. In this review article, we address epidemiological aspects and access to health care for migrants in Brazil. In addition, the migration medical screening for tuberculosis was reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Mass Screening; Incidence; Tuberculosis; Latent Tuberculosis; Transients and Migrants
PubMed: 37132706
DOI: 10.36416/1806-3756/e20230051 -
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Jan 2023National TB elimination programs mainly focus on TB elimination through the microbiological approach of early diagnosis and treatment and thereby curtailing the... (Review)
Review
National TB elimination programs mainly focus on TB elimination through the microbiological approach of early diagnosis and treatment and thereby curtailing the transmission of the disease. But looking back, it is observed that despite this approach and various advances in research made in this front, lives are still lost due to TB. Various voices in the past have attempted to showcase the importance of socioeconomic and psychological factors that contribute to the disease causation. This oration was to highlight that we need to look at social determinants of disease causation in TB and to create a roadmap addressing these determinants for eliminating TB in the future. The various attempts being made in NTEP program to address these social issues are also highlighted.
Topics: Humans; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 36740316
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2022.06.005 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Sep 2023This review describes the epidemiology and risk factors of tuberculosis (TB) in solid organ transplant recipients. We discuss the pre-transplant screening for risk of TB... (Review)
Review
This review describes the epidemiology and risk factors of tuberculosis (TB) in solid organ transplant recipients. We discuss the pre-transplant screening for risk of TB and management of latent TB in this population. We also discuss the challenges of management of TB and other difficult to treat mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium avium complex. The drugs for the management of these infections include rifamycins which have significant drug interactions with immunosuppressants and must be monitored closely.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium; Tuberculosis; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Risk Factors; Transplant Recipients; Organ Transplantation; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
PubMed: 37268476
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.04.004 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Mar 2020Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents pose a diagnostic challenge due to sparse symptoms and clinical signs. Children are at a much higher risk than... (Review)
Review
Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents pose a diagnostic challenge due to sparse symptoms and clinical signs. Children are at a much higher risk than adults of progression to severe disease. In this review, the presentation and management of childhood TB is described. TB in children indicates ongoing transmission and is an indicator of failing disease control in the community. Tests suited to predict progression are warranted, and targeting latent infection is essential to achieve TB elimination. We recommend a low threshold for referral of children suspected of active or latent TB.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Humans; Latent Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 32138825
DOI: No ID Found -
Pediatric Radiology Aug 2023Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major public health threats worldwide, despite improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Tuberculosis is one of the main causes... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major public health threats worldwide, despite improved diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Tuberculosis is one of the main causes of infectious disease in the chest and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality in paediatric populations, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Due to the difficulty in obtaining microbiological confirmation of pulmonary TB in children, diagnosis often relies on a combination of clinical and radiological findings. The early diagnosis of central nervous system TB is challenging with presumptive diagnosis heavily reliant on imaging. Brain infection can present as a diffuse exudative basal leptomeningitis or as localised disease (tuberculoma, abscess, cerebritis). Spinal TB may present as radiculomyelitis, spinal tuberculoma or abscess or epidural phlegmon. Musculoskeletal manifestation accounts for 10% of extrapulmonary presentations but is easily overlooked with its insidious clinical course and non-specific imaging findings. Common musculoskeletal manifestations of TB include spondylitis, arthritis and osteomyelitis, while tenosynovitis and bursitis are less common. Abdominal TB presents with a triad of pain, fever and weight loss. Abdominal TB may occur in various forms, as tuberculous lymphadenopathy or peritoneal, gastrointestinal or visceral TB. Chest radiographs should be performed, as approximately 15% to 25% of children with abdominal TB have concomitant pulmonary infection. Urogenital TB is rare in children. This article will review the classic radiological findings in childhood TB in each of the major systems in order of clinical prevalence, namely chest, central nervous system, spine, musculoskeletal, abdomen and genitourinary system.
Topics: Child; Humans; Abscess; Tuberculosis, Central Nervous System; Tuberculoma; Diagnostic Imaging; Tuberculosis, Lymph Node
PubMed: 37217783
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-023-05648-z -
The Indian Journal of Tuberculosis 2022Tuberculosis is very common in young population, but it has emerged in a significant number in geriatric/elderly population (>60 Yrs. of age) as the population is... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis is very common in young population, but it has emerged in a significant number in geriatric/elderly population (>60 Yrs. of age) as the population is ageing. Most cases of TB in the elderly are linked to the reactivation of lesions that have remained dormant. The awakening of these lesions is attributable to changes in the immune system related to senescence. Mortality rate from tuberculosis remains higher in elderly patients. Diagnosis is difficult as symptoms of active TB are nonspecific and less pronounced in the elderly. MDR TB is known to occur in poorly compliant patients (non-adherence) and this can be a major issue in elderly due to loss of independence and frailty resulting in treatment failure. Multidisciplinary management, involving geriatricians and infectious disease specialists is essential throughout care to optimize a favourable outcome in these vulnerable patients.
Topics: Aged; Humans; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant; Tuberculosis; Aging
PubMed: 36400522
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2022.10.018 -
JAMA Apr 2021
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Risk Factors; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary
PubMed: 33877273
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.19062 -
International Journal of Dermatology Jun 2024Atypical mycobacterial infections are commonly acquired through exposure to water, and tuberculosis remains highly endemic in many parts of the world. In this era of... (Review)
Review
Atypical mycobacterial infections are commonly acquired through exposure to water, and tuberculosis remains highly endemic in many parts of the world. In this era of global connection, travel, and immigration, it is more important than ever to maintain a high index of suspicion for infection from cutaneous tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria. Epidemics related to surgical procedures have been related to inadequate sterilization, as almost 50% of public water supplies harbor mycobacteria. Improved diagnostic techniques for these microbes, including Auramine-Rhodamine staining and rapid detection of mycobacteria and drug susceptibilities through PCR and MALDI-TOF, have improved detection and treatment outcomes. Given an increasing number of patients on immunosuppressive therapies, clinicians must remain vigilant.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous; Tuberculosis, Cutaneous; Nontuberculous Mycobacteria; Dermatology
PubMed: 38095207
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.16969