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Neurochemistry International Dec 2020Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic... (Review)
Review
Aerobic exercise facilitates optimal neurological function and exerts beneficial effects in neurologic injuries. Both animal and clinical studies have shown that aerobic exercise reduces brain lesion volume and improves multiple aspects of cognition and motor function after stroke. Studies using animal models have proposed a wide range of potential molecular mechanisms that underlie the neurological benefits of aerobic exercise. Furthermore, additional exercise parameters, including time of initiation, exercise dosage (exercise duration and intensity), and treatment modality are also critical for clinical application, as identifying the optimal combination of parameters will afford patients with maximal functional gains. To clarify these issues, the current review summarizes the known neurological benefits of aerobic exercise under both physiological and pathological conditions and then considers the molecular mechanisms underlying these benefits in the contexts of stroke-like focal cerebral ischemia and cardiac arrest-induced global cerebral ischemia. In addition, we explore the key roles of exercise parameters on the extent of aerobic exercise-induced neurological benefits to elucidate the optimal combination for aerobic exercise intervention. Finally, the current challenges for aerobic exercise implementation after stroke are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Exercise; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Neurological Rehabilitation; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Recovery of Function; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 33031857
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104862 -
Clinical Interventions in Aging 2022Sarcopenia, an age-related disease characterized by loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, has attracted the attention of medical experts due to its severe morbidity,... (Review)
Review
Sarcopenia, an age-related disease characterized by loss of muscle strength and muscle mass, has attracted the attention of medical experts due to its severe morbidity, low living quality, high expenditure of health care, and mortality. Traditionally, persistent aerobic exercise (PAE) is considered as a valid way to attenuate muscular atrophy. However, nowadays, high intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a more effective and time-efficient method to replace traditional exercise modes. HIIT displays comprehensive effects on exercise capacity and skeletal muscle metabolism, and it provides a time-out for the recovery of cardiopulmonary and muscular functions without causing severe adverse effects. Studies demonstrated that compared with PAE, HIIT showed similar or even higher effects in improving muscle strength, enhancing physical performances and increasing muscle mass of elder people. Therefore, HIIT might become a promising way to cope with the age-related loss of muscle mass and muscle function. However, it is worth mentioning that no study of HIIT was conducted directly on sarcopenia patients, which is attributed to the suspicious of safety and validity. In this review, we will assess the effects of different training parameters on muscle and sarcopenia, summarize previous papers which compared the effects of HIIT and PAE in improving muscle quality and function, and evaluate the potential of HIIT to replace the status of PAE in treating old people with muscle atrophy and low modality; and point out drawbacks of temporary experiments. Our aim is to discuss the feasibility of HIIT to treat sarcopenia and provide a reference for clinical scientists who want to utilize HIIT as a new way to cope with sarcopenia.
Topics: Aged; Exercise; High-Intensity Interval Training; Humans; Muscle Strength; Muscle, Skeletal; Sarcopenia
PubMed: 35656091
DOI: 10.2147/CIA.S366245 -
Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal... 2024Sedentary behavior is widespread among older adults and accelerates the decline of motor function. Nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence concerning the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Sedentary behavior is widespread among older adults and accelerates the decline of motor function. Nevertheless, there is insufficient evidence concerning the effectiveness of regular exercise in enhancing the same in sedentary older adults.
OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of 24 weeks of aerobic and combined aerobic-resistance exercise on the motor function of sedentary older adults.
METHODS
Sixty healthy sedentary older (65-80 years) were randomly enrolled. Participants were randomly divided into 3 groups (1:1:1): aerobic exercise group (AEG), combined aerobic-resistance exercise group (CEG), and health education group (HEG). The training group underwent a five-day-a-week regimen, with each session lasting for 40 minutes (including 10 min warm-up and cool-down). HEG received only monthly health lectures. We assessed lower limb muscle strength (30-second sit-to-stand ability), single-dual task gait, static and dynamic balance functions at baseline and after 24 weeks of intervention using per-protocol analysis.
RESULTS
Among 60 elderly healthy who were randomized (mean age 70.59 ± 3.31 years; 28 women (46%)), 42 (70%) completed the evaluation after 24 weeks. Both the aerobic exercise and combined aerobic-resistance exercise groups exhibited improved 30-second sit-to-stand ability, static balance in closed-eye standing mode, and dynamic balance (P< 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant changes in the single-task gait parameters of stride length, stride width, and stride speed (P> 0.05). Additionally, compared to the aerobic exercise group, the combined exercise group showed an increase in dual-task gait speed and medial and lateral dynamic stability indices (P< 0.05).
CONCLUSION
Both the aerobic exercise and combined aerobic-resistance exercise programs are effective in enhancing lower limb muscle strength, dynamic balance, and static balance while standing with eyes closed in sedentary older adults. Furthermore, the combined aerobic-resistance exercise program is more effective in improving dual-task gait speed as well as medial and lateral dynamic balance.
Topics: Humans; Female; Aged; Resistance Training; Postural Balance; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Gait
PubMed: 37661865
DOI: 10.3233/BMR-220414 -
Postgraduate Medicine Jun 2020The relationship between total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and exercise remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between regular aerobic...
OBJECTIVE
The relationship between total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and exercise remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association between regular aerobic exercise and hyperhomocysteine (hHcy) in patients with hypertension.
METHODS
A total of 497 hypertensive patients from 7 communities of Nanjing were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. All participants were asked to complete standard questionnaires by themselves. Physical and laboratory examination were performed within 1 week after enrollment. The association between regular aerobic exercise and hHcy in hypertensive patients was estimated by a multiple logistic regression analysis.
RESULTS
Of the 497 patients, 210 had a regular aerobic exercise habit and 274 of them were detected with hHcy. Multivariate analysis revealed that exercisers have less risk of hHcy (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26-0.66) as compared to non-exercisers controlling for the established and potential confounders. Intensity, frequency, and total energy expenditure of aerobic exercise were found to be independently associated with lower hHcy risk in hypertensive patients. Gender subgroup analyses showed that this inverse relationship between regular aerobic exercise and hHcy exists in both male and female groups (adjusted OR 0.41 95%CI 0.21-0.80, and adjusted OR 0.40 95%CI 0.20-0.80, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Regular aerobic exercise has a negative association with hHcy in this cross-sectional study. That suggests a hypothesis that doing aerobic exercise might decrease the risk of hHcy in hypertensive patients.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Blood Pressure; Body Mass Index; China; Cross-Sectional Studies; Exercise; Health Behavior; Humans; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Hypertension; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Sex Factors
PubMed: 32167398
DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2020.1743114 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Nov 2022Acclima(tiza)tion to heat or hypoxia enhances work capacity in hot and hypoxic environmental conditions, respectively; an acclimation response is considered to be... (Review)
Review
Acclima(tiza)tion to heat or hypoxia enhances work capacity in hot and hypoxic environmental conditions, respectively; an acclimation response is considered to be mediated by stimuli-specific molecular/systemic adaptations and potentially facilitated by the addition of exercise sessions. Promising findings at the cellular level provided the impetus for recent studies investigating whether acclimation to one stressor will ultimately facilitate whole body performance when exercise is undertaken in a different environmental condition. The present critical Mini-Review examines the theory of cross-adaptation between heat and hypoxia with particular reference to the determinants of aerobic performance. Indeed, early functional adaptations (improved exercise economy and enhanced oxyhemoglobin saturation) succeeded by later morphological adaptations (increased hemoglobin mass) might aid acclimatized humans perform aerobic work in an alternative environmental setting. Longer-term acclimation protocols that focus on the specific adaptation kinetics (and further allow for the adaptation reversal) will elucidate the exact physiological mechanisms that might mediate gains in aerobic performance or explain the lack thereof.
Topics: Humans; Hot Temperature; Oxyhemoglobins; Acclimatization; Exercise; Hypoxia
PubMed: 36094448
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00339.2021 -
Journal of Psychosomatic Research Oct 2023AE and RE have been found to be effective for depressive symptoms. However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the effectiveness of exercises for... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
AE and RE have been found to be effective for depressive symptoms. However, a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the effectiveness of exercises for cancer survivors with depressive symptoms is lacking. We aimed to synthesize studies assessing AE and RE's efficacy and examine their effects on depressive symptoms among cancer survivors using meta-analyses.
METHODS
This review was registered on the PROSPERO website with ID CRD42023389760. A systematic literature search was conducted in the four databases. Data were synthesized using a random-effect model to analyze the impact of AE and RE on depressive symptoms at posttreatment and in medium-term follow-up relative to the control group. Subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate which factors are relevant to greater or lesser effects of treating depressive symptoms among cancer survivors.
RESULTS
28 RCTs (2942 participants) were identified. Analyses of the between-group showed that AE and/or RE were effective in alleviating depressive symptoms among cancer survivors in immediate posttreatment (SMD = -0.16; 95% CI = -0.29 to -0.03; p = 0.02) but not in medium-term follow-up (SMD = -0.01; 95% CI = -0.57 to 0.55; p = 0.97). Subgroup analyses suggested that AE and exercise 3 times per week were significant moderators.
CONCLUSION
AE and RE were feasible in mitigating depressive symptoms in cancer patients. Further studies are needed to examine if exercise is psychologically beneficial for patients with specific types of cancer.
Topics: Humans; Cancer Survivors; Depression; Resistance Training; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Exercise; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37643561
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111470 -
Research Quarterly For Exercise and... Sep 2023Omentin-1 is a circulating adipokine that can serve as a biomarker for assessment of metabolic risk factors. We investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic...
Omentin-1 is a circulating adipokine that can serve as a biomarker for assessment of metabolic risk factors. We investigated the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise training on serum omentin-1, insulin resistance and lipid profile in nonsmokers and smokers. Nineteen male nonsmokers (aged 27.88 ± 2.47 years, and with BMI of 22.69 ± 1.77 kg.m) and twenty male smokers (aged 30.11 ± 1.96 years, and with BMI of 23.12 ± 1.91 kg.m) were randomly assigned into nonsmokers control group (C), nonsmokers exercise group (E), control smoker group (CS), and exercise smoker group (ES). Exercise groups participated in an eight-week aerobic exercise training program (three times a week, 20-35 min per session at 55%-70% of maximum heart rate). Serum omentin-1 and insulin values were determined by ELISA. The Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), glucose level and lipid profile were measured before and after the intervention. Pearson correlation test, Eta test, paired samples t-test, one and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey test were applied for data analysis ( < .05). Aerobic exercise improved both serum omentin-1 and high lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the exercise groups (P < .05). Also, exercise training reduced insulin, glucose, HOMA-IR, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (p < .05). Omentin-1 was significantly correlated with glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C in both nonsmokers and smokers. The findings suggest that aerobic exercise-induced changes in omentin-1 in the exercise-trained groups may be associated with the beneficial effects of exercise on reduced insulin resistance and lipid profile.
Topics: Male; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Obesity; Smokers; Cholesterol, LDL; Exercise; Insulin; Cholesterol; Triglycerides; Glucose
PubMed: 35579951
DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2070116 -
Medicine and Science in Sports and... Nov 2023The objective of this study is to assess the effects of supervised, recommended levels of prenatal aerobic exercise on 1-month-old infant cardiac function. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
The objective of this study is to assess the effects of supervised, recommended levels of prenatal aerobic exercise on 1-month-old infant cardiac function.
METHODS
Eligible pregnant women were randomly assigned to either an aerobic exercise group that participated in 150 min of supervised, moderate-intensity (40% to 59% V̇O 2peak , 12 to 14 on Borg rating of perceived exertion) aerobic exercise per week for 24 wk or more or a nonexercising group that consisted of 150 min·wk -1 of relaxation techniques. One-month-old infant echocardiogram was performed to assess infant cardiac function , including heart rate (HR), left-ventricular stroke volume, cardiac output, cardiac index, ejection fraction, fractional shortening, and velocity time integral at the aortic valve. Pearson correlation analyses and linear regression models were performed.
RESULTS
Prenatal aerobic exercise was negatively correlated with infant resting HR ( r = -0.311, P = 0.02). Similarly, when controlling for infant sex and activity state, exercise level/volume ( β = -0.316; 95% CI, -0.029 to -0.002; P = 0.02) predicted resting infant HR ( R2 = 0.18, P = 0.02). In infants of overweight/obese women, infants of aerobic exercisers had increased fractional shortening ( P = 0.03). In addition, infant ventricular ejection fraction was correlated with maternal exercise attendance ( r = 0.418, P = 0.03) as well as a trend for exercise level ( r = 0.351, P = 0.08). Similarly, the only significant regression model for infants of overweight/obese women controls infant activity state ( β = -0.444; 95% CI, -0.05 to -0.01; P = 0.006) and maternal exercise level ( β = 0.492; 95% CI, 5.46-28.74; P = 0.01) predicting infant resting HR ( F = 5.79, R2 = 0.40, P = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS
The findings of this study demonstrate that women participating in exercise in the second and third trimesters of their pregnancy may have infants with increased cardiac function at 1 month of age. Importantly, the cardiac function effects were further augmented for infants born to overweight/obese women.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Infant; Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Overweight; Pilot Projects; Exercise; Obesity; Pregnant Women
PubMed: 37259255
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000003227 -
Cells Apr 2021Evidence suggesting the triangulation of the endocannabinoid system, exercise, and neurological health is emerging. In addition to the endocannabinoids... (Review)
Review
Evidence suggesting the triangulation of the endocannabinoid system, exercise, and neurological health is emerging. In addition to the endocannabinoids -arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide; AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the expanded endocannabinoid system, known as the endocannabinoidome (eCBome), appears to be an important player in this relationship. The eCBome includes several endocannabinoid-like mediators such as -acylethanolamines and 2-monoacylglycerols, the enzymes involved in their biosynthesis and degradation, and the receptors they affect. This review aims to relate the functional interactions between aerobic exercise, and the molecular and cellular pathways related to endocannabinoids, in the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the periphery, with special attention given to associations with emotional state, cognition, and mental health. Given the well-documented roles of many eCBome members in regulating stress and neurological processes, we posit that the eCBome is an important effector of exercise-induced central and peripheral adaptive mechanisms that benefit mental health. Gut microbiota imbalance, affecting the gut-brain axis and metabolism, also influences certain eCBome-modulated inflammation pathways. The integrity of the gut microbiota could thus be crucial in the onset of neuroinflammation and mental conditions. Further studies on how the modulation by exercise of the peripheral eCBome affects brain functions could reveal to be key elements in the prevention and treatment of neuropsychological disorders.
Topics: Brain; Endocannabinoids; Exercise; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33920695
DOI: 10.3390/cells10040938 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Oct 2023Chronically adhering to high-fat ketogenic diets or consuming ketone monoester supplements elicits ketosis. Resulting changes in substrate metabolism appear to be... (Review)
Review
Chronically adhering to high-fat ketogenic diets or consuming ketone monoester supplements elicits ketosis. Resulting changes in substrate metabolism appear to be drastically different between ketogenic diets and ketone supplements. Consuming a ketogenic diet increases fatty acid oxidation with concomitant decreases in endogenous carbohydrate oxidation. Increased fat oxidation eventually results in an accumulation of circulating ketone bodies, which are metabolites of fatty acids that serve as an alternative source of fuel. Conversely, consuming ketone monoester supplements rapidly increases circulating ketone body concentrations that typically exceed those achieved by adhering to ketogenic diets. Rapid increases in ketone body concentrations with ketone monoester supplementation elicit a negative feedback inhibition that reduces fatty acid mobilization during aerobic exercise. Supplement-derived ketosis appears to have minimal impact on sparing of muscle glycogen or minimizing of carbohydrate oxidation during aerobic exercise. This review will discuss the substrate metabolic and associated aerobic performance responses to ketogenic diets and ketone supplements.
Topics: Humans; Ketones; Diet, Ketogenic; Ketone Bodies; Ketosis; Fatty Acids; Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Exercise
PubMed: 37721006
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00359.2023