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Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2022The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective... (Review)
Review
The field of alcohol intoxication sensing is over 100 years old, spanning the fields of medicine, chemistry, and computer science, aiming to produce the most effective and accurate methods of quantifying intoxication levels. This review presents the development and the current state of alcohol intoxication quantifying devices and techniques, separated into six major categories: estimates, breath alcohol devices, bodily fluid testing, transdermal sensors, mathematical algorithms, and optical techniques. Each of these categories was researched by analyzing their respective performances and drawbacks. We found that the major developments in monitoring ethanol intoxication levels aim at noninvasive transdermal/optical methods for personal monitoring. Many of the "categories" of ethanol intoxication systems overlap with each other with to a varying extent, hence the division of categories is based only on the principal operation of the techniques described in this review. In summary, the gold-standard method for measuring blood ethanol levels is through gas chromatography. Early estimation methods based on mathematical equations are largely popular in forensic fields. Breath alcohol devices are the most common type of alcohol sensors on the market and are generally implemented in law enforcement. Transdermal sensors vary largely in their sensing methodologies, but they mostly follow the principle of electrical sensing or enzymatic reaction rate. Optical devices and methodologies perform well, with some cases outperforming breath alcohol devices in terms of the precision of measurement. Other estimation algorithms consider multimodal approaches and should not be considered alcohol sensing devices, but rather as prospective measurement of the intoxication influence. This review found 38 unique technologies and techniques for measuring alcohol intoxication, which is testament to the acute interest in the innovation of noninvasive technologies for assessing intoxication.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Alcoholic Intoxication; Breath Tests; Ethanol; Forensic Medicine; Humans; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 36146167
DOI: 10.3390/s22186819 -
Annali Dell'Istituto Superiore Di Sanita 2023Chemicals in foods enter the human body from early life likely posing chronic toxic health risks in the future. This study aimed to estimate the exposure to ethanol and...
INTRODUCTION
Chemicals in foods enter the human body from early life likely posing chronic toxic health risks in the future. This study aimed to estimate the exposure to ethanol and methanol in children consuming an acceptable daily amount of fruit purees.
METHODS
Different fruit purees were purchased and measured for methanol and ethanol by using HS-GC. The exposure dose of these alcohols was calculated based on a consumption of 125-250 g of fruit purees in children weighing 7, 12 and 16 kg.
RESULTS
The highest methanol was found in carrot-apple puree (29.07 mg/dL) and ethanol in peach-banana puree (42.07 mg/dL). Daily methanol exposure was estimated between 4.54 and 6.06, and ethanol between 6.57 and 8.76 mg/kg bw.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results show higher exposure doses of methanol and ethanol than allowable ones (methanol 2 and ethanol 6 mg/kg/day) in children consuming fruit purees. This should be handled as a public health risk and further comprehensive studies should be enrolled on the chronic toxic effects of food-derived alcohols. Besides, food-derived exposure to toxic chemicals from early life should be more questioned by physicians (in assessing chronic diseases), and related authorities should establish a sustainable, safe, and healthy food production policy.
Topics: Child; Humans; Fruit; Methanol; Ethanol
PubMed: 38088392
DOI: 10.4415/ANN_23_04_04 -
Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.) Mar 2023As the percentage of the global population over age 65 grows, and with it a subpopulation of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), understanding the effect of... (Review)
Review
As the percentage of the global population over age 65 grows, and with it a subpopulation of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), understanding the effect of alcohol on the aged brain is of utmost importance. Neuroinflammation is implicated in both natural aging as well as alcohol use, and its role in alterations to brain morphology and function may be exacerbated in aging individuals who drink alcohol to excess. The neuroimmune response to alcohol in aging is complex. The few studies investigating this issue have reported heightened basal activity and either hypo- or hyper-reactivity to an alcohol challenge. This review of preclinical research will first introduce key players of the immune system, then explore changes in neuroimmune function with aging or alcohol alone, with discussion of vulnerable brain regions, changes in cytokines, and varied reactions of microglia and astrocytes. We will then consider different levels of alcohol exposure, relevant animal models of AUD, and neuroimmune activation by alcohol across the lifespan. By identifying key findings, challenges, and targets for future research, we hope to bring more attention and resources to this underexplored area of inquiry.
Topics: Animals; Ethanol; Alcoholism; Brain; Alcohol Drinking; Immune System
PubMed: 36150610
DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.08.009 -
Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine Apr 2023Clinical signs of drug use can be helpful to identify which drug has been consumed. Amphetamine intake has traditionally not been considered to cause nystagmus. The aim...
Clinical signs of drug use can be helpful to identify which drug has been consumed. Amphetamine intake has traditionally not been considered to cause nystagmus. The aim of this study was to explore whether there is a relationship between amphetamine use and nystagmus in a population of apprehended drivers in a naturalistic setting. We evaluated drivers suspected of drug-impaired driving where blood samples were collected and a clinical test of impairment (CTI) was performed. Evaluation of nystagmus is one of the CTI subtests. The samples were analysed for alcohol and psychoactive drugs. Cases with a nystagmus test were recorded and amphetamine-only cases were compared with alcohol-only cases and with cases where alcohol or drugs were not detected, respectively. Samples from 507 amphetamine-only cases were compared to 485 alcohol-only cases and 205 drug-negative cases. The median blood amphetamine concentration was 0.37 mg/L and the median alcohol concentration was 1.57 g/kg. The proportion of cases with nystagmus was similar in amphetamine-only cases (21%) and drug-negative controls (25%), p = 0.273, but higher in alcohol-only cases (53%), p < 0.001. No association was found between the blood amphetamine concentration and degree of nystagmus (Spearman's ρ = 0.008, p = 0.860), whereas an association between blood alcohol concentration and degree of nystagmus was demonstrated (ρ = 0.249, p < 0.001). In conclusion, our study did not find that apprehended drivers using amphetamine had more frequently nystagmus than a control group that tested negative for alcohol and drugs, even at high amphetamine concentrations in blood. Hence, nystagmus should not be considered a tool for identifying amphetamine-induced impairment in drivers.
Topics: Humans; Amphetamine; Blood Alcohol Content; Automobile Driving; Substance-Related Disorders; Ethanol; Substance Abuse Detection
PubMed: 36924680
DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102502 -
Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental... Apr 2020Human alcohol laboratory studies use two routes of alcohol administration: ingestion and infusion. The goal of this paper was to compare and contrast these alcohol... (Review)
Review
Human alcohol laboratory studies use two routes of alcohol administration: ingestion and infusion. The goal of this paper was to compare and contrast these alcohol administration methods. The work summarized in this report was the basis of a 2019 Research Society on Alcoholism Roundtable, "To Ingest or Infuse: A Comparison of Oral and Intravenous Alcohol Administration Methods for Human Alcohol Laboratory Designs." We review the methodological approaches of each and highlight strengths and weaknesses pertaining to different research questions. We summarize methodological considerations to aid researchers in choosing the most appropriate method for their inquiry, considering exposure variability, alcohol expectancy effects, safety, bandwidth, technical skills, documentation of alcohol exposure, experimental variety, ecological validity, and cost. Ingestion of alcohol remains a common and often a preferable, methodological practice in alcohol research. Nonetheless, the main problem with ingestion is that even the most careful calculation of dose and control of dosing procedures yields substantial and uncontrollable variability in the participants' brain exposures to alcohol. Infusion methodologies provide precise exposure control but are technically complex and may be limited in ecological validity. We suggest that alcohol ingestion research may not be the same thing as alcohol exposure research; investigators should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages that the choice between ingestion and infusion of alcohol invokes.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Alcoholic Beverages; Blood Alcohol Content; Central Nervous System Depressants; Eating; Ethanol; Humans; Infusions, Intravenous; Research Design; Self Administration
PubMed: 32056250
DOI: 10.1111/acer.14305 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Sep 2023Alcohol intoxication impairs response inhibition; however, discrepant findings have been reported regarding the magnitude and moderators of this effect. This... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Alcohol intoxication impairs response inhibition; however, discrepant findings have been reported regarding the magnitude and moderators of this effect. This meta-analysis of human laboratory studies aimed to quantify acute effects of alcohol on response inhibition and evaluate moderators of this effect. Eligible studies examined alcohol's effects on response inhibition with the Go/No-Go (GNG) task (n = 1616 participants) or Stop Signal Task (SST) (n = 1310 participants). Results revealed a detrimental effect of acute alcohol on response inhibition overall (g = 0.411, 95 % CI [0.350, 0.471]), with similar effects in studies using GNG (g = 0.431, SE = 0.031) and SST (g = 0.366, SE = 0.063). Effect sizes were larger in studies involving higher breath alcohol concentration levels and under GNG conditions that established a prepotent response set. These findings establish the magnitude, precision, and potential moderators of alcohol's effects on inhibitory control, furthering understanding of a key neurobehavioral mechanism proposed to underlie alcohol-related impulsivity and impaired control over consumption.
Topics: Humans; Inhibition, Psychological; Ethanol; Alcoholic Intoxication; Impulsive Behavior; Alcohol Drinking
PubMed: 37277010
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105274 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022We describe the carbonylation of a series of mono and dihydroxy derivatives of polyfluorinated alkylbenzenes and benzocycloalkenes with OH groups at benzylic positions...
We describe the carbonylation of a series of mono and dihydroxy derivatives of polyfluorinated alkylbenzenes and benzocycloalkenes with OH groups at benzylic positions using carbon monoxide in the presence of a superacid (TfOH, a TfOH-SbF mixture, or a FSOH-SbF mixture). It was shown that the superacid-catalyzed addition of CO to various primary and secondary polyfluorinated alcohols and diols gives the corresponding mono- and dicarboxylic acids or lactones. The efficiency of various superacids depending on alcohol structure was evaluated, and FSOH-SbF yielded the best results in most transformations. The addition of CO to secondary 1-arylalkan-1-ols containing vicinal fluorine atoms was found to be accompanied by elimination of HF with the formation of -unsaturated aryl-carboxylic acids. In contrast to primary and secondary alcohols, conversion of tertiary perfluoro-1,1-diarylalkan-1-ols into carbonylation products is not complete, and the resulting carboxylic acids are easily decarboxylated after water treatment of the reaction mixture.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Ethanol; Dicarboxylic Acids; Carbon Monoxide
PubMed: 36557890
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248757 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Sep 2022A new electrochemical selective annulative amino-ketalization and amino-oxygenation of 1,6-enynes with disulfonimides and alcohols is reported, producing a series of...
A new electrochemical selective annulative amino-ketalization and amino-oxygenation of 1,6-enynes with disulfonimides and alcohols is reported, producing a series of functionalized benzofurans under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions. The annulative aminoketalization proceeds with simple short-chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and -propanol as -nucleophilic reagents, while the reaction occurs in the annulative aminooxygenation direction in the presence of water and large steric -butyl alcohol (SBA).
Topics: 1-Propanol; Alcohols; Catalysis; Ethanol; Methanol; Water
PubMed: 36043317
DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03922b -
Journal of Hepatology May 2022Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide and is mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route or through consumption of...
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide and is mainly transmitted via the fecal-oral route or through consumption of contaminated food products. Due to the lack of efficient cell culture systems for the propagation of HEV, limited data regarding its sensitivity to chemical disinfectants are available. Consequently, preventive and evidence-based hygienic guidelines on HEV disinfection are lacking.
METHODS
We used a robust HEV genotype 3 cell culture model which enables quantification of viral infection of quasi-enveloped and naked HEV particles. For HEV genotype 1 infections, we used the primary isolate Sar55 in a fecal suspension. Standardized quantitative suspension tests using end point dilution and large-volume plating were performed for the determination of virucidal activity of alcohols (1-propanol, 2-propanol, ethanol), WHO disinfectant formulations and 5 different commercial hand disinfectants against HEV. Iodixanol gradients were conducted to elucidate the influence of ethanol on quasi-enveloped viral particles.
RESULTS
Naked and quasi-enveloped HEV was resistant to alcohols as well as alcohol-based formulations recommended by the WHO. Of the tested commercial hand disinfectants only 1 product displayed virucidal activity against HEV. This activity could be linked to phosphoric acid as an essential ingredient. Finally, we observed that ethanol and possibly non-active alcohol-based disinfectants disrupt the quasi-envelope structure of HEV particles, while leaving the highly transmissible and infectious naked virions intact.
CONCLUSIONS
Different alcohols and alcohol-based hand disinfectants were insufficient to eliminate HEV infectivity with the exception of 1 commercial ethanol-based product that included phosphoric acid. These findings have major implications for the development of measures to reduce viral transmission in clinical practice.
LAY SUMMARY
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) showed a high level of resistance to alcohols and alcohol-based hand disinfectants. The addition of phosphoric acid to alcohol was essential for virucidal activity against HEV. This information should be used to guide improved hygiene measures for the prevention of HEV transmission.
Topics: Disinfectants; Ethanol; Hand Sanitizers; Hepatitis E; Hepatitis E virus; Humans
PubMed: 35085595
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.006 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Alcohol misuse, directly or indirectly as a result of its metabolism, negatively impacts most tissues, including four with critical roles in energy metabolism... (Review)
Review
Alcohol misuse, directly or indirectly as a result of its metabolism, negatively impacts most tissues, including four with critical roles in energy metabolism regulation: the liver, pancreas, adipose, and skeletal muscle. Mitochondria have long been studied for their biosynthetic roles, such as ATP synthesis and initiation of apoptosis. However, current research has provided evidence that mitochondria participate in myriad cellular processes, including immune activation, nutrient sensing in pancreatic β-cells, and skeletal muscle stem and progenitor cell differentiation. The literature indicates that alcohol impairs mitochondrial respiratory capacity, promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and disrupting mitochondrial dynamics, leading to dysfunctional mitochondria accumulation. As discussed in this review, mitochondrial dyshomeostasis emerges at a nexus between alcohol-disrupted cellular energy metabolism and tissue injury. Here, we highlight this link and focus on alcohol-mediated disruption of immunometabolism, which refers to two distinct, yet interrelated processes. Extrinsic immunometabolism involves processes whereby immune cells and their products influence cellular and/or tissue metabolism. Intrinsic immunometabolism describes immune cell fuel utilization and bioenergetics that affect intracellular processes. Alcohol-induced mitochondrial dysregulation negatively impacts immunometabolism in immune cells, contributing to tissue injury. This review will present the current state of literature, describing alcohol-mediated metabolic and immunometabolic dysregulation from a mitochondrial perspective.
Topics: Humans; Mitochondria; Reactive Oxygen Species; Ethanol; Energy Metabolism; Obesity
PubMed: 37239997
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108650