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Science Advances Jan 2020Viral infections kill millions of people and new antivirals are needed. Nontoxic drugs that irreversibly inhibit viruses (virucidal) are postulated to be ideal....
Viral infections kill millions of people and new antivirals are needed. Nontoxic drugs that irreversibly inhibit viruses (virucidal) are postulated to be ideal. Unfortunately, all virucidal molecules described to date are cytotoxic. We recently developed nontoxic, broad-spectrum virucidal gold nanoparticles. Here, we develop further the concept and describe cyclodextrins, modified with mercaptoundecane sulfonic acids, to mimic heparan sulfates and to provide the key nontoxic virucidal action. We show that the resulting macromolecules are broad-spectrum, biocompatible, and virucidal at micromolar concentrations in vitro against many viruses [including herpes simplex virus (HSV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), dengue virus, and Zika virus]. They are effective ex vivo against both laboratory and clinical strains of RSV and HSV-2 in respiratory and vaginal tissue culture models, respectively. Additionally, they are effective when administrated in mice before intravaginal HSV-2 inoculation. Lastly, they pass a mutation resistance test that the currently available anti-HSV drug (acyclovir) fails.
Topics: Acyclovir; Animals; Antiviral Agents; Cyclodextrins; Female; Gold; Heparitin Sulfate; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Simplexvirus; Virus Diseases; Zika Virus
PubMed: 32064341
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9318 -
Virology Sep 2023Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly infectious DNA virus that can cause varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (HZ). A simple, sensitive and specific detection...
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a highly infectious DNA virus that can cause varicella (chickenpox) and herpes zoster (HZ). A simple, sensitive and specific detection method is desirable for the VZV infection. In this study, VZV gE protein, expressed in CHO cells, was used to immunize BALB/c mice for the generation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). For the first time, we developed a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic strip for rapid detection of VZV using a pair of mAbs against gE protein. The limit of detection (LOD) of the strip was 30 ng mL of purified VZV gE antigen, and it could specifically test VZV without cross-reactivity with Enterovirus 71 (EV-71), Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2). The coincidence rate between the strip and commercial real-time PCR diagnostic kit was 100% using vesicle as the clinical sample. Our strip provided a technical support for rapid and specific detection of VZV.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Cricetinae; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Cricetulus; Antibodies, Viral; Herpes Zoster; Chickenpox; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Antibodies, Monoclonal
PubMed: 37481958
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.07.008 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms,... (Review)
Review
Herpes B virus is a biosafety level 4 pathogen and widespread in its natural host species, macaques. Although most infected monkeys show asymptomatic or mild symptoms, human infections with this virus can cause serious neurological symptoms or fatal encephalomyelitis with a high mortality rate. Herpes B virus can be latent in the sensory ganglia of monkeys and humans, often leading to missed diagnoses. Furthermore, the herpes B virus has extensive antigen crossover with HSV, SA8, and HVP-2, causing false-positive results frequently. Timely diagnosis, along with methods with sensitivity and specificity, are urgent for research on the herpes B virus. The lack of a clear understanding of the host invasion and life cycle of the herpes B virus has led to slow progress in the development of effective vaccines and drugs. This review discusses the research progress and problems of the epidemiology of herpes B virus, detection methods and therapy, hoping to inspire further investigation into important factors associated with transmission of herpes B virus in macaques and humans, and arouse the development of effective vaccines or drugs, to promote the establishment of specific pathogen-free (SPF) monkeys and protect humans to effectively avoid herpes B virus infection.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine; Herpesviridae Infections; Macaca; Vaccines
PubMed: 38035092
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1281384 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Sep 2021
Topics: Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans
PubMed: 34217805
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.06.870 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Feb 2020
Review
Topics: Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 32072528
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-020-0158-8 -
Microbial Pathogenesis Apr 2023The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and potential association between infection with different herpes viruses and multiple sclerosis (MS). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
AIM
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and potential association between infection with different herpes viruses and multiple sclerosis (MS).
METHODS
A systematic literature search was performed by finding relevant cross-sectional and case-control studies from a large online database. Heterogeneity, Odds ratio (OR), and corresponding 95% Confidence interval (CI) were applied to all studies by meta-analysis and forest plots. The analysis was performed using Stata Software v.14.
RESULTS
One hundred and thirty-four articles (289 datasets) were included in the meta-analysis, 128 (245 datasets) of which were case/control and the rest were cross-sectional. The pooled prevalence of all human herpes viruses among MS patients was 50% (95% CI: 45-55%; I2 = 96.91%). In subgroup analysis, the pooled prevalence of Herpes simplex virus (HSV), Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6), Human herpes virus 7 (HHV-7), and Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) was 32%, 52%, 74%, 41%, 39% 28%, and 28%, respectively. An association was found between infection with human herpes viruses and MS [summary OR 2.07 (95% CI (1.80-2.37); I2 = 80%)].
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study showed that EBV, VZV, and HHV-6 infection are associated with multiple sclerosis and can be considered as potential risk factors for MS. Although the exact molecular mechanism of the role of herpes viruses in the development of MS is still unknown, it seems that molecular mimicry, the release of autoreactive antibodies, and inflammation in the CNS following viral infection can be important factors in the induction of MS.
Topics: Humans; Multiple Sclerosis; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Simplexvirus; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Viruses
PubMed: 36775211
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106031 -
Journal of Medical Virology Jan 2023Previous studies have reported a potential anti-infection effect for vitamin D. However, the relationship between vitamin D status and herpes simplex virus (HSV)...
Previous studies have reported a potential anti-infection effect for vitamin D. However, the relationship between vitamin D status and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and infection with HSV types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2016. The association between 25(OH)D and HSV prevalence was evaluated using propensity score matching (PSM) and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Overall, 14 174 participants were included in the final analysis. Before PSM, 8639 (60.9%) had positive HSV-1 and 2636 (18.6%) had HSV-2. The HSV-1 and HSV-2 positive groups had more females and older individuals (p < 0.05). The HSV-2 patients had lower 25(OH)D levels than those with HSV-1. Age and gender did not differ in the groups after PSM (p > 0.05). The 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in the HSV-1 and HSV-2 groups than in the non-HSV infection groups. Multivariate logistic regression showed that serum 25(OH)D level was negatively associated with HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection (odds ratio [OR] = 0.730 and 0.691, p < 0.001, respectively). Vitamin D deficiency was an independent risk factor for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 (adjusted OR = 2.205 and 2.704, p < 0.001, respectively). Lower serum 25(OH)D levels correlated significantly with increased HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection risk.
Topics: Female; Humans; Nutrition Surveys; Prevalence; Vitamin D; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36367186
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28297 -
Viruses Nov 2020Alphaherpesviruses cause various diseases and establish life-long latent infections in humans and animals. These viruses encode multiple viral proteins and miRNAs to... (Review)
Review
Alphaherpesviruses cause various diseases and establish life-long latent infections in humans and animals. These viruses encode multiple viral proteins and miRNAs to evade the host immune response, including both innate and adaptive immunity. Alphaherpesviruses evolved highly advanced immune evasion strategies to be able to replicate efficiently in vivo and produce latent infections with recurrent outbreaks. This review describes the immune evasion strategies of alphaherpesviruses, especially against cytotoxic host immune responses. Considering these strategies, it is important to evaluate whether the immune evasion mechanisms in cell cultures are applicable to viral propagation and pathogenicity in vivo. This review focuses on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer cells (NK cells), and natural killer T cells (NKT cells), which are representative immune cells that directly damage virus-infected cells. Since these immune cells recognize the ligands expressed on their target cells via specific activating and/or inhibitory receptors, alphaherpesviruses make several ligands that may be targets for immune evasion. In addition, alphaherpesviruses suppress the infiltration of CTLs by downregulating the expression of chemokines at infection sites in vivo. Elucidation of the alphaherpesvirus immune evasion mechanisms is essential for the development of new antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Animals; Antigen Presentation; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Herpesviridae Infections; Histocompatibility Antigens; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity, Cellular; Lymphocytes
PubMed: 33256093
DOI: 10.3390/v12121354 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2021Alphaherpesvirus tegument assembly, secondary envelopment, and exocytosis processes are understood in broad strokes, but many of the individual steps in this pathway,...
Alphaherpesvirus tegument assembly, secondary envelopment, and exocytosis processes are understood in broad strokes, but many of the individual steps in this pathway, and their molecular and cell biological details, remain unclear. Viral tegument and membrane proteins form an extensive and robust protein interaction network, such that essentially any structural protein can be deleted, yet particles are still assembled, enveloped, and released from infected cells. We conceptually divide the tegument proteins into three groups: conserved inner and outer teguments that participate in nucleocapsid and membrane contacts, respectively; and 'middle' tegument proteins, consisting of some of the most abundant tegument proteins that serve as central hubs in the protein interaction network, yet which are unique to the alphaherpesviruses. We then discuss secondary envelopment, reviewing the tegument-membrane contacts and cellular factors that drive this process. We place this viral process in the context of cell biological processes, including the endocytic pathway, ESCRT machinery, autophagy, secretory pathway, intracellular transport, and exocytosis mechanisms. Finally, we speculate about potential relationships between cellular defenses against oligomerizing or aggregating membrane proteins and the envelopment and egress of viruses.
Topics: Alphaherpesvirinae; Autophagy; Biological Transport; Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; Exocytosis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Virus Assembly; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Virus Release
PubMed: 33622984
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.042.551 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Apr 2021
Review
Topics: Chickenpox; Child, Preschool; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Humans; Male; Time Factors
PubMed: 33904081
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-021-9863-1