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Polymers Nov 2023New citrus pectin derivatives carrying pendant ,-dimethyl--alkyl--(2-hydroxy propyl) ammonium chloride groups were achieved via polysaccharide derivatization with a...
New citrus pectin derivatives carrying pendant ,-dimethyl--alkyl--(2-hydroxy propyl) ammonium chloride groups were achieved via polysaccharide derivatization with a mixture of ,-dimethyl--alkyl amine (alkyl = ethyl, butyl, benzyl, octyl, dodecyl) and epichlorohydrin in aqueous solution. The structural characteristics of the polymers were examined via elemental analysis, conductometric titration, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1D (H and C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Capillary viscosity measurements allowed for the study of viscometric behavior as well as the determination of viscosity-average molar mass for pristine polysaccharide and intrinsic viscosity ([η]) values for pectin and its derivatives. Dynamic light scattering measurements (DLS) showed that pectin-based polymers formed aggregates in aqueous solution with a unimodal distribution. Critical aggregation concentration () for the hydrophobic pectin derivatives were determined using fluorescence spectroscopy. Atom force microscopy (AFM) images allowed for the investigation of the morphology of polymeric populations obtained in aqueous solution, consisting of flocs and aggregates for crude pectin and its hydrophilic derivatives and well-organized aggregates for lipophilic pectin derivatives. Antimicrobial activity, examined using the disc diffusion method, proved that all polymers were active against bacterium and yeast.
PubMed: 38231903
DOI: 10.3390/polym15234492 -
International Journal of Biological... Jul 2020Vaccine is an important means to prevent diseases, which have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the immune efficacy of vaccine is limited and... (Review)
Review
Vaccine is an important means to prevent diseases, which have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the immune efficacy of vaccine is limited and requires effective antigen delivery and adjuvant systems to provide appropriate vaccines or immunotherapy antigens for improving the immune efficacy of the mucosal immune system. Recent years, the application of chitosan and its derivatives in immunization have attracted a lot of attention. Many research results proved that chitosan and its derivatives were promising vaccine adjuvants and carriers, which improved immune response for its promising mucoadhesive properties. Among the derivatives, TMC and HTCC are currently the most studied quaternized chitosans. In the first part of our review, we elucidate the preparation methods of chitosan, TMC and HTCC and the factors that may affect their immunity. In the second part, not only we introduce their application as adjuvants and carriers to improve the efficacy of vaccines, but also their application as surface modification materials to improve immune response. All in all, we hold that chitosan, TMC and HTCC are promising biomaterials that can be used to improve immune efficacy, of which TMC may have good development potential.
Topics: Adjuvants, Immunologic; Administration, Intranasal; Animals; Chitosan; Drug Carriers; Humans; Immunity; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Vaccines
PubMed: 32184144
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.065 -
Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry Feb 2022A novel Bacillus sp.PM06 isolated from sugarcane waste pressmud was tested for extracellular α-amylase and cellulase enzyme production. The effect of different...
A novel Bacillus sp.PM06 isolated from sugarcane waste pressmud was tested for extracellular α-amylase and cellulase enzyme production. The effect of different substrates, nitrogen sources, pH, and temperature on growth and extracellular enzyme production was examined. Bacillus sp.PM06 was able to grow with starch and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a sole source of carbon and ammonium chloride was found to be the best nitrogen source. Maximum enzyme production was obtained at 48 H for both α-amylase and cellulase. The optimal condition for measuring enzyme activity was found to be pH 5.5 at 50 °C for α-amylase and pH 6.4 at 60 °C for cellulase respectively. It was found that Bacillus sp.PM06 exhibited halotolerance up to 2 M Sodium chloride (NaCl) and Potassium chloride (KCl). The isolate could produce α-amylase in the presence of 2 M NaCl and 1 M KCl. However, the strain produced cellulase even in the presence of 2 M NaCl and KCl. Concomitant production of both enzymes was observed when the medium was supplemented with starch and CMC. A maximum of 31 ± 1.15 U/mL of amylase and 15 ± 1.5 U/mL of cellulase was produced in 48 H. The enzyme was partially purified by Ammonium sulphate (NH ) SO precipitation with 2.2 and 2.3-fold purification.
Topics: Bacillus; Cellulase; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Saccharum; Temperature; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 33369761
DOI: 10.1002/bab.2091 -
IUCrData Jan 2022The title compound, CHNO ·Cl·HO, (), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group 2 and exists as a monohydrate of a monosubstituted ammonium chloride salt, with the...
The title compound, CHNO ·Cl·HO, (), crystallizes in the monoclinic space group 2 and exists as a monohydrate of a monosubstituted ammonium chloride salt, with the reducing carbohydrate portion existing exclusively as the α-pyran-ose tautomer. The glycosidic bond geometry in () is stabilized by an intra-molecular hydrogen bond and is close to that found in crystalline α-lactose. All heteroatoms except gluco-pyran-ose ring O4 participate in an extensive hydrogen-bonding network, which propagates in all directions in the crystal structure of ().
PubMed: 36337090
DOI: 10.1107/S241431462200061X -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... May 2023In compliance with Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to prepare a statement on the risk assessment related...
In compliance with Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to prepare a statement on the risk assessment related to the presence of benzalkonium chloride (mixture of alkylbenzyldimethylammonium chlorides with alkyl chain lengths of C8, C10, C12, C14, C16 and C18) (BAC), didecyldimethylammonium chloride (mixture of alkyl-quaternary ammonium salts with alkyl chain lengths of C8, C10 and C12) (DDAC) and chlorates in fish and fish products. Within EFSA's annual chemical data collection, EFSA collected monitoring data for the residues of BAC, DDAC and chlorates from EU Member States, Iceland and Norway performed a statistical evaluation, providing estimated residue values for each substance in/on fish and fish products, at the percentile appropriate for the number of the available samples. Based on the information collected, EFSA performed an acute and chronic exposure assessment for EU consumers for BAC, DDAC and chlorates at the lower-bound, medium-bound and upper-bound scenarios resulting from the consumption of fish and fish products. EFSA did not identify potential consumer health risks associated to residues of the substances found in fish and fish products.
PubMed: 37260451
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8019 -
Biopreservation and Biobanking Jun 2022The safety of banked human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) purified by 155 mM ammonium chloride (NHCl)-based erythrocyte lysis has not been evaluated. This study...
The safety of banked human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) purified by 155 mM ammonium chloride (NHCl)-based erythrocyte lysis has not been evaluated. This study was conducted to determine the impact of NHCl-based erythrocyte lysis on the biological characteristics of cryopreserved hADSCs. Stromal vascular fractions (SVFs) were obtained from lipoaspirates and purified with NHCl-based erythrocyte lysis (lysis group) or without (nonlysis group). The hADSCs were freshly isolated (fresh group) from SVFs and/or cryopreserved for 2 weeks (cryo group). The morphologies, immunophenotypes, viability, apoptosis, and growth kinetics of each group were compared. The cell cycle and differentiation capacity assays were performed in both cryopreserved groups. All groups showed similar cell morphology, immunological phenotypes, and viability. However, the main effect of lysis and its interaction with cryopreservation were observed when early apoptosis was regarded as a dependent variable in two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. After cryopreservation, significant growth retardation and S-phase fraction reduction were observed in lytic hADSCs compared with those in nonlytic hADSCs. No significant differences in the adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacities were found between the two groups. Although NHCl-based erythrocyte lysis did not affect the cell morphology, immunological phenotypes, viability, and adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation capacities of cryopreserved hADSCs, exposure to NHCl-based erythrocyte lysis or its synergistic action with cryopreservation may induce apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation and mitosis of cryopreserved hADSCs. These results indicate that NHCl-based erythrocyte lysis is not suitable for high-quality banked collection of hADSCs for future clinical applications. Further development of safe, convenient, and cost-effective purification methods of hADSCs is warranted.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Ammonium Chloride; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Erythrocytes; Osteogenesis; Stem Cells
PubMed: 34704812
DOI: 10.1089/bio.2021.0035 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2019Benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, but vulnerable to leaching by water. In this paper, halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and montmorillonite (MMT)...
Benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, but vulnerable to leaching by water. In this paper, halloysite nanotubes (HNT) and montmorillonite (MMT) were used as drug carriers to load BAC, in order to achieve good anti-mildew activity and long-term sustained release properties. The HNT and MMT nano-composites were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption. XRD results showed that BAC intercalated the interlayer of MMT, and expanded the interlayer spacing from 1.15 nm to 1.75 nm. Pore analysis showed that BAC decreased the cavity of halloysite nanotubes to a certain extent, which indicated that BAC loaded inside the lumen of HNT successfully. TG analysis showed that the loading capacity of MMT to BAC was higher than HNT. The accelerated-release experiments revealed both two clays have significant sustained-release effects on BAC, and the releasing rate of HNT was relatively lower. Both HNT and MMT have promising application prospects as sustained-release carriers. The inhibition test showed that BAC in nano-clay has good anti-mildew resistance performance.
PubMed: 31752088
DOI: 10.3390/ma12223780 -
Evidence-based Complementary and... 2021Herbo-mineral therapies are very popular in traditional medical systems and formulations consisting of specific minerals or metals or mixture of both and mixed with... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Herbo-mineral therapies are very popular in traditional medical systems and formulations consisting of specific minerals or metals or mixture of both and mixed with organic components derived from plants. Purification/detoxification or incineration procedures play an important role to detoxify these and metals and minerals.
OBJECTIVE
In the present review, an attempt was made to gather herbo-mineral formulations which are used commonly in traditional medicinal systems in Sri Lanka and recapitulate the purification/detoxification or incineration techniques.
METHOD
Commonly used herbo-mineral formulations are collected from a text book of Vatikaaprakarana. However, the purification/detoxification and incineration techniques for all minerals/metals are not mentioned in Vatikaaprakarana, and these techniques were collected from journal articles published between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2020 through searching PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, USA), Science Direct (RELX Group, Netherlands), and Semantic Scholar (Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence, USA).
RESULTS
Ten herbo-mineral formulations were selected, and purification/detoxification or incineration techniques were described in brief for copper sulphate, aluminum sulfate, borex powder, sulphur, sodium chloride, cinnabar, arsenicals, realgar, orpiment, ammonium chloride, magnesium silicate, zinc, and mercury.
CONCLUSION
The review has demonstrated different types of purification/detoxification or incineration techniques of minerals used in herbo-mineral preparations. In addition, there is an urgent need for comprehensive survey or evaluation to check whether purification/detoxification or incineration techniques of metals/minerals are practiced properly in the country.
PubMed: 33510804
DOI: 10.1155/2021/6634553 -
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine Jul 2024Ammonia (NH) is an irritating and harmful gas that affects cell apoptosis and autophagy. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) has multiple enzymatic activities and regulates NH-induced...
Ammonia (NH) is an irritating and harmful gas that affects cell apoptosis and autophagy. Sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) has multiple enzymatic activities and regulates NH-induced autophagy in tumor cells. In order to determine whether SIRT5 regulates NH-induced bovine mammary epithelial cell apoptosis and autophagy, cells with SIRT5 overexpression or knockdown were generated and in addition, bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated with SIRT5 inhibitors. The results showed that SIRT5 overexpression reduced the content of NH and glutamate in cells by inhibiting glutaminase activity in glutamine metabolism, and reduced the ratio of ADP/ATP. The results in the SIRT5 knockdown and inhibitor groups were comparable, including increased content of NH and glutamate in cells by activating glutaminase activity, and an elevated ratio of ADP/ATP. It was further confirmed that SIRT5 inhibited the apoptosis and autophagy of bovine mammary epithelial cells through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blot, flow cytometry with Annexin V FITC/PI staining and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, it was also found that the addition of LY294002 or Rapamycin inhibited the PI3K/Akt or mTOR kinase signal, decreasing the apoptosis and autophagy activities of bovine mammary epithelial cells induced by SIRT5-inhibited NH. In summary, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal involved in NH-induced cell autophagy and apoptosis relies on the regulation of SIRT5. This study provides a new theory for the use of NH to regulate bovine mammary epithelial cell apoptosis and autophagy, and provides guidance for improving the health and production performance of dairy cows.
PubMed: 38827477
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12584 -
PloS One 2023Bone disease is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), leading to an increased risk of bone fractures. This is due in part to metabolic...
Bone disease is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), leading to an increased risk of bone fractures. This is due in part to metabolic acid-induced bone dissolution. Bisphosphonates (BPPs) are a potential treatment for inhibiting bone dissolution; however, there are limited studies observing the use of BPPs on acidotic patients. We aimed to determine efficacy of BPPs on maintaining bone health and pH regulation in acid-exposed mice. Using a diet-induced murine model of metabolic acidosis, we examined bone structure, composition, and mechanics as well as blood gases for three groups: control, acidosis, and acidosis + bisphosphonates (acidosis+BPP). Acidosis was induced for 14 days and alendronate was administered every 3 days for the acidosis+BPP group. The administration of BPP had little to no effect on bone structure, mechanics, and composition of the acidosis bones. However, administration of BPP did cause the mice to develop more severe acidosis than the acidosis only group. Overall, we discovered that BPPs may exacerbate acidosis symptoms by inhibiting the release of buffering ions from bone. Therefore, we propose that BPP administration should be carefully considered for those with CKD and that alkali supplementation could help minimize acidifying effects.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Alendronate; Ammonium Chloride; Diphosphonates; Acidosis; Osteolysis; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 37713420
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291649