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MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Apr 2024
Topics: Humans; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 38637399
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-024-3861-z -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Mar 2024
Topics: Humans; Testosterone Congeners; Testosterone
PubMed: 38453872
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-024-3710-0 -
Sexual Medicine Reviews Oct 2022For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders,... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
For several decades, testosterone and its synthetic derivatives have been used for anabolic and androgenic purposes. Initially restricted to professional bodybuilders, these substances gradually became more popular with recreational weightlifters. Considering its increasing prevalence, the consumption of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has become a matter of great concern. Although most side effects are mild and reversible, some of them can cause permanent damage or can be potentially life threatening.
OBJECTIVES
To review and summarize medical literature regarding misuse and abuse of testosterone and other androgens, in order to provide evidence-based information on the main topics related to this subject, such as how to identify and how to deal with these patients, and to elucidate the multiple possible adverse effects secondary to this practice.
METHODS
Key studies were retrieved from PubMed (1989-2021) with reference searches from relevant articles. Search terms included "hypogonadism", "anabolic androgenic steroids", "androgens", "misuse AND testosterone", "abuse AND testosterone", and "side effects AND testosterone".
RESULTS
There is a significant lack of information in the peer-reviewed literature describing demographic data, implications for different organ systems and the management of current or former AAS users; however, androgen abuse has been already linked to a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic, endocrine, neurological, psychiatric and liver disorders. Despite all this, most physicians still feel uncomfortable and hesitate to discuss the issue with patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The chronic use of high doses of AAS is associated with adverse effects in several organ systems; however, there are still many gaps in our knowledge about the long-term consequences of this practice and how to deal with these patients. Healthcare professionals have a crucial role in combating this public health problem, recognizing and preventing the spread of androgen abuse.
Topics: Humans; Anabolic Agents; Anabolic Androgenic Steroids; Androgens; Hypogonadism; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 37051948
DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2021.10.002 -
Minerva Endocrinology Mar 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; SARS-CoV-2; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 34748296
DOI: 10.23736/S2724-6507.21.03695-2 -
The Biochemical Journal May 2021Cancer cachexia often occurs in malignant tumors and is a multifactorial and complex symptom characterized by wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in... (Review)
Review
Cancer cachexia often occurs in malignant tumors and is a multifactorial and complex symptom characterized by wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, resulting in weight loss, poor life quality and shorter survival. The pathogenic mechanism of cancer cachexia is complex, involving a variety of molecular substrates and signal pathways. Advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms of cancer cachexia have provided a platform for the development of new targeted therapies. Although recent outcomes of early-phase trials have showed that several drugs presented an ideal curative effect, monotherapy cannot be entirely satisfactory in the treatment of cachexia-associated symptoms due to its complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. Therefore, the lack of definitive therapeutic strategies for cancer cachexia emphasizes the need to develop a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Increasing evidences show that the progression of cachexia is associated with metabolic alternations, which mainly include excessive energy expenditure, increased proteolysis and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we provided an overview of the key mechanisms of cancer cachexia, with a major focus on muscle atrophy, adipose tissue wasting, anorexia and fatigue and updated the latest progress of pharmacological management of cancer cachexia, thereby further advancing the interventions that can counteract cancer cachexia.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Anorexia; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Appetite Stimulants; Cachexia; Fatigue; Humans; Mitochondria; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Neoplasms; Quality of Life; Survival Analysis; Testosterone Congeners; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33970218
DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20201009 -
MMW Fortschritte Der Medizin Jun 2022
Topics: Humans; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 35650507
DOI: 10.1007/s15006-022-1202-7 -
Journal of Internal Medicine Aug 2019
Topics: Humans; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 30957922
DOI: 10.1111/joim.12885 -
Pharmaceutical Medicine Dec 2020
Topics: Female; Humans; Accreditation; Administration, Sublingual; Anticonvulsants; Communication; COVID-19; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Ethics, Pharmacy; Fentanyl; Homeopathy; SARS-CoV-2; State Medicine; Testosterone Congeners; United Kingdom; Vaccines; Valproic Acid
PubMed: 33289911
DOI: 10.1007/s40290-020-00363-8 -
Experimental Physiology Dec 2022What is the main observation in this case? Co-administration of LGD-4033 and MK-677 increased body mass, lean mass and fat mass, while negatively impacting bone, serum...
NEW FINDINGS
What is the main observation in this case? Co-administration of LGD-4033 and MK-677 increased body mass, lean mass and fat mass, while negatively impacting bone, serum lipids, liver enzymes, testosterone (total and free) and, probably, follicle-stimulating hormone. What insights does it reveal? Our cross-sectional data imply that these compounds might alter intramuscular androgenic hormone and receptor concentrations along with promoting muscular strength, when compared with previously published data from trained males.
ABSTRACT
LGD-4033, a selective androgen receptor modulator, and MK-677, a growth hormone secretagogue, are being used increasingly amongst recreationally active demographics. However, limited data exist describing their effects on health- and androgen-related biomarkers. The purpose of this case study was to determine changes in body composition and biomarkers during and after continued co-administration of LGD-4033 and MK-677. We also aimed to examine muscular strength and intramuscular androgen-associated biomarkers relative to non-users. A 25-year-old male ingested LGD-4033 (10 mg) and MK-677 (15 mg) daily for 5 weeks. Blood and body composition metrics were obtained pre-, on- and post-cycle. One-repetition maximum leg and bench press, in addition to intramuscular androgens and androgen receptor content, were analysed on-cycle. We observed pre- to on-cycle changes in body composition (body mass, +6.0%; total lean body mass, +3.1%; trunk lean body mass, +6.6%; appendicular lean body mass, +4.3%; total fat mass, +15.4%; trunk fat mass, +2.8%; and appendicular fat mass, +14.8%), bone (bone mineral content, -3.60%; area, -1.1%; and bone mineral density, -2.1%), serum lipid-associated biomarkers (cholesterol, +14.8%; triglycerides, +39.2%; low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, +40.0%; and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, -36.4%), liver-associated biomarkers (aspartate aminotransferase, +95.8%; and alanine aminotransferase, +205.0%) and androgen-associated biomarkers (free testosterone, -85.7%; total testosterone, -62.3%; and sex hormone-binding globulin, -79.6%); however, all variables returned to pre-cycle values post-cycle, apart from total fat mass, appendicular fat mass, bone area, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Follicle-stimulating hormone was below clinical reference values on- (1.2 IU/L) and post-cycle (1.3 IU/L). Intramuscular androgen receptor (-44.6%), testosterone (+47.8%) and dihydrotestosterone (+34.4%), in addition to one-repetition maximum leg press and bench press (+39.2 and +32.0%, respectively), were different in the case subject compared with non-users. These data demonstrate that LGD-4033 and MK-677 increase several body composition parameters, whilst negatively impacting bone and several serum biomarkers. Given the sparsity of data in recreationally using demographics, further research is warranted to elucidate the acute and chronic physiological effects of these anabolic agents.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Androgens; Receptors, Androgen; Cross-Sectional Studies; Body Composition; Testosterone; Muscle, Skeletal; Biomarkers; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Lipoproteins, LDL
PubMed: 36303408
DOI: 10.1113/EP090741 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Jul 2022Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects.... (Review)
Review
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are a group of molecules including endogenous testosterone and synthetic derivatives that have both androgenic and anabolic effects. These properties make them therapeutically beneficial in medical conditions such as hypogonadism. However, they are commonly bought illegally and misused for their anabolic, skeletal muscle building, and performance-enhancing effects. Supraphysiologic and long-term use of AASs affects all organs, leading to cardiovascular, neurological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, renal, and hematologic disorders. Hepatotoxicity is one of the major concerns regarding AASs treatment and abuse. Testosterone and its derivatives have been most often shown to induce a specific form of cholestasis, peliosis hepatis, and hepatic benign and malignant tumors. It is currently believed that mechanisms of pathogenesis of these disorders include disturbance of antioxidative factors, upregulation of bile acid synthesis, and induction of hepatocyte hyperplasia. Most toxicity cases are treated with supportive measures and liver function normalizes with discontinuation of AAS. However, some long-term consequences are irreversible. AAS-induced liver injury should be taken in consideration in patients with liver disorders, especially with the increasing unintentional ingestion of supplements containing AAS. In this paper, we review the most current knowledge about AAS-associated adverse effects on the liver, and their clinical presentations, prevalence, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
Topics: Anabolic Agents; Androgens; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic; Humans; Testosterone; Testosterone Congeners
PubMed: 36051334
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i26.3071