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Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... May 2023Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of heterogeneous, diffuse pulmonary parenchymal disease processes associated with tobacco exposure. These... (Review)
Review
Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a group of heterogeneous, diffuse pulmonary parenchymal disease processes associated with tobacco exposure. These disorders include pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis, respiratory bronchiolitis-associated ILD, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, acute eosinophilic pneumonia, and combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. This review summarizes the current evidence of pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approach, prognosis, and treatment modalities for these diseases. We also discuss the interstitial lung abnormalities incidentally detected in radiologic studies and smoking-related fibrosis identified on lung biopsies.
Topics: Humans; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Smoking; Bronchiolitis; Lung
PubMed: 37055089
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2023.01.007 -
Italian Journal of Pediatrics Feb 2023Bronchiolitis is an acute respiratory illness that is the leading cause of hospitalization in young children. This document aims to update the consensus document... (Review)
Review
Bronchiolitis is an acute respiratory illness that is the leading cause of hospitalization in young children. This document aims to update the consensus document published in 2014 to provide guidance on the current best practices for managing bronchiolitis in infants. The document addresses care in both hospitals and primary care. The diagnosis of bronchiolitis is based on the clinical history and physical examination. The mainstays of management are largely supportive, consisting of fluid management and respiratory support. Evidence suggests no benefit with the use of salbutamol, glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics with potential risk of harm. Because of the lack of effective treatment, the reduction of morbidity must rely on preventive measures. De-implementation of non-evidence-based interventions is a major goal, and educational interventions for clinicians should be carried out to promote high-value care of infants with bronchiolitis. Well-prepared implementation strategies to standardize care and improve the quality of care are needed to promote adherence to guidelines and discourage non-evidence-based attitudes. In parallel, parents' education will help reduce patient pressure and contribute to inappropriate prescriptions. Infants with pre-existing risk factors (i.e., prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart diseases, immunodeficiency, neuromuscular diseases, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome) present a significant risk of severe bronchiolitis and should be carefully assessed. This revised document, based on international and national scientific evidence, reinforces the current recommendations and integrates the recent advances for optimal care and prevention of acute bronchiolitis.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Child; Infant; Humans; Child, Preschool; Bronchiolitis; Hospitalization; Risk Factors; Albuterol; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
PubMed: 36765418
DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01392-6 -
European Respiratory Review : An... Dec 2022Lower respiratory infections include acute bronchitis, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis. They... (Review)
Review
Lower respiratory infections include acute bronchitis, influenza, community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of COPD and acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis. They are a major cause of death worldwide and often affect the most vulnerable: children, elderly and the impoverished. In this paper, we review the clinical presentation, diagnosis, severity assessment and treatment of adult outpatients with lower respiratory infections. The paper is divided into sections on specific lower respiratory infections, but we also dedicate a section to COVID-19 given the importance of the ongoing pandemic. Lower respiratory infections are heterogeneous entities, carry different risks for adverse events, and require different management strategies. For instance, while patients with acute bronchitis are rarely admitted to hospital and generally do not require antimicrobials, approximately 40% of patients seen for community-acquired pneumonia require admission. Clinicians caring for patients with lower respiratory infections face several challenges, including an increasing population of patients with immunosuppression, potential need for diagnostic tests that may not be readily available, antibiotic resistance and social aspects that place these patients at higher risk. Management principles for patients with lower respiratory infections include knowledge of local surveillance data, strategic use of diagnostic tests according to surveillance data, and judicious use of antimicrobials.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Aged; COVID-19; Respiratory Tract Infections; Community-Acquired Infections; Bronchitis; Pneumonia; Acute Disease; Anti-Infective Agents; Hospitals; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36261157
DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0092-2022 -
Annals of Internal Medicine Jun 2021Antimicrobial overuse is a major health care issue that contributes to antibiotic resistance. Such overuse includes unnecessarily long durations of antibiotic therapy in... (Review)
Review
DESCRIPTION
Antimicrobial overuse is a major health care issue that contributes to antibiotic resistance. Such overuse includes unnecessarily long durations of antibiotic therapy in patients with common bacterial infections, such as acute bronchitis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), urinary tract infections (UTIs), and cellulitis. This article describes best practices for prescribing appropriate and short-duration antibiotic therapy for patients presenting with these infections.
METHODS
The authors conducted a narrative literature review of published clinical guidelines, systematic reviews, and individual studies that addressed bronchitis with COPD exacerbations, CAP, UTIs, and cellulitis. This article is based on the best available evidence but was not a formal systematic review. Guidance was prioritized to the highest available level of synthesized evidence.
BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 1
BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 2
BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 3
BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 4
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Infections; Bronchitis; Cellulitis; Community-Acquired Infections; Cystitis; Drug Administration Schedule; Female; Humans; Male; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Prescription Drug Overuse; Primary Health Care; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pyelonephritis
PubMed: 33819054
DOI: 10.7326/M20-7355 -
American Family Physician Nov 2020
Review
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antimicrobial Stewardship; Bronchitis; Humans
PubMed: 33118784
DOI: No ID Found -
Chest Jul 2022Organizing pneumonia (OP), characterized histopathologically by patchy filling of alveoli and bronchioles by loose plugs of connective tissue, may be seen in a variety... (Review)
Review
Organizing pneumonia (OP), characterized histopathologically by patchy filling of alveoli and bronchioles by loose plugs of connective tissue, may be seen in a variety of conditions. These include but are not limited to after an infection, drug reactions, radiation therapy, and collagen vascular diseases. When a specific cause is responsible for this entity, it is referred to as "secondary OP." When an extensive search fails to reveal a cause, it is referred to as "cryptogenic OP" (previously called "bronchiolitis obliterans with OP"), which is a clinical, radiologic, and pathologic entity classified as an interstitial lung disease. The clinical presentation of OP often mimics that of other disorders, such as infection and cancer, which can result in a delay in diagnosis and inappropriate management of the underlying disease. The radiographic presentation of OP is polymorphous but often has subpleural consolidations with air bronchograms or solitary or multiple nodules, which can wax and wane. Diagnosis of OP sometimes requires histopathologic confirmation and exclusion of other possible causes. Treatment usually requires a prolonged steroid course, and disease relapse is common. The aim of this article is to summarize the clinical, radiographic, and histologic presentations of this disease and to provide a practical diagnostic algorithmic approach incorporating clinical history and characteristic imaging patterns.
Topics: Bronchiolitis Obliterans; Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia; Humans; Lung; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Pneumonia
PubMed: 35038455
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.12.659 -
Avian Diseases Dec 2021Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute disease of chickens caused by a gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Infection of the nasal and tracheal mucosa...
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute disease of chickens caused by a gammacoronavirus, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Infection of the nasal and tracheal mucosa causes a rapid loss of ciliated epithelium and impaired mucociliary clearance that predispose chickens to secondary bacterial infections. In poultry production, disease progression and severity are influenced by other live virus vaccines, immunosuppression, and coexisting pathogens. The digestive tract supports viral replication in the proventriculus, intestines, cloaca, and the bursa of Fabricius. Acute enteritis and stunted growth in young chickens are caused by an enterotropic IBV. IBV spreads systemically by infection of tracheal macrophages and blood monocytes, deep respiratory infections, and potentially ascending viral infection from the cloaca. Nephrotropic IBV causes severe disease in the kidney with necrosis of tubular epithelial cells, inflammation, and renal failure. Viral infection of the female reproductive tract in the first 2 weeks of life causes necrosis and scarring of the oviduct mucosa, resulting in a chronic cystic oviduct that precludes egg formation when the hen matures. Virus infection of mature hens causes necrosis and inflammation of the oviduct mucosa, leading to the deterioration of egg quality and transient interruption of egg production. In males, IBV infection of seminiferous tubules in the testicle and efferent ductules in the epididymis results in epididymitis and epididymal lithiasis, decreases in sperm production and fertility, and viral shed to semen, leading to venereal transmission. The role IBV in gastrointestinal and urogenital disease merits further study.
Topics: Animals; Bronchitis; Chickens; Coronavirus Infections; Female; Infectious bronchitis virus; Male; Poultry Diseases; Urogenital Diseases
PubMed: 35068104
DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-D-21-00096 -
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice Oct 2019Acute bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in young children that leads to emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Bronchiolitis... (Review)
Review
Acute bronchiolitis is the most common lower respiratory tract infection in young children that leads to emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Bronchiolitis is a clinical diagnosis, and diagnostic laboratory and radiographic tests play a limited role in most cases. While studies have demonstrated a lack of efficacy for bronchodilators and corticosteroids, more recent studies suggest a potential role for combination therapies and high-flow nasal cannula therapy. Frequent evaluation of patient clinical status including respiratory rate, work of breathing, oxygen saturation, and the ability to take oral fluids are important in determining safe disposition. This issue reviews the literature to provide evidence-based recommendations for effective evaluation and treatment of pediatric patients with acute bronchiolitis.
Topics: Acute Disease; Bronchiolitis; Bronchodilator Agents; Emergency Service, Hospital; Evidence-Based Medicine; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Practice Guidelines as Topic
PubMed: 31557431
DOI: No ID Found -
Missouri Medicine 2021Plastic Bronchitis (PB) is a rare pulmonary condition characterized by the presence of casts in the trachea or bronchial tree. While there are many individual cases... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF STUDY
Plastic Bronchitis (PB) is a rare pulmonary condition characterized by the presence of casts in the trachea or bronchial tree. While there are many individual cases reported in pediatric and adult populations, no thorough reviews of pediatric and adult cases of PB exist in the literature. The purpose of this article is to conduct a comprehensive review of PB regarding presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, and treatments.
ETIOLOGY
In the pediatric population, PB can be attributed to pediatric cardiothoracic surgeries such as Fontan procedures, infections, inflammatory processes, acute chest syndrome, or iatrogenic processes. In the adult population, PB can be idiopathic or due to infections, anatomic variations in lymphatic vessels, surgeries, medications, or other comorbidities.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
The pathophysiology of PB is still widely unknown; however, associations with inflammatory diseases and cardiac surgery have been proposed. There are two types of cast formations found in plastic bronchitis: Type I casts are associated with inflammatory diseases and Type II casts are associated with surgical procedures.
TREATMENT
Historically, PB has been treated by a variety of pharmacological methods including the use of corticosteroids and mucolytics. Recently, the treatment paradigm has shifted towards procedures such as lymphatic embolization, duct ligation, and stent grafting.
CONCLUSIONS
The information available regarding PB is still sparse, hence future research is necessary for further understanding of the disease. Due to its numerous presentations and disease associations, awareness of plastic bronchitis, and its treatment options is essential for primary care providers and respiratory specialists.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Bronchitis; Child; Fontan Procedure; Humans; Lymphatic Vessels; Plastics
PubMed: 34373673
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022In the past 65 years, over 25 000 referenced articles have been published on graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Although this included clinically orientated papers or... (Review)
Review
In the past 65 years, over 25 000 referenced articles have been published on graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Although this included clinically orientated papers or publications on chronic GVHD, the conservative estimate of scientific publications still contains several thousands of documents on the pathophysiology of acute GVHD. Thus, summarizing what we believe are prominent publications that can be considered milestones in our knowledge of this disease is a challenging and inherently biased task. Here we review from a historical perspective what can be regarded as publications that have made the field move forward. We also included several references of reviews on aspects we could not cover in detail.
Topics: Humans; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Graft vs Host Disease; Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome; Publications
PubMed: 36544776
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079708