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Viruses May 2022Recent progress has provided clear evidence that many RNA-viruses form cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates mediated by liquid-liquid phase separation to facilitate... (Review)
Review
Recent progress has provided clear evidence that many RNA-viruses form cytoplasmic biomolecular condensates mediated by liquid-liquid phase separation to facilitate their replication. In contrast, seemingly contradictory data exist for herpesviruses, which replicate their DNA genomes in nuclear membrane-less replication compartments (RCs). Here, we review the current literature and comment on nuclear condensate formation by herpesviruses, specifically with regard to RC formation. Based on data obtained with human cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5), we propose that liquid and homogenous early RCs convert into more heterogeneous RCs with complex properties over the course of infection. We highlight how the advent of DNA replication leads to the maturation of these biomolecular condensates, likely by adding an additional DNA scaffold.
Topics: Biomolecular Condensates; Cell Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Humans; Simplexvirus; Viral Replication Compartments
PubMed: 35632702
DOI: 10.3390/v14050960 -
Viruses May 2024Our current understanding of HSV latency is based on a variety of clinical observations, and in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro model systems, each with unique advantages... (Review)
Review
Our current understanding of HSV latency is based on a variety of clinical observations, and in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro model systems, each with unique advantages and drawbacks. The criteria for authentically modeling HSV latency include the ability to easily manipulate host genetics and biological pathways, as well as mimicking the immune response and viral pathogenesis in human infections. Although realistically modeling HSV latency is necessary when choosing a model, the cost, time requirement, ethical constraints, and reagent availability are also equally important. Presently, there remains a pressing need for in vivo models that more closely recapitulate human HSV infection. While the current in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro models used to study HSV latency have limitations, they provide further insights that add to our understanding of latency. In vivo models have shed light on natural infection routes and the interplay between the host immune response and the virus during latency, while in vitro models have been invaluable in elucidating molecular pathways involved in latency. Below, we review the relative advantages and disadvantages of current HSV models and highlight insights gained through each.
Topics: Virus Latency; Humans; Herpes Simplex; Animals; Simplexvirus; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38793628
DOI: 10.3390/v16050747 -
Trends in Microbiology Jan 2023Herpesviruses hijack the MHC class I (MHC I) and class II (MHC II) antigen-presentation pathways to manipulate immune recognition by T cells. First, we illustrate herpes... (Review)
Review
Herpesviruses hijack the MHC class I (MHC I) and class II (MHC II) antigen-presentation pathways to manipulate immune recognition by T cells. First, we illustrate herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) MHC immune evasion strategies. Next, we describe MHC-T cell interactions in HSV-1- and VZV- infected neural ganglia. Although studies on the topic are scarce, and use different models, most reports indicate that neuronal HSV-1 infection is mainly controlled by CD8+ T cells through noncytolytic mechanisms, whereas VZV seems to be largely controlled through CD4+ T cell-specific immune responses. Autologous human stem-cell-derived in vitro models could substantially aid in elucidating these neuroimmune interactions and are fit for studies on both herpesviruses.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpes Zoster; Herpes Simplex; Ganglia
PubMed: 35987880
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.07.008 -
Virus Genes Apr 2021A walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) born in an aquarium and hand-reared in Japan died at the age of 11 months. The affected animal showed fever and anorexia and had high...
A walrus (Odobenus rosmarus) born in an aquarium and hand-reared in Japan died at the age of 11 months. The affected animal showed fever and anorexia and had high levels of AST and ALT. Necropsy showed multiple necroses in the liver and adrenal glands and histological examination revealed necrotic lesions of the liver and adrenal cortex, both of which contained intranuclear inclusions. Electron microscopic analysis of the liver sample showed herpesvirus-like particles. High-throughput sequencing analysis of the liver sample and phylogenetic analysis of herpesvirus polymerase genes identified a new virus, Walrus alphaherpesvirus 1 (WaHV-1), which belonged to the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae and had high homology with Phocid alphaherpesvirus 1. Phylogenetic analysis of the UL30 gene encoding glycoprotein B revealed that WaHV-1 was closely related to a cluster of phocid herpesviruses, including one that caused high mortality rates in harbor seals during past outbreaks. The mother walrus of the dead animal showed evidence of herpesvirus infection in the past and potentially harbored WaHV-1. As a result of hand-rearing, the dead animal might have acquired WaHV-1 from its infected mother and succumbed to WaHV-1 due to lack of maternal IgG, including those that could neutralize WaHV-1.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Herpesviridae Infections; Liver; Phylogeny; Walruses
PubMed: 33559836
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01825-0 -
Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Mar 2021
Topics: Chickenpox; Exanthema; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 33008676
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2020.07.006 -
Nature Communications Mar 2022Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major etiological agent of swine infectious diseases and is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Recent data...
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a major etiological agent of swine infectious diseases and is responsible for significant economic losses in the swine industry. Recent data points to human viral encephalitis caused by PRV infection, suggesting that PRV may be able to overcome the species barrier to infect humans. To date, there is no available therapeutic for PRV infection. Here, we report the near-atomic structures of the PRV A-capsid and C-capsid, and illustrate the interaction that occurs between these subunits. We show that the C-capsid portal complex is decorated with capsid-associated tegument complexes. The PRV capsid structure is highly reminiscent of other α-herpesviruses, with some additional structural features of β- and γ-herpesviruses. These results illustrate the structure of the PRV capsid and elucidate the underlying assembly mechanism at the molecular level. This knowledge may be useful for the development of oncolytic agents or specific therapeutics against this arm of the herpesvirus family.
Topics: Animals; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Herpesvirus 1, Suid; Swine; Viral Structures
PubMed: 35318331
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29250-3 -
Viruses Nov 2023Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute... (Review)
Review
Lung transplantation is an ultimate treatment option for some end-stage lung diseases; due to the intense immunosuppression needed to reduce the risk of developing acute and chronic allograft failure, infectious complications are highly incident. Viral infections represent nearly 30% of all infectious complications, with herpes viruses playing an important role in the development of acute and chronic diseases. Among them, cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, being associated with an increased risk of chronic lung allograft failure. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with transformation of infected B cells with the development of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs). Similarly, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella zoster virus and human herpesviruses 6 and 7 can also be responsible for acute manifestations in lung transplant patients. During these last years, new, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tests have been developed, and preventive and prophylactic strategies have been studied aiming to reduce and prevent the incidence of these viral infections. In this narrative review, we explore epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment options for more frequent herpes virus infections in lung transplant patients.
Topics: Humans; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesviridae Infections; Lung Transplantation; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Simplexvirus; Herpes Zoster
PubMed: 38140567
DOI: 10.3390/v15122326 -
Viruses Jul 2021Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) is a therapeutic modality that has seen substantial success for the treatment of cancer, though much remains to be improved.... (Review)
Review
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) is a therapeutic modality that has seen substantial success for the treatment of cancer, though much remains to be improved. Commonly attenuated through the deletion or alteration of the γ34.5 neurovirulence gene, the basis for the success of oHSV relies in part on the malignant silencing of cellular pathways critical for limiting these viruses in healthy host tissue. However, only recently have the molecular mechanisms underlying the success of these treatments begun to emerge. Further clarification of these mechanisms can strengthen rational design approaches to develop the next generation of oHSV. Herein, we review our current understanding of the molecular basis for tumor susceptibility to γ34.5-attenuated oHSV, with particular focus on the malignant suppression of nucleic acid sensing, along with strategies meant to improve the clinical efficacy of these therapeutic viruses.
Topics: Animals; Cytokines; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Mice; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses
PubMed: 34372614
DOI: 10.3390/v13071408 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Apr 2021
Topics: Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 33844202
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-021-9835-5 -
Virology Journal Dec 2023Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors among women around the world. Although the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in CC is well... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors among women around the world. Although the etiological role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in CC is well established, other factors in CC carcinogenesis remains unclear. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the association between infections of human herpesvirus (HHVs) and CC risk.
METHODS
Embase and PubMed databases were utilized to search the relevant studies. The revised JBI Critical Appraisal Tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Prevalence and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the association between viral infection and CC or precancerous cervical lesions (PCL).
RESULTS
Totally 67 eligible studies involving 7 different HHVs were included in meta-analysis. We found an increased risk of CC or PCL that was associated with the overall infection of HHVs (CC, OR = 2.74, 95% CI 2.13-3.53; PCL, OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.58-2.41). Subgroup analysis showed a trend towards positive correlations between herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection and CC (OR = 3.01, 95% CI 2.24 to 4.04) or PCL (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.55 to 2.96), and the same is true between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and CC (OR = 4.89, 95% CI 2.18 to 10.96) or PCL (OR = 3.55, 95% CI 2.52 to 5.00). However, for HSV-1 and cytomegalovirus (HCMV), there was no association between viral infection and CC or PCL. By contrast, the roles of HHV-6, HHV-7, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in cervical lesions were unclear due to the limited number of studies.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provided evidence that HHVs infection as a whole increase the risk of CC incidence. In addition, some types of HHVs such as EBV and HSV-2 may serve as potential targets in the development of new interventions or therapeutic strategies for cervical lesions.
Topics: Humans; Female; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesviridae; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human
PubMed: 38049836
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02234-5