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Viruses Mar 2023Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral... (Review)
Review
Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Swelling of the lid margin and ciliary injection are subjective symptoms, and eye discharge is frequently serofibrinous. Preauricular lymph node swelling can occasionally occur. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.
Topics: Humans; Conjunctivitis, Viral; Conjunctivitis; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviridae; Simplexvirus; Keratitis, Herpetic; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human
PubMed: 36992385
DOI: 10.3390/v15030676 -
Transplantation May 2022Adenoviruses result in a wide array of clinical presentations, including primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or systemic infections. Although...
Adenoviruses result in a wide array of clinical presentations, including primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or systemic infections. Although adenovirus causes mild disease limited to a single organ system in immunocompetent individuals, severe and life-threatening infections do rarely occur. Disseminated disease and severe localized disease resulting in significant morbidity and mortality have been well described in the immunocompromised populations. Although asymptomatic viremia, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal infections are the most common disease in most transplant patients, renal transplant patients more commonly experience urinary tract infections, including hemorrhagic cystitis or nephritis. Diagnosis requires astute clinical awareness of the patient's clinical presentation that would be compatible with adenovirus combined with cultures, molecular testing, polymerase chain reaction, and tissue sampling. There is no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for adenovirus; however, several studies have evaluated therapeutic options including cidofovir, brincidofovir, and immunotherapy. This article will summarize our current understanding of adenovirus in the transplant population.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney Transplantation; Viremia
PubMed: 34856601
DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003988 -
FEBS Letters Dec 2019Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The... (Review)
Review
Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The nucleus is the site for viral gene expression, genome replication, and the production of progeny for the next round of infection. By taking control of the cell, adenoviruses also suppress cell-autonomous immunity responses. To succeed in their production cycle, adenoviruses rely on well-coordinated steps, facilitated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular factors. Interactions between virus and host can impose remarkable morphological changes in the infected cell. Imaging adenoviruses has tremendously influenced how we delineate individual steps in the viral life cycle, because it allowed the development of specific optical markers to label these morphological changes in space and time. As technology advances, innovative imaging techniques and novel tools for specimen labeling keep uncovering previously unseen facets of adenovirus biology emphasizing why imaging adenoviruses is as attractive today as it was in the past. This review will summarize past achievements and present developments in adenovirus imaging centered on fluorescence microscopy approaches.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Cell Nucleus; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31758703
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13690 -
Biomedical Journal Feb 2022Human adenoviruses can cause infections at any age but most commonly in pediatric population, especially in young children and infants. By the time of 10 years old, most... (Review)
Review
Human adenoviruses can cause infections at any age but most commonly in pediatric population, especially in young children and infants. By the time of 10 years old, most children have had at least one episode of adenovirus infection. Adenoviruses can cause many symptoms similar to common cold, including rhinorrhea, fever, cough, and sore throat. Lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia can be severe and even fatal. Other diseases such as conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and meningoencephalitis can also be associated with adenovirus infections. A variety of recent advancement of structural and molecular biology methods have revamped the taxonomy of adenoviruses and furthered our understanding of the diversity of related clinical diseases. Because of the wide spectrum and complexity of diseases associated with human adenovirus infections, the scope of this review is limited to basic virology and epidemiology of adenoviruses with a main focus on the clinico-pathologic correlation. Clinical manifestations and pathology of any infectious disease are always related; therefore, it is logical to review clinico-pathologic correlation within the specific disease entity caused by adenoviruses to better understand this common viral infection in pediatric population.
Topics: Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Fever; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 34506970
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.009 -
Annual Review of Virology Sep 2019More than 80 different adenovirus (AdV) types infect humans through the respiratory, ocular, or gastrointestinal tracts. They cause acute clinical mani-festations or... (Review)
Review
More than 80 different adenovirus (AdV) types infect humans through the respiratory, ocular, or gastrointestinal tracts. They cause acute clinical mani-festations or persist under humoral and cell-based immunity. Immuno-suppressed individuals are at risk of death from an AdV infection. Concepts about cell entry of AdV build on strong foundations from molecular and cellular biology-and increasingly physical virology. Here, we discuss how virions enter and deliver their genome into the nucleus of epithelial cells. This process breaks open the virion at distinct sites because the particle has nonisometric mechanical strength and reacts to specific host factors along the entry pathway. We further describe how macrophages and dendritic cells resist AdV infection yet enhance productive entry into polarized epithelial cells. A deep understanding of the viral mechanisms and cell biological and biophysical principles will continue to unravel how epithelial and antigen-presenting cells respond to AdVs and control inflammation and persistence in pathology and therapy.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Antigen-Presenting Cells; Dendritic Cells; Epithelial Cells; Humans; Macrophages; Mice; Virion; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31283442
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015550 -
World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Aug 2022Outbreaks of severe, acute hepatitis among children have recently attracted global attention. The pathogen causing the outbreak remains unknown, but there is growing... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Outbreaks of severe, acute hepatitis among children have recently attracted global attention. The pathogen causing the outbreak remains unknown, but there is growing evidence that it may be associated with human adenovirus (HAdV).
DATA SOURCES
A review of adenovirus-related clinical studies, epidemiological studies, etiological studies, and case reports was conducted by reviewers independently.
RESULTS
HAdV can cause a wide variety of clinical symptoms. In the Mainland of China, HAdV infection accounts for 5.8%-13% of patients with acute respiratory infections, and these infections are mainly caused by species B, C, and E of HAdV. For acute conjunctivitis, 39.8%-74.9% of sporadic cases were infected by B and D species of HAdV. Outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever related to HAdV infection could be found throughout the country. In pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis, HAdV-41 was the predominant HAdV type, followed by HAdV species B and C. Several types of HAdV, including HAdV-5, HAdV-7, HAdV-1, and HAdV-2, have previously been reported as potential pathogens associated with HAdV hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. However, few HAdV-related hepatitis cases have been reported in China to date.
CONCLUSIONS
There are no systematic surveillance and clinical studies on HAdV hepatitis in China. Therefore, it is imperative to establish a nationwide HAdV virological surveillance system to collect relevant clinical, epidemiological and virological surveillance data and risk factor information as soon as possible to assess the potential risk of HAdV hepatitis among children.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Child; China; Humans; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 35716276
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00568-8 -
Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Mar 2024Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these... (Review)
Review
Viral pneumonia is usually community acquired and caused by influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and adenovirus. Many of these infections are airway centric and chest imaging demonstrates bronchiolitis and bronchopneumonia, With the exception of adenovirus infections, the presence of lobar consolidation usually suggests bacterial coinfection. Community-acquired viral pathogens can cause more severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts, who are also susceptible to CMV and varicella infection. These latter 2 pathogens are less likely to manifest the striking airway-centric pattern. Airway-centric pattern is distinctly uncommon in Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a rare environmentally acquired infection with high mortality.
Topics: Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Pneumonia, Viral; Influenza, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Metapneumovirus; Adenoviridae Infections; Community-Acquired Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 38280762
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2023.12.009 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 2022Human adenoviruses typically cause self-limited respiratory, gastrointestinal, and conjunctival infections in healthy children. In late 2021 and early 2022, several...
BACKGROUND
Human adenoviruses typically cause self-limited respiratory, gastrointestinal, and conjunctival infections in healthy children. In late 2021 and early 2022, several previously healthy children were identified with acute hepatitis and human adenovirus viremia.
METHODS
We used , codes to identify all children (<18 years of age) with hepatitis who were admitted to Children's of Alabama hospital between October 1, 2021, and February 28, 2022; those with acute hepatitis who also tested positive for human adenovirus by whole-blood quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were included in our case series. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were obtained from medical records. Residual blood specimens were sent for diagnostic confirmation and human adenovirus typing.
RESULTS
A total of 15 children were identified with acute hepatitis - 6 (40%) who had hepatitis with an identified cause and 9 (60%) who had hepatitis without a known cause. Eight (89%) of the patients with hepatitis of unknown cause tested positive for human adenovirus. These 8 patients plus 1 additional patient referred to this facility for follow-up were included in this case series (median age, 2 years 11 months; age range, 1 year 1 month to 6 years 5 months). Liver biopsies indicated mild-to-moderate active hepatitis in 6 children, some with and some without cholestasis, but did not show evidence of human adenovirus on immunohistochemical examination or electron microscopy. PCR testing of liver tissue for human adenovirus was positive in 3 children (50%). Sequencing of specimens from 5 children showed three distinct human adenovirus type 41 hexon variants. Two children underwent liver transplantation; all the others recovered with supportive care.
CONCLUSIONS
Human adenovirus viremia was present in the majority of children with acute hepatitis of unknown cause admitted to Children's of Alabama from October 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022, but whether human adenovirus was causative remains unclear. Sequencing results suggest that if human adenovirus was causative, this was not an outbreak driven by a single strain. (Funded in part by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
Topics: Acute Disease; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human; Child; Child, Preschool; Hepatitis; Humans; Infant; Viremia
PubMed: 35830653
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206294 -
Infection Feb 2021The clinical characteristics of various adenovirus (ADV) infection are underexplored up till now. To investigate the risk factors, manifestation, current status of ADV... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The clinical characteristics of various adenovirus (ADV) infection are underexplored up till now. To investigate the risk factors, manifestation, current status of ADV species, treatment and prognosis of this disease.
METHODS
We performed a Pubmed and Embase systematic review for case report reporting the ADV infection to analyze the clinical characteristics of disease.
RESULTS
Initial database searched identified articles of which 168 (228 cases) were included in the final analysis. Previous solid organ transplantation [odds ratio (OR) = 3.45, 95% CI 1.31-9.08, P = 0.01], hematopoietic stem cell transplant (OR = 4.24, 95% CI 1.33-13.51, P = 0.01) and hematological malignancy (OR = 4.78, 95% CI 1.70-13.46, P = 0.01) were associated with increased risk of disseminated ADV infection. Use of corticosteroids (OR = 3.86, 95% CI 1.21-12.24, P = 0.02) was a significant risk factor for acquiring urinary tract infections. A total of six species (21 types) of ADV infection have been identified in 100/228 (43.9%) cases. ADV B was the most common species. ADV B species (26/60, 52.0% or 5/41, 12.2% P = 0.001) were more isolated in patients with ADV pneumonia. ADV C (13/15, 86.7% versus 35/86, 40.7% P = 0.001) species were more identified in patients with disseminated disease. The species associated with keratoconjunctivitis is only ADV D in our analysis. Urinary tract ADV infections were observed in ADV A/B/D species. Cidofovir (CDV) (82/228, 36.0%) remained the most commonly antiviral therapy in our cases, followed by ribavirin (15/228, 6.6%), ganciclovir (18/228, 7.9%), and brincidofovir (12/228, 5.3%). Brincidofovir was administered as salvage therapy in 10 cases. Death was reported in 81/228 (35.5%) patients. Mortality rate was higher among patients with gastrointestinal (GI) ADV infection (5/10, 50.0%), ADV pneumonia (20/45, 44.4%) and disseminated ADV infection (53/122, 43.4%).
CONCLUSION
Previous solid organ transplantation, hematopoietic stem cell transplant and hematological malignancy were risk factors for disseminated ADV infection. Use of corticosteroids was significant for urinary tract ADV infection. Different species correlated with different clinical manifestations of infection. Mortality rate was higher among patients with GI disease, pneumonia and disseminated disease. Our review clarified the current treatment of ADV infections, and more treatment required further investigation.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Adult; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Male; Middle Aged; Organ Transplantation; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32720128
DOI: 10.1007/s15010-020-01484-7 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2023African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and highly contagious lethal infectious disease in swine that severely threatens the global pig industry. At present, a safe and...
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and highly contagious lethal infectious disease in swine that severely threatens the global pig industry. At present, a safe and efficacious vaccine is urgently required to prevent and control the disease. In this study, we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of replication-incompetent type-2 adenoviruses carrying African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigens, namely (p30), (p54), (CD2v), (p72), and (p72 chaperone). A vaccine cocktail delivered by simultaneous intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) administration robustly elicited both systemic and mucosal immune responses against AFSV in mice and swine and provided highly effective protection against the circulating ASFV strain in farmed pigs. This multi-antigen cocktail vaccine was well tolerated in the vaccinated animals. No significant interference among antigens was observed. The combined IM and IN vaccination using this adenovirus-vectored antigen cocktail vaccine warrants further evaluation for providing safe and effective protection against ASFV infection and transmission.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Mice; African Swine Fever Virus; African Swine Fever; Adenoviridae; Adenovirus Vaccines; Antigens, Viral; Viral Vaccines; Adenoviridae Infections; Vaccination
PubMed: 37401832
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2233643