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Infectious Disease Clinics of North... Jun 2020Herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) maintain lifelong latency in the host after... (Review)
Review
Herpesviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV) maintain lifelong latency in the host after primary infection and can reactivate periodically either as asymptomatic viral shedding or as clinical disease. Immunosuppression, including biologic therapy, may increase frequency and severity of herpesvirus reactivation and infection. Licensed biologics are reviewed regarding their risks of potentiating HSV, VZV, and CMV reactivation and infection. Approaches to prophylaxis against HSV, VZV, and CMV infection or reactivation are discussed.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Biological Products; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Virus Activation; Virus Latency
PubMed: 32444012
DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2020.02.006 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2021In vertebrates, the nervous system (NS) is composed of a peripheral collection of neurons (the peripheral nervous system, PNS), a central set found in the brain and... (Review)
Review
In vertebrates, the nervous system (NS) is composed of a peripheral collection of neurons (the peripheral nervous system, PNS), a central set found in the brain and spinal cord (the central nervous system, CNS). The NS is protected by rather complicated multi-layer barriers that allow access to nutrients and facilitate contact with the peripheral tissues, but block entry of pathogens and toxins. Virus infections usually begin in peripheral tissues and if these barriers are weakened, they can spread into the PNS and more rarely into the CNS. Most viral infections of the NS are opportunistic or accidental pathogens that gain access via the bloodstream (e.g., HIV and various arboviruses). But a few have evolved to enter the NS efficiently by invading neurons directly and by exploiting neuronal cell biology (e.g., rhabdoviruses and alphaherpesviruses). Most NS infections are devastating and difficult to manage. Remarkably, the alphaherpesviruses establish life-long quiescent infections in the PNS, with rare but often serious CNS pathology. In this review, we will focus on how alphaherpesviruses gain access to and spread in the NS, with particular emphasis on bidirectional transport and spread within and between neurons and neural circuits, which is regulated by complex viral-host protein interactions. Finally, we will describe the wide use of alphaherpesviruses as tools to study nerve connectivity and function in animal models.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Central Nervous System; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System
PubMed: 32723924
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.041.001 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2021Alphaherpesviruses, as large double-stranded DNA viruses, were long considered to be genetically stable and to exist in a homogeneous state. Recently, the proliferation... (Review)
Review
Alphaherpesviruses, as large double-stranded DNA viruses, were long considered to be genetically stable and to exist in a homogeneous state. Recently, the proliferation of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics analysis has expanded our understanding of herpesvirus genomes and the variations found therein. Recent data indicate that herpesviruses exist as diverse populations, both in culture and , in a manner reminiscent of RNA viruses. In this review, we discuss the past, present, and potential future of alphaherpesvirus genomics, including the technical challenges that face the field. We also review how recent data has enabled genome-wide comparisons of sequence diversity, recombination, allele frequency, and selective pressures, including those introduced by cell culture. While we focus on the human alphaherpesviruses, we draw key insights from related veterinary species and from the beta- and gamma-subfamilies of herpesviruses. Promising technologies and potential future directions for herpesvirus genomics are highlighted as well, including the potential to link viral genetic differences to phenotypic and disease outcomes.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Computational Biology; DNA, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Herpesviridae Infections; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Recombination, Genetic; Selection, Genetic
PubMed: 33159012
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.041 -
Current Opinion in Virology Oct 2023Microtubule transport and nuclear import are functionally connected, and the nuclear pore complex (NPC) can interact with microtubule motors. For several... (Review)
Review
Microtubule transport and nuclear import are functionally connected, and the nuclear pore complex (NPC) can interact with microtubule motors. For several alphaherpesvirus proteins, nuclear localization signals (NLSs) and their interactions with specific importin-α proteins have been characterized. Here, we review recent insights on the roles of microtubule motors, capsid-associated NLSs, and importin-α proteins for capsid transport, capsid docking to NPCs, and genome release into the nucleoplasm, as well as the role of importins for nuclear viral transcription, replication, capsid assembly, genome packaging, and nuclear capsid egress. Moreover, importin-α proteins exert antiviral effects by promoting the nuclear import of transcription factors inducing the expression of interferons (IFN), cytokines, and IFN-stimulated genes, and the IFN-inducible MxB restricts capsid docking to NPCs.
Topics: Humans; Karyopherins; alpha Karyopherins; Nuclear Pore; Herpes Simplex; Alphaherpesvirinae; Capsid Proteins
PubMed: 37672874
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101361 -
Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur... Apr 2020Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 may infect the anal region and induce aphthous ulcers. HSV-induced proctitis may be severe with fever, anal pain, anal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 and type 2 may infect the anal region and induce aphthous ulcers. HSV-induced proctitis may be severe with fever, anal pain, anal bleeding, and diarrhea.
OBJECTIVES
The pathogenic agents and treatment are reviewed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A review of the current literature was performed.
RESULTS
The shift to later primary infections with HSV1 and changes towards more frequent oro-genital and oro-anal sex has increased the incidence of HSV1-induced primary anal infections. Due to frequent recurrences, HSV2 remains the most common cause of anal HSV infection. Anal and genital HSV infections are a risk factor for subsequent HIV infection. In case of suspicion, pathogen detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) should be performed and other sexually transmitted diseases should be excluded. HSV proctitis may mimic inflammatory bowel disease. Treatment should include antiviral medication as in genital herpes simplex.
CONCLUSIONS
HSV may induce perianal infections, anal infections and HSV proctitis. Diagnosis of HSV1 and HSV2 using PCR is recommended. Anal and genital HSV infections are a risk factor for subsequent HIV infection. The risk is higher for HSV2 infection due to more frequent recurrences.
Topics: Anus Diseases; HIV Infections; Herpes Genitalis; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Proctitis; Sexual Behavior; Sexually Transmitted Diseases
PubMed: 31965208
DOI: 10.1007/s00105-019-04539-5 -
Veterinary Research Nov 2022An alphaherpesvirus carries dozens of viral proteins in the envelope, tegument and capsid structure, and each protein plays an indispensable role in virus adsorption,... (Review)
Review
An alphaherpesvirus carries dozens of viral proteins in the envelope, tegument and capsid structure, and each protein plays an indispensable role in virus adsorption, invasion, uncoating and release. After infecting the host, a virus eliminates unfavourable factors via multiple mechanisms to escape or suppress the attack of the host immune system. Post-translational modification of proteins, especially phosphorylation, regulates changes in protein conformation and biological activity through a series of complex mechanisms. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to leverage host phosphorylation systems to regulate viral protein activity and establish a suitable cellular environment for efficient viral replication and virulence. In this paper, viral protein kinases and the regulation of viral protein function mediated via the phosphorylation of alphaherpesvirus proteins are described. In addition, this paper provides new ideas for further research into the role played by the post-translational modification of viral proteins in the virus life cycle, which will be helpful for understanding the mechanisms of viral infection of a host and may lead to new directions of antiviral treatment.
Topics: Animals; Phosphorylation; Alphaherpesvirinae; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 36397147
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01115-z -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Sep 2022
Topics: Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 36064929
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-022-1880-1 -
Current Protocols Jul 2023Our ability to understand the function of the nervous system is dependent upon defining the connections of its constituent neurons. Development of methods to define... (Review)
Review
Our ability to understand the function of the nervous system is dependent upon defining the connections of its constituent neurons. Development of methods to define connections within neural networks has always been a growth industry in the neurosciences. Transneuronal spread of neurotropic viruses currently represents the best means of defining synaptic connections within neural networks. The method exploits the ability of viruses to invade neurons, replicate, and spread through the intimate synaptic connections that enable communication among neurons. Since the method was first introduced in the 1970s, it has benefited from an increased understanding of the virus life cycle, the function of viral genomes, and the ability to manipulate the viral genome in support of directional spread of virus and the expression of transgenes. In this article, we review these advances in viral tracing technology and the ways in which they may be applied for functional dissection of neural networks. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Retrograde infection of CNS circuits by peripheral injection of virus Basic Protocol 2: Transneuronal analysis by intracerebral injection Alternate Protocol 1: Transneuronal analysis with multiple recombinant strains Alternate Protocol 2: Conditional replication and spread of PRV Alternate Protocol 3: Conditional reporters of PRV infection and spread Alternate Protocol 4: Reporters of neural activity in polysynaptic circuits Support Protocol 1: Growing and titering a PRV viral stock Support Protocol 2: Immunohistochemical processing and detection Support Protocol 3: Dual-immunofluorescence localization.
Topics: Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Neurons
PubMed: 37486157
DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.841 -
Viruses Jul 2022Alphaherpesviruses, one of three sub-families of the , are of keen interest to biomedical scientists for several reasons [...].
Alphaherpesviruses, one of three sub-families of the , are of keen interest to biomedical scientists for several reasons [...].
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans
PubMed: 36016274
DOI: 10.3390/v14081652 -
Virologica Sinica Aug 2021Type III interferons (IFNs) represent the most recently discovered group of IFNs. Together with type I IFNs (e.g. IFN-α/β), type III IFNs (IFN-λ) are produced as part... (Review)
Review
Type III interferons (IFNs) represent the most recently discovered group of IFNs. Together with type I IFNs (e.g. IFN-α/β), type III IFNs (IFN-λ) are produced as part of the innate immune response to virus infection, and elicit an anti-viral state by inducing expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs). It was initially thought that type I IFNs and type III IFNs perform largely redundant functions. However, it has become evident that type III IFNs particularly play a major role in antiviral protection of mucosal epithelial barriers, thereby serving an important role in the first-line defense against virus infection and invasion at contact areas with the outside world, versus the generally more broad, potent and systemic antiviral effects of type I IFNs. Herpesviruseses are large DNA viruses, which enter their host via mucosal surfaces and establish lifelong, latent infections. Despite the importance of mucosal epithelial cells in the pathogenesis of herpesviruses, our current knowledge on the interaction of herpesviruses with type III IFN is limited and largely restricted to studies on the alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus (HSV). This review summarizes the current understanding about the role of IFN-λ in the immune response against herpesvirus infections.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Herpesviridae; Interferon Type I; Interferons; Simplexvirus; Interferon Lambda
PubMed: 33400088
DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00330-2