-
Current Hypertension Reports Oct 2023Strong evidence is evolving that physical exercise prevents hypertension and reduces blood pressure in patients with pre- and manifest HTN. Yet, identifying and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Strong evidence is evolving that physical exercise prevents hypertension and reduces blood pressure in patients with pre- and manifest HTN. Yet, identifying and confirming the effectiveness of exercise are challenging. Herein, we discuss conventional and novel biomarkers such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) which may track responses to HTN before and after exercise.
RECENT FINDINGS
Evolving data shows that improved aerobic fitness and vascular function as well as lowered oxidative stress, inflammation, and gluco-lipid toxicity are leading biomarkers considered to promote HTN, but they explain only about a half of the pathophysiology. Novel biomarkers such as EVs or microRNA are providing additional input to understand the complex mechanisms involved in exercise therapy for HTN patients. Conventional and novel biomarkers are needed to fully understand the integrative "cross-talk" between tissues to regulate vasculature physiology for blood pressure control. These biomarker studies will lead to more specific disease markers and the development of even more personalized therapy in this field. However, more systematic approaches and randomized controlled trials in larger cohorts are needed to assess exercise effectiveness across the day and with different exercise types.
Topics: Humans; Hypertension; Exercise; Blood Pressure; Biomarkers; MicroRNAs
PubMed: 37428393
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01252-6 -
PeerJ 2023Recent studies indicate that acute exercise, whether aerobic exercise (AE) or resistance exercise (RE), improves cognitive function. However, the effects on cognitive...
OBJECTIVE
Recent studies indicate that acute exercise, whether aerobic exercise (AE) or resistance exercise (RE), improves cognitive function. However, the effects on cognitive function of combined exercise (CE), involving both AE and RE in an exercise session, remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute CE on cognitive function.
DESIGN
Within-subject design with counterbalancing.
METHODS
Fifteen healthy men with a sedentary lifestyle in the previous three months were recruited. The participants were assessed for muscular fitness after performing four upper body exercises for a 10-repetition maximum and underwent a submaximal aerobic fitness assessment for V̇O and corresponding workload (watts). They were then assigned to a CE, RE, or sitting control (SC) session in counterbalanced order and were assessed with the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) after each session.
RESULTS
Acute CE led to a significantly shorter response time compared to SC ( < .05) in the SCWT, wherein there were no significant differences between acute CE and RE ( = 1.00). Additionally, no significant differences in the accuracy rate were observed across the different sessions ( > .05).
CONCLUSION
A single session of moderate-intensity CE improved response time in the SCWT, comparable to RE. CE shows promise for enhancing cognitive function, warranting further research on its benefits and other exercise modalities.
Topics: Male; Humans; Executive Function; Resistance Training; Exercise Therapy; Exercise; Cognition
PubMed: 37637165
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15768 -
International Journal For Vitamin and... Oct 2023Several pre-workout supplements contain niacin, although the exercise performance effects of niacin are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to...
Several pre-workout supplements contain niacin, although the exercise performance effects of niacin are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to examine the performance effects of niacin versus caffeine as a pre-workout supplement. Twenty-five untrained males were recruited to complete three identical ramped aerobic cycling exercise trials. Participants were administered caffeine (CA) at 5 mg/kg body weight, 1000 mg niacin (NI), or a methylcelluloce placebo (PL) supplement prior to each trial. NI treatment induced significantly higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise compared to the CA treatment, but not the PL treatment (PL=0.87±0.08, NI=0.91±0.08, CA=0.87±0.08; p=0.02). Similarly, exercise time to exhaustion (in minutes) was significantly different between the NI treatment and the CA treatment, but not the PL treatment (PL=27.45±4.47, NI=26.30±4.91, CA=28.76±4.86; p<0.01). Habitual caffeine use (p=0.16), habitual aerobic exercise (p=0.60), and habitual resistance exercise (p=0.10) did not significantly affect RER. Similarly, habitual caffeine use (p=0.72), habitual aerobic exercise (p=0.08), and habitual resistance exercise (p=0.39) did not significantly affect total work performed. The elevated RER and decreased time to exhaustion in the NI treatment suggests limited lipid availability during exercise and impaired exercise performance.
Topics: Humans; Male; Caffeine; Dietary Supplements; Exercise; Niacin
PubMed: 34696617
DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000736 -
Psychiatry Research Aug 2022This study serves as an update to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia and determine... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This study serves as an update to a recent systematic review and meta-analysis to summarize the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia and determine the most effective method of aerobic exercise. We searched for controlled studies investigating the effect of aerobic exercise on cognition in schizophrenia published until January 2021. Fifteen studies were included. A random-effects model was used to estimate the standardized mean differences (SMDs) between cognitive outcomes of aerobic exercises and controls. Compared with controls, aerobic exercises resulted in significant improvements in global cognition (SMD = 0.21), attention/vigilance (SMD = 0.32), working memory (SMD = 0.27), and verbal learning (SMD = 0.30). Significant improvements in global cognition were observed with group exercise (SMD = 0.28), exercise supervised by exercise professionals (SMD = 0.27), as well as with ≥ 90 min/week (SMD = 0.26) and ≥ 12 weeks duration (SMD = 0.22). Our findings provide information beneficial for determining the most effective aerobic exercise method to improve cognition in schizophrenia.
Topics: Attention; Cognition; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Schizophrenia
PubMed: 35659670
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114656 -
Journal of the International Society of... 2022Exercise modality differentially alters body composition and physical performance. Metabolic changes underlying these outcomes can be tracked through assessment of...
BACKGROUND
Exercise modality differentially alters body composition and physical performance. Metabolic changes underlying these outcomes can be tracked through assessment of circulating metabolites. Here, global responses to an acute bout of aerobic or anaerobic exercise were compared in the serum of male and female subjects using a discovery-based metabolomics platform.
METHODS
On separate days, 40 healthy, active participants completed 45 min of aerobic cycling or resistance exercise, and blood samples were collected at rest, immediately after (T1) and 1 hour post-exercise (T2) to examine the serum metabolomic landscape.
RESULTS
The two exercise metabolomes appeared more similar than different in this healthy cohort. Overall, metabolomic signatures of both exercise modalities were markedly altered from rest at T1, and returned toward baseline by T2. Metabolomic perturbations at T1 and the T1-T2 rate of recovery post-exercise were greater following aerobic cycling than resistance exercise. Shared signatures included elevations in purine metabolism, substrate catabolism and mobilization, and inflammatory signaling. Aerobic exercise resulted in greater substrate diversity and use of fatty acids, whereas resistance exercise displayed higher purine turnover and glycolytic flux.
DISCUSSION
Individual metabolite differences between conditions were seen in magnitude but not direction. Metabolomic signatures of the exercise responses appeared fairly robust across exercise modalities. An initial perturbation and subsequent shift toward recovery by an hour post-exercise defined the signature in our healthy cohort. The expedited recovery following aerobic cycling may be explained by globally elevated lipid metabolism.
Topics: Anaerobiosis; Exercise; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolome; Purines
PubMed: 36250148
DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2115858 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Oct 2020Regular aerobic exercise has numerous benefits on human physiology, arguably by serving as a hormetic stressor resulting in positive adaptations over time. It has long... (Review)
Review
Regular aerobic exercise has numerous benefits on human physiology, arguably by serving as a hormetic stressor resulting in positive adaptations over time. It has long been known that aerobic exercise at a variety of intensities and durations induces intestinal permeability, which is a feature of many pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and metabolic diseases. Given the health benefits of exercise, it seems unlikely that intestinal permeability induced by exercise outweighs the positive adaptations. In fact, a growing body of evidence suggests adoption of exercise regimens lasting weeks to months improves indicators of intestinal permeability. In this brief review, we summarize factors contributing to acute exercise-induced intestinal permeability and what is known about chronic exercise and the gut barrier. Additionally, we outline known and theoretical adaptations of the gut to chronic exercise that may explain emerging reports that exercise improves markers of gut integrity.
Topics: Cardiovascular System; Exercise; Gastrointestinal Absorption; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hormesis; Humans; Immunity; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Permeability; Splanchnic Circulation; Thermotolerance
PubMed: 32845171
DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00232.2020 -
The Journal of Sexual Medicine Nov 2023The health benefits of regular aerobic exercise are well established, although there is limited high-quality evidence regarding its impact on erectile function. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
The health benefits of regular aerobic exercise are well established, although there is limited high-quality evidence regarding its impact on erectile function.
AIM
To determine the effect of aerobic exercise on erectile function in men and to identify factors that may influence this effect.
METHODS
This systematic review and meta-analysis included randomized controlled trials that evaluated the effects of aerobic exercise on erectile function via the Erectile Function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-EF). The mean difference in IIEF-EF scores between the aerobic exercise and nonexercising control groups was estimated by a random-effects meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to evaluate the association of moderator variables on meta-analysis results.
OUTCOMES
The IIEF-EF score is reported on a 6-30 scale, with higher values indicating better erectile function.
RESULTS
Among 11 randomized controlled trials included in the analysis, aerobic exercise resulted in statistically significant improvements in IIEF-EF scores as compared with controls, with a mean difference of 2.8 points (95% CI, 1.7-3.9; P < .001) and moderate heterogeneity among studies (I2 = 53%). The effect of aerobic exercise on erectile function was greater in men with lower baseline IIEF-EF scores, with improvements of 2.3, 3.3, and 4.9 points for mild, moderate, and severe erectile dysfunction, respectively (P = .02). The meta-analysis results were not influenced by publication bias or individual study effects.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Health care providers should consider recommending regular aerobic exercise as a low-risk nonpharmacologic therapy for men experiencing erectile difficulties.
STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
The primary strength of this review was the generation of level 1 evidence on a topic of general interest regarding sexual health in men. However, the included studies evaluated diverse groups, which may complicate data interpretation for specific segments of the population.
CONCLUSION
Regular aerobic exercise can improve the erectile function of men, particularly those with lower baseline IIEF-EF scores.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Erectile Dysfunction; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Penile Erection; Exercise
PubMed: 37814532
DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdad130 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2021Motor learning may be enhanced when a single session of aerobic exercise is performed immediately before or after motor skill practice. Most research to date has focused... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial
Motor learning may be enhanced when a single session of aerobic exercise is performed immediately before or after motor skill practice. Most research to date has focused on aerobically trained (AT) individuals, but it is unknown if aerobically untrained (AU) individuals would equally benefit. We aimed to: (a) replicate previous studies and determine the effect of rest (REST) versus exercise (EXE) on motor skill retention, and (b) explore the effect of aerobic fitness level (AU, AT), assessed by peak oxygen uptake (VOpeak), on motor skill retention after exercise. Forty-four participants (20-29 years) practiced a visuomotor tracking task (acquisition), immediately followed by 25-min of high-intensity cycling or rest. Twenty-four hours after acquisition, participants completed a motor skill retention test. REST and EXE groups significantly improved motor skill performance during acquisition [F(3.17, 133.22) = 269.13, P = 0.001], but had no group differences in motor skill retention across time. AU-exercise (VOpeak = 31.6 ± 4.2 ml kg min) and AT-exercise (VOpeak = 51.5 ± 7.6 ml kg min) groups significantly improved motor skill performance during acquisition [F(3.07, 61.44) = 155.95, P = 0.001], but had no group differences in motor skill retention across time. Therefore, exercise or aerobic fitness level did not modify motor skill retention.
Topics: Adult; Exercise; Female; Humans; Learning; Male; Memory; Motor Skills
PubMed: 33686100
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84764-y -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023
Topics: Humans; Exercise; Resistance Training; Endocrinology
PubMed: 38179305
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1344032 -
PloS One 2023Aerobic exercise and action observation are two clinic-ready modes of neural priming that have the potential to enhance subsequent motor learning. Prior work using...
Aerobic exercise and action observation are two clinic-ready modes of neural priming that have the potential to enhance subsequent motor learning. Prior work using transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess priming effects have shown changes in corticospinal excitability involving intra- and interhemispheric circuitry. The objective of this study was to determine outcomes exclusive to priming- how aerobic exercise and action observation priming influence functional connectivity within a sensorimotor neural network using electroencephalography. We hypothesized that both action observation and aerobic exercise priming would alter resting-state coherence measures between dominant primary motor cortex and motor-related areas in alpha (7-12 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) frequency bands with effects most apparent in the high beta (20-30 Hz) band. Nine unimpaired individuals (24.8 ± 3 years) completed a repeated-measures cross-over study where they received a single five-minute bout of action observation or moderate-intensity aerobic exercise priming in random order with a one-week washout period. Serial resting-state electroencephalography recordings acquired from 0 to 30 minutes following aerobic and action observation priming revealed increased alpha and beta coherence between leads overlying dominant primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area relative to pre- and immediate post-priming timepoints. Aerobic exercise priming also resulted in enhanced high beta coherence between leads overlying dominant primary motor and parietal cortices. These findings indicate that a brief bout of aerobic- or action observation-based priming modulates functional connectivity with effects most pronounced with aerobic priming. The gradual increases in coherence observed over a 10 to 30-minute post-priming window may guide the pairing of aerobic- or action observation-based priming with subsequent training to optimize learning-related outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Cross-Over Studies; Evoked Potentials, Motor; Exercise; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; Motor Activity
PubMed: 37023070
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283975