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Renal Failure Dec 2022To examine the dynamic changes in the formative factors of nephrolithiasis and the final micromorphological changes in an obesity-initiated metabolic syndrome (MS) rat...
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE
To examine the dynamic changes in the formative factors of nephrolithiasis and the final micromorphological changes in an obesity-initiated metabolic syndrome (MS) rat model.
METHODS
Forty five-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups: the regular diet group (RD), high-fat diet group (HFD), regular diet with drug (ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride) group (RDD), and high-fat diet with drug group (HFDD). A dynamic assessment of MS components (body weight (BW), body length (BL), Lee's index (LI), blood glucose (BG), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TGs)) and stone-forming factors (urinary pH, urinary calcium, and urinary oxalate acid) was carried out. In addition, the levels of oxidative stress (OS) markers (CAT, SOD, TAC, GSH-PX, and MDA) were measured, and histological analysis was carried out at the end of 16 weeks.
RESULTS
MS-related parameters, such as BW, LI, BG, TC, and TG, were significantly higher in HFD-fed rats than in RD-fed rats ( < 0.001). In the HFDD group, significantly lower urinary pH, hyperoxaluria, and hypocalciuria were noted in the dynamic assessment of stone-forming factors ( < 0.001). CAT, TAC, and MDA were notably changed in the HFD-fed groups, particularly the HFDD rats. Histological analysis showed that the renal tubules of HFDD rats had the highest scores for both inflammation and renal crystallization deposition ( < 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that male SD rats with MS are prone to developing nephrolithiasis. Validation in an model may lead to an understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of action of MS-related nephrolithiasis in humans.Key messagesMale SD rats with metabolic syndrome are more prone to developing calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis after treatment with ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride compared to control lean rats.MS-related nephrolithiasis in rats induced by ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride is mainly related to increased hyperoxaluria and inflammation and decreased antioxidant levels.High-fat diet-fed SD rats treated with ethylene glycol and ammonium chloride are a stable and valid model for understanding the potential mechanism of action of MS-related nephrolithiasis.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Ethylene Glycol; Humans; Hyperoxaluria; Inflammation; Kidney Calculi; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Nephrolithiasis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 35837686
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2022.2097922 -
The Science of the Total Environment Sep 2023With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus released into natural surface water have caused eutrophication. Applying...
Effects of eutrophic water with ammonium chloride, urea, potassium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium-β-glycerophosphate on Myriophyllum verticillatum and epiphytic bacteria.
With the rapid development of industry and agriculture, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus released into natural surface water have caused eutrophication. Applying submerged plants to manage eutrophic water has attracted widespread attention. However, there are limited studies on the effects of different nitrogen and phosphorus in the water environment on submerged plants and their epiphytic biofilm. Therefore, this paper investigated the effects of eutrophic water with ammonium chloride (IN), urea (ON), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (IP), and sodium-β-glycerophosphate (OP) on Myriophyllum verticillatum and epiphytic biofilms. The results showed that Myriophyllum verticillatum exhibited a good purification effect on the eutrophic water with inorganic phosphorus, the removal rates of IP were 68.0%, and the plants grew best in this condition. The fresh weight of the IN group and ON group increased by 12.24% and 7.12%, and the shoot length of the IN group and the ON group increased by 17.71% and 8.33%; the fresh weight of the IP group and OP group increased by 19.19% and 10.83%, the shoot length of the IP group and the OP group increased by 21.09% and 18.23%. In addition, the enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, nitrate reductase, and acid phosphatase in plant leaves were significantly changed in eutrophic water with different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus. Finally, the analysis of the epiphytic bacteria showed that different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients could significantly alter the abundance and structure of microorganisms and microbial metabolism also had significant changes. This study provides a new theoretical basis for evaluating the removal of different forms of nitrogen and phosphorus by Myriophyllum verticillatum, and it also provides new insights for the subsequent engineering of epiphytic microorganisms to improve the capability of submerged plants to treat eutrophic water.
Topics: Water; Ammonium Chloride; Urea; Bacteria; Saxifragales; Phosphorus; Plants; Nitrogen
PubMed: 37268138
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164507 -
Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jan 2020Various bioactive metabolites used as food or food additives in Asia for centuries are subjected to constant physical and chemical changes and different genus. With...
Quantitative Proteomics Analysis by Sequential Window Acquisition of All Theoretical Mass Spectra-Mass Spectrometry Reveals Inhibition Mechanism of Pigments and Citrinin Production of Response to High Ammonium Chloride Concentration.
Various bioactive metabolites used as food or food additives in Asia for centuries are subjected to constant physical and chemical changes and different genus. With the aim to identify enzymes that participate in or indirectly regulate the pigments and citrinin biosynthesis pathways of cultured under high ammonium chloride, the changes of the proteome profile were examined using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra-mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics approach in combination with bioinformatics analysis A total of 292 proteins were confidently detected and quantified in each sample, including 163 that increased and 129 that decreased (-tests, p ≤ 0.05). Pathway analysis indicated that high ammonium chloride in the present study accelerates the carbon substrate utilization and promotes the activity of key enzymes in glycolysis and β-oxidation of fatty acid catabolism to generate sufficient acetyl-CoA. However, the synthesis of the monascus pigments and citrinin was not enhanced because of inhibition of the polyketide synthase activity. All results demonstrated that the cause of initiation of pigments and citrinin synthesis is mainly due to the apparent inhibition of acyl and acetyl transfer by some acyltransferase and acetyltransferase, likely malony-CoA:ACP transacylase.
Topics: Acetyltransferases; Acyltransferases; Ammonium Chloride; Citrinin; Fungal Proteins; Mass Spectrometry; Monascus; Pigments, Biological; Proteomics
PubMed: 31870144
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05852 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Sep 2019We performed a comparative analysis of molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of lysosomal autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1, chloroquine, and ammonium chloride in B16 mouse... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
We performed a comparative analysis of molecular cytotoxic mechanisms of lysosomal autophagy inhibitors bafilomycin A1, chloroquine, and ammonium chloride in B16 mouse melanoma cells. All agents caused oxidative stress, mitochondrial depolarization, and caspase-dependent apoptotic death, which was not affected by genetic inactivation of autophagy. Cathepsin inhibition reduced only the cytotoxicity of chloroquine, indicating its ability to cause lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Bafilomycin reduced the mRNA levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, while chloroquine and ammonium chloride increased the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic Pten and Puma, as well as anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL. Ammonium chloride additionally increased the mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic Bim and p53. All three agents decreased the activity of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and increased the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Chloroquine and ammonium chloride additionally stimulated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), respectively, while only bafilomycin increased the phosphorylation of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). mTOR activator leucine did not affect the cytotoxicity of lysosomal inhibitors. p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 reduced the cytotoxicity of bafilomycin but increased that of chloroquine and ammonium chloride. The pharmacological inhibition of ERK1/2, JNK, and AMPK potentiated the cytotoxicity of chloroquine, ammonium chloride, and bafilomycin, respectively. The observed mechanistic differences were associated with antagonistic interactions of lysosomal inhibitors in B16 cell killing. In conclusion, all investigated lysosomal inhibitors cause autophagy-independent mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptotic death, but differ in the ability to affect lysosomal permeabilization, balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules of Bcl-2 family, and MAPK/AMPK signaling.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival; Lysosomes; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Melanoma, Experimental; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mice; Oxidative Stress
PubMed: 31310755
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172540 -
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and... Feb 2020Ammonium, an end-product of catabolism, in low doses can promote adaptation of metabolic pathways in erythrocytes under conditions of extreme physical exercise. We...
Ammonium, an end-product of catabolism, in low doses can promote adaptation of metabolic pathways in erythrocytes under conditions of extreme physical exercise. We compared the effects of two ammonium salts, ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate, in two doses on biochemical parameters of rat erythrocytes 1 day after extreme physical exercise in a 4-week cycle of forced swimming. Of 16 analyzed parameters, the maximum number of significant shifts from the control was revealed in the groups of rats receiving ammonium chloride in doses of 20 and 10 mg/kg, and the minimal number of differences was found in groups treated with ammonium carbonate in the same doses. The comparison of the levels of reduced glutathione and 2.3-bisphosphoglicerate and activities of 5'-nucleotidase and Ca- and Na/K-ATPases attested to more rigorous control of the mechanism of oxygen delivery to tissues by erythrocytes after administration of ammonium chloride in a dose of 20 mg/kg.
Topics: 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate; 5'-Nucleotidase; Adaptation, Physiological; Ammonium Chloride; Animals; Antioxidants; Calcium-Transporting ATPases; Carbonates; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Erythrocytes; Gene Expression; Glutathione; Oxidative Stress; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Physical Exertion; Rats; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; Swimming
PubMed: 32146621
DOI: 10.1007/s10517-020-04728-6 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Dec 2023Fruit rotting at the postharvest stage severely limits their marketing supply chains and shelf-life. Thus, developing a green and cost-effective approach to extend the...
Fruit rotting at the postharvest stage severely limits their marketing supply chains and shelf-life. Thus, developing a green and cost-effective approach to extend the shelf-life of perishable foods is highly desired. In this study, inspired by the mussel-adhesion strategy, a multifunctional fruit coating material has been developed using a quaternized catechol-functionalized chitosan (CQ-CS) grafted with 2, 3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and 3, 4-dihydroxy benzaldehyde. The as-prepared CQ-CS coating exhibited excellent mechanical properties, universal surface adhesion abilities, antimicrobial and antioxidant capacities without any potential toxicity effects. Using strawberry and banana as model fruits, we showed that the CQ-CS coating could effectively maintain the fruit's firmness and color, decrease the weight loss rate, and prevent microbial growth, thus finally extending their shelf- life when compared to uncoated samples, indicating the universal application of the as-prepared CQ-CS coating. These findings demonstrated that this novel conformal coating of CQ-CS has great potential for fruit preservation in the food industry.
Topics: Fruit; Chitosan; Edible Films; Ammonium Chloride; Antioxidants
PubMed: 37739502
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121293 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021Safoof-e-Pathar phori (SPP) is an Unani poly-herbomineral formulation, which has for a long time been used as a medicine due to its antiurolithiatic activity, as per the...
Safoof-e-Pathar phori (SPP) is an Unani poly-herbomineral formulation, which has for a long time been used as a medicine due to its antiurolithiatic activity, as per the Unani Pharmacopoeia. This powder formulation is prepared using six different plant/mineral constituents. In this study, we explored the antiurolithiatic and antioxidant potentials of SPP (at 700 and 1,000 mg/kg) in albino Wistar rats with urolithiasis induced by 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) and 1% ammonium chloride (AC). Long-term oral toxicity studies were performed according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines for 90 days at an oral dose of 700 mg/kg of SPP. The EG urolithiatic toxicant group had significantly higher levels of urinary calcium, serum creatinine, blood urea, and tissue lipid peroxidation and significantly ( < 0.001 vs control) lower levels of urinary sodium and potassium than the normal control group. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of refractile crystals in the tubular epithelial cell and damage to proximal tubular epithelium in the toxicant group but not in the SPP treatment groups. Treatment of SPP at 700 and 1,000 mg/kg significantly ( < 0.001 vs toxicant) lowered urinary calcium, serum creatinine, blood urea, and lipid peroxidation in urolithiatic rats, 21 days after induction of urolithiasis compared to the toxicant group. A long-term oral toxicity study revealed the normal growth of animals without any significant change in hematological, hepatic, and renal parameters; there was no evidence of abnormal histology of the heart, kidney, liver, spleen, or stomach tissues. These results suggest the usefulness of SPP as an antiurolithiatic and an antioxidant agent, and long-term daily oral consumption of SPP was found to be safe in albino Wistar rats for up to 3 months. Thus, SPP may be safe for clinical use as an antiurolithiatic formulation.
PubMed: 33935697
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.597990 -
PloS One 2023Nitrogen use efficiency is an important index in ruminants and can be indirectly evaluated through the N isotopic discrimination between the animal and its diet...
Nitrogen use efficiency is an important index in ruminants and can be indirectly evaluated through the N isotopic discrimination between the animal and its diet (Δ15Nanimal-diet). The concentration and source of N may determine both the extent of the N isotopic discrimination in bacteria and N use efficiency. We hypothesised that the uptake and release of ammonia by rumen bacteria will affect the natural 15N enrichment of the bacterial biomass over their substrates (Δ15Nbacteria-substrate) and thereby further impacting Δ15Nanimal-diet. To test this hypothesis, two independent in vitro experiments were conducted using two contrasting N sources (organic vs inorganic) at different levels either in pure rumen bacteria culture incubations (Experiment #1) or in mixed rumen cultures (Experiment #2). In Experiment #1, tryptone casein or ammonium chloride were tested at low (1 mM N) and high (11.5 mM N) concentrations on three rumen bacterial strains (Fibrobacter succinogenes, Eubacterium limosum and Xylanibacter ruminicola) incubated in triplicate in anaerobic batch monocultures during 48h. In Experiment #2 mixed rumen cultures were incubated during 120 h with peptone or ammonium chloride at five different levels of N (1.5, 3, 4.5, 6 and 12-mM). In experiment #1, Δ15Nbacteria-substrate was lowest when the ammonia-consumer bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes was grown on ammonium chloride, and highest when the proteolytic bacterial strain Xylanibacter ruminicola was grown on tryptone. In experiment #2, Δ15Nbacteria-substrate was lower with inorganic (ammonium chloride) vs organic (peptone) N source. A strong negative correlation between Δ15Nbacteria-substrate and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, a potential fibrolytic rumen bacterium, was detected. Together, our results showed that Δ15Nbacteria-substrate may change according to the balance between synthesis of microbial protein from ammonia versus non-ammonia N sources and confirm the key role of rumen bacteria as modulators of Δ15Nanimal-diet.
Topics: Animals; Nitrogen Isotopes; Ammonium Chloride; Peptones; Rumen; Bacteria; Nitrogen; Ammonia; Bacteroides
PubMed: 37703250
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291243 -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Apr 2021The mechanism for protein stabilization or destabilization has long been an open quest. In the present study, we have studied the interactions between amino acids and...
The mechanism for protein stabilization or destabilization has long been an open quest. In the present study, we have studied the interactions between amino acids and guanidinium (Gdm)/ammonium (NH) ions by using low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR), where Gdm and NH are denaturant and stabilizer for proteins, respectively. It shows that Gdm favors to bind to the thiol group or the hydroxyl group on the side chain but weakly interacts with the α-carboxyl group. In contrast, NH prefers to bind to the α-carboxyl group but slightly interacts with the thiol group or the hydroxyl group on the side chain of amino acids. HNMR reveals the hydrogen bonding between NH and the α-carboxyl group, which is not involved in the interactions between Gdm and cysteine. Our study demonstrates that the strong interactions between the denaturant and the sulfur atom or the disulfide bond promote the direct binding of the denaturant toward proteins, leading to the destabilization.
Topics: Amino Acids; Ammonium Chloride; Cations; Guanidine; Hydrogen; Protein Stability; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Solutions
PubMed: 33631673
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.017 -
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics Feb 2022We found through previous research that hyperammonemia can cause secondary liver damage. However, whether hepatocytes are target cells of ammonia toxicity and whether...
BACKGROUND
We found through previous research that hyperammonemia can cause secondary liver damage. However, whether hepatocytes are target cells of ammonia toxicity and whether hyperammonemia affects hepatocyte metabolism remain unknown.
AIMS
The purpose of the current study is to examine whether the hepatocyte is a specific target cell of ammonia toxicity and whether hyperammonemia can interfere with hepatocyte metabolism.
METHODS
Cell viability and apoptosis were analyzed in primary hepatocytes and other cells that had been exposed to ammonium chloride. Western blotting was adopted to examine the expression of proteins related to ammonia transport. We also established a metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to understand the characteristics of the hepatocyte metabolic spectrum in a hyperammonemia microenvironment, to screen and identify differential metabolites, and to determine the differential metabolic pathway. Different technologies were used to verify the differential metabolic pathways.
RESULTS
Hepatocytes are target cells of ammonia toxicity. The mechanism is related to the ammonia transporter. Hyperammonemia interferes with hepatocyte metabolism, which leads to TCA cycle, urea cycle, and RNA synthesis disorder.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that hepatocyte growth and metabolism are disturbed in a hyperammonemia microenvironment, which further deteriorates hepatocyte function.
Topics: Ammonium Chloride; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Cellular Microenvironment; Citric Acid Cycle; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Hepatocytes; Humans; Hyperammonemia; Metabolomics
PubMed: 34932992
DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109109