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European Neuropsychopharmacology : the... Jan 2020Violence and drug use are significant public health challenges that are strongly linked. It is known that alcohol plays a major role in the causation of unnatural deaths... (Review)
Review
RATIONALE
Violence and drug use are significant public health challenges that are strongly linked. It is known that alcohol plays a major role in the causation of unnatural deaths and that stimulants like cocaine and amphetamine are often implicated in aggressive acts or violence. However, a clear causal relationship between these substances and aggression, and more specifically a blood concentration threshold at which intoxicated aggression emerges is lacking. In case of a crime and subsequent law enforcement, knowledge about dose-response relationships could be of pivotal importance when evaluating the role of alcohol and drugs in aggressive offences.
AIMS
The present review aimed to determine whether there is a causal relation between intoxication with these psychoactive substances and aggression, and to define blood concentration thresholds above which these substances elicit aggression.
METHODS
Empirical articles published between 2013 and 2017 and review papers containing the predefined search strings were identified through searches in the PubMed and Embase databases and additional reference list searches. The complete search query yielded 1578 publications. Initially all articles were manually screened by title and abstract. Articles with irrelevant titles, given the selected search terms and review aims were discarded. Remaining articles were carefully studied and those that did not comply with the main objectives of this review were discarded. At the end of this process, 167 titles were found eligible for review.
FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
While placebo-controlled experimental studies clearly showed a causal link between alcohol and aggression, it is evident that such a link has not yet been established for cocaine and amphetamines. In case of alcohol, it is clear that there are various individual and contextual factors that may contribute to the occurrence of an aggressive act during intoxication. A clear threshold blood alcohol concentration has not been defined yet for alcohol, but a statistically significant increase of aggression has been demonstrated at a dose of 0.75 g/kg and higher. Future studies into intoxicated aggression should include multiple doses of alcohol and stimulants and take into account individual and contextual factors.
Topics: Aggression; Alcohol Drinking; Alcoholic Intoxication; Animals; Blood Alcohol Content; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Ethanol; Humans
PubMed: 29941239
DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.001 -
Pharmacology & Therapeutics Aug 2020Alcohol use disorder has multiple characteristics including excessive ethanol consumption, impaired control over drinking behaviors, craving and withdrawal symptoms,... (Review)
Review
Alcohol use disorder has multiple characteristics including excessive ethanol consumption, impaired control over drinking behaviors, craving and withdrawal symptoms, compulsive seeking behaviors, and is considered a chronic condition. Relapse is common. Determining the neurobiological targets of ethanol and the adaptations induced by chronic ethanol exposure is critical to understanding the clinical manifestation of alcohol use disorders, the mechanisms underlying the various features of the disorder, and for informing medication development. In the present review, we discuss ethanol's interactions with a variety of neurotransmitter systems, summarizing findings from preclinical and translational studies to highlight recent progress in the field. We then describe animal models of ethanol self-administration, emphasizing the value, limitations, and validity of commonly used models. Lastly, we summarize the behavioral changes induced by chronic ethanol self-administration, with an emphasis on cue-elicited behavior, the role of ethanol-related memories, and the emergence of habitual ethanol seeking behavior.
Topics: Alcohol Drinking; Animals; Appetite; Behavior, Animal; Dopamine; Ethanol; Humans; Models, Animal; Neuroimmunomodulation; Norepinephrine; Receptors, Opioid; Self Administration
PubMed: 32437827
DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107573 -
Revue Medicale Suisse Jan 2020
Topics: Ethanol; Humans; Neoplasms; Tobacco Products
PubMed: 31995326
DOI: No ID Found -
Microbial Biotechnology Apr 2023Clostridium spp. are suitable for the bioconversion of C -gases (e.g., CO , CO and syngas) into different bioproducts. These products can be used as biofuels and are... (Review)
Review
Clostridium spp. are suitable for the bioconversion of C -gases (e.g., CO , CO and syngas) into different bioproducts. These products can be used as biofuels and are reviewed here, focusing on ethanol, butanol and hexanol, mainly. The production of higher alcohols (e.g., butanol and hexanol) has hardly been reviewed. Parameters affecting the optimization of the bioconversion process and bioreactor performance are addressed as well as the pathways involved in these bioconversions. New aspects, such as mixotrophy and sugar versus gas fermentation, are also reviewed. In addition, Clostridia can also produce higher alcohols from the integration of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and the reverse ß-oxidation pathway, which has also not yet been comprehensively reviewed. In the latter process, the acetogen uses the reducing power of CO/syngas to reduce C or C fatty acids, previously produced by a chain elongating microorganism (commonly Clostridium kluyveri), into the corresponding bioalcohol.
Topics: Gases; Biofuels; Fermentation; Ethanol; Butanols; 1-Butanol; Clostridium; Bacteria; Hexanols
PubMed: 36661185
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14220 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Ganshu Nuodan is a liver-protecting dietary supplement composed of () spore powder, (Lour.) Merr. (), Bunge () and (Fisch.) Bunge. (). However, its pharmacodynamic...
INTRODUCTION
Ganshu Nuodan is a liver-protecting dietary supplement composed of () spore powder, (Lour.) Merr. (), Bunge () and (Fisch.) Bunge. (). However, its pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action remain unknown.
METHODS
A mouse model of acute alcohol liver disease (ALD) induced by intragastric administration of 50% alcohol was used to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Ganshu Nuodan. The chemical constituents of Ganshu Nuodan were comprehensively identified by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and then its pharmacodynamic material basis and potential mechanism of action were explored by proteomics and network pharmacology.
RESULTS
Ganshu Nuodan could ameliorate acute ALD, which is mainly manifested in the significant reduction of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver and the remarkably increase of glutathione (GSH) content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver. Totally 76 chemical constituents were identified from Ganshu Nuodan by UPLC-QTOF/MS, including 21 quinones, 18 flavonoids, 11 organic acids, 7 terpenoids, 5 ketones, 4 sterols, 3 coumarins and 7 others. Three key signaling pathways were identified via proteomics studies, namely Arachidonic acid metabolism, Retinol metabolism, and HIF-1 signaling pathway respectively. Combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking, six key targets were subsequently obtained, including Ephx2, Lta4h, Map2k1, Stat3, Mtor and Dgat1. Finally, these six key targets and their related components were verified by molecular docking, which could explain the material basis of the hepatoprotective effect of Ganshu Nuodan.
CONCLUSION
Ganshu Nuodan can protect acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress, lipid accumulation and apoptosis. Our study provides a scientific basis for the hepatoprotective effect of Ganshu Nuodan in acute ALD mice and supports its traditional application.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Molecular Docking Simulation; Network Pharmacology; Proteomics; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Ethanol; Glutathione
PubMed: 37795374
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1229777 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Nov 2022This study examined a number of factors that can impact the outcomes of in vitro human epidermal permeation coefficients for aliphatic alcohols and steroids, including...
This study examined a number of factors that can impact the outcomes of in vitro human epidermal permeation coefficients for aliphatic alcohols and steroids, including receptor phase composition and study conditions. We determined experimentally the solubilities and IVPT permeation of a homologous series of C labeled aliphatic alcohols (ethanol, propanol, pentanol, heptanol, octanol and decanol) in different receptor fluids as recommended by Organisation Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We used human epidermal membranes at 25 °C and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2 %w/v bovine serum albumin (2 %w/v BSA), 50 %w/v ethanol and 0.1, 2 and 6 %w/v Oleth-20 receptor phases. We also explored and confirmed the discrepancies between in vitro human epidermal permeability coefficients (k) and diffusion lag times for steroids from Scheuplein's group with our own work and that of others. The main reason for the observed differences is not clear but is likely to be multifactorial, including the effects of diffusion cell design, receptor phase solubility, unstirred receptor phase effects, epidermal membrane hydration, diffusion cell configuration, transport through appendageal pathways and steroid lipophilicity. We conclude with a summary of experimental conditions that should be considered in undertaking IVPT studies.
Topics: Humans; Alcohols; Heptanol; Pentanols; Serum Albumin, Bovine; Permeability; Ethanol; 1-Propanol; Steroids; Octanols; Phosphates
PubMed: 35973591
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122114 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2022The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in... (Review)
Review
The forensic toxicologist is challenged to provide scientific evidence to distinguish the source of ethanol (antemortem ingestion or microbial production) determined in the postmortem blood and to properly interpret the relevant blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results, in regard to ethanol levels at death and subsequent behavioral impairment of the person at the time of death. Higher alcohols (1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl-alcohol), and 3-methyl-2-butanol (amyl-alcohol)) are among the volatile compounds that are often detected in postmortem specimens and have been correlated with putrefaction and microbial activity. This brief review investigates the role of the higher alcohols as biomarkers of postmortem, microbial ethanol production, notably, regarding the modeling of postmortem ethanol production. Main conclusions of this contribution are, firstly, that the higher alcohols are qualitative and quantitative indicators of microbial ethanol production, and, secondly that the respective models of microbial ethanol production are tools offering additional data to interpret properly the origin of the ethanol concentrations measured in postmortem cases. More studies are needed to clarify current uncertainties about the origin of higher alcohols in postmortem specimens.
Topics: Alcohols; Autopsy; Blood Alcohol Content; Butanols; Ethanol; Forensic Toxicology; Humans; Pentanols; Postmortem Changes; Propanols
PubMed: 35163964
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030700 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Aug 2021
Topics: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Mitochondrial; Analgesia; Animals; Ethanol; Humans; Pain Management; Wine
PubMed: 34090680
DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.05.003 -
European Geriatric Medicine Feb 2023
Topics: Recreation; Holidays; Ethanol
PubMed: 36399254
DOI: 10.1007/s41999-022-00718-1 -
Behavioural Brain Research Dec 2019About 99% of the unique genes and almost half of the cells found in the human body come from microbes including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. Collectively these... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
About 99% of the unique genes and almost half of the cells found in the human body come from microbes including bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses. Collectively these microorganisms contribute to the microbiome and often reside in the gut. The gut microbiome plays an important role in the body and contributes to digestive health, the immune system, and brain function. The gut microbiome interacts with the central nervous system through the vagal pathways as well as the endocrine or immune pathways. Changes in the proportion or diversity of the microbiota can have an impact on normal physiology and has been implicated in inflammation, depression, obesity, and addiction. Several animal studies suggest the involvement of gut microbiome in the regulation of pain, emotion, and cognition. Alcoholism has been linked with gut microbiome dysbiosis and thus can have deleterious effects on the gut-brain axis balance. Gut microbiome produces important metabolites such as gastrointestinal hormones, short chain fatty acids, precursors to the neuroactive compounds and neurotransmitters that impact the physiology and normal functioning of the body. The microbiome imbalance has been correlated with behavioral changes and alcohol dependence in the host. The objective of this study is to elucidate the link between alcohol induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and any behavioral impact that could incur. A thorough literature search of various databases was conducted to gather data for the alcohol prompted gut microbiome dysbiosis. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) software was then utilized to identify links between alcoholism, gut microbiome derived metabolites, and their role in behavior alterations. Overall, this meta-analysis reviews information available on the connection between alcohol induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and the resulting behavioral impact.
Topics: Alcoholism; Bacteria; Brain; Dysbiosis; Ethanol; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Microbiota
PubMed: 31476330
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112196