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Recent applications of microextraction sample preparation techniques in biological samples analysis.Biomedical Chromatography : BMC Jul 2021Analysis of biological samples is affected by interfering substances with chemical properties similar to those of the target analytes, such as drugs. Biological samples... (Review)
Review
Analysis of biological samples is affected by interfering substances with chemical properties similar to those of the target analytes, such as drugs. Biological samples such as whole blood, plasma, serum, urine and saliva must be properly processed for separation, purification, enrichment and chemical modification to meet the requirements of the analytical instruments. This causes the sample preparation stage to be of undeniable importance in the analysis of such samples through methods such as microextraction techniques. The scope of this review will cover a comprehensive summary of available literature data on microextraction techniques playing a key role for analytical purposes, methods of their implementation in common biological samples, and finally, the most recent examples of application of microextraction techniques in preconcentration of analytes from urine, blood and saliva samples. The objectives and merits of each microextration technique are carefully described in detail with respect to the nature of the biological samples. This review presents the most recent and innovative work published on microextraction application in common biological samples, mostly focused on original studies reported from 2017 to date. The main sections of this review comprise an introduction to the microextraction techniques supported by recent application studies involving quantitative and qualitative results and summaries of the most significant, recently published applications of microextracion methods in biological samples. This article considers recent applications of several microextraction techniques in the field of sample preparation for biological samples including urine, blood and saliva, with consideration for extraction techniques, sample preparation and instrumental detection systems.
Topics: Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; Animals; Biomarkers; Humans; Liquid Phase Microextraction; Rats; Solid Phase Microextraction; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 33660303
DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5105 -
Bioanalysis Feb 2024Endogenous therapeutic analytes include hormones, neurotransmitters, vitamins, fatty acids and inorganic elements that are naturally present in the body because either... (Review)
Review
Endogenous therapeutic analytes include hormones, neurotransmitters, vitamins, fatty acids and inorganic elements that are naturally present in the body because either the body produces them or they are present in the normal diet. The accurate measurement of endogenous therapeutic analytes poses a challenge when the administered exogenous therapeutic analyte and its endogenous counterpart cannot be distinguished. In this article, real case examples with endogenous therapeutic analyte bioanalysis during drug development in support of regulatory submissions are collected and presented. The article highlights common challenges encountered and lessons learned related to bioanalysis of endogenous therapeutic analytes and provides practical tips and strategies to consider from a regulatory perspective.
Topics: Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Drug Development; Fatty Acids
PubMed: 38088828
DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0209 -
Methods and Applications in Fluorescence Apr 2023The wavelength-ratiometric techniques demonstrate strong advantages in fluorescence sensing and imaging over techniques employing variations of intensity at single... (Review)
Review
The wavelength-ratiometric techniques demonstrate strong advantages in fluorescence sensing and imaging over techniques employing variations of intensity at single wavelength. We present different possibilities for realization of these advantages in different simplified, miniaturized and multiplexing devices. They include the smartphone-based detection systems and strips, in which the color changes are observed with naked eye. The array-based techniques and different immunoassays with-ratiometric detection demonstrate strongly increased stability and sensitivity. The application areas extend from on-site monitoring of environment and point-of-care diagnostics to testing in personal need. Selected examples of sensing different analytes in chemical and biological systems demonstrate multiple possibilities of coupling the analyte-sensor interaction with the generation of-ratiometric output signal. Among them, simultaneous detection of several analytes and performing logical operations that can be useful in analysis. Finally, the benefits of multicolor ratiometric fluorescence imaging are demonstrated by visualization the functionally important parameters of biological membranes.
Topics: Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Fluorescent Dyes; Fluorometry; Quantum Dots; Optical Imaging
PubMed: 36958041
DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/acc715 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023On-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) can be performed by various analytical techniques. Devices using well-established techniques such as ion mobility... (Review)
Review
On-site detection of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) can be performed by various analytical techniques. Devices using well-established techniques such as ion mobility spectrometry, flame photometry, infrared and Raman spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (usually combined with gas chromatography) are quite complex and expensive to purchase and operate. For this reason, other solutions based on analytical techniques well suited to portable devices are still being sought. Analyzers based on simple semiconductor sensors may be a potential alternative to the currently used CWA field detectors. In sensors of this type, the conductivity of the semiconductor layer changes upon interaction with the analyte. Metal oxides (both in the form of polycrystalline powders and various nanostructures), organic semiconductors, carbon nanostructures, silicon and various composites that are a combination of these materials are used as a semiconductor material. The selectivity of a single oxide sensor can be adjusted to specific analytes within certain limits by using the appropriate semiconductor material and sensitizers. This review presents the current state of knowledge and achievements in the field of semiconductor sensors for CWA detection. The article describes the principles of operation of semiconductor sensors, discusses individual solutions used for CWA detection present in the scientific literature and makes a critical comparison of them. The prospects for the development and practical application of this analytical technique in CWA field analysis are also discussed.
PubMed: 36991985
DOI: 10.3390/s23063272 -
Biosensors & Bioelectronics Jan 2020Personal glucose meters (PGMs) have been used for the measurement of blood glucose for decades now such that they have become the most used analytical method in the... (Review)
Review
Personal glucose meters (PGMs) have been used for the measurement of blood glucose for decades now such that they have become the most used analytical method in the world. They are also well placed to be repurposed for point-of-care testing of other analytes as they are inexpensive, portable and quantitative. Efforts to repurpose PGMs for the detection of any analyte at the point-of-care have been one focus of biosensor research for several years now with a number of successful efforts in the detection of a wide range of analytes. This article reviews the published methods to repurpose a PGM to detect analytes other than glucose, and analyses the potential and the challenges to be overcome in developing a PGM-based biosensor and bring it to market.
Topics: Animals; Biosensing Techniques; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Humans; Point-of-Care Systems
PubMed: 31707326
DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111835 -
Journal of Pharmaceutical and... Jan 2021Binding between cyclodextrin (CD) cavity and guest molecule in Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) is dynamic process. In general, increasing...
Binding between cyclodextrin (CD) cavity and guest molecule in Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) is dynamic process. In general, increasing CD concentration is inducing inclusion complex formation, leading to reduction of analyte's retention time. Consequently, the shortness in retention time is a measure of complex stability in HPLC. However, under certain experimental conditions, the retention of some analytes could be prolonged even when concentration of CD in the mobile phase is increased. In order to reveal the cause of this unexpected retention behavior, the present study was carried on. The model mixture consisted of risperidone, olanzapine and their related impurities, while β-CD was selected among CDs, as in the previous study. In order to achieve fast equilibrium between free analyte and β-CD-analyte complex, β-CD was not added to the mobile phase, but only to the sample. Detection was performed with Corona Charged Aerosol Detector (CAD), suitable for non-chromophoric β-CD. When analyzing olanzapine impurity B-β-CD sample, three peaks were detected, namely free β-CD, β-CD-analyte complex and free analyte. The complex stability constant was calculated employing a modification of the Benesi-Hildebrandt equation and CAD has proven to be useful in complex stability constants assessment if retention of free analyte and β-CD-analyte complex is distinguished. For all other analytes only two peaks could be detected, because free analyte and formed complex are eluting at the same retention time. Under such circumstances, the authors proposed the methodology for calculating stability constants and confirmed its applicability to studied model mixture.
Topics: Aerosols; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Reverse-Phase; Risperidone; beta-Cyclodextrins
PubMed: 33137595
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113711 -
Biosensors Mar 2024Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystals that have high designability and great potential in designing, encapsulating, and immobilizing nanozymes. COF... (Review)
Review
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous crystals that have high designability and great potential in designing, encapsulating, and immobilizing nanozymes. COF nanozymes have also attracted extensive attention in analyte sensing and detection because of their abundant active sites, high enzyme-carrying capacity, and significantly improved stability. In this paper, we classify COF nanozymes into three types and review their characteristics and advantages. Then, the synthesis methods of these COF nanozymes are introduced, and their performances are compared in a list. Finally, the applications of COF nanozymes in environmental analysis, food analysis, medicine analysis, disease diagnosis, and treatment are reviewed. Furthermore, we also discuss the application prospects of COF nanozymes and the challenges they face.
Topics: Metal-Organic Frameworks; Biosensing Techniques; Nanostructures; Chemistry, Analytic; Food Analysis; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical
PubMed: 38667156
DOI: 10.3390/bios14040163 -
Biosensors Sep 2021In the last 10 years, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gathered attention from the scientific community for their unique advantages and sustainability vision.... (Review)
Review
In the last 10 years, paper-based electrochemical biosensors have gathered attention from the scientific community for their unique advantages and sustainability vision. The use of papers in the design the electrochemical biosensors confers to these analytical tools several interesting features such as the management of the solution flow without external equipment, the fabrication of reagent-free devices exploiting the porosity of the paper to store the reagents, and the unprecedented capability to detect the target analyte in gas phase without any sampling system. Furthermore, cost-effective fabrication using printing technologies, including wax and screen-printing, combined with the use of this eco-friendly substrate and the possibility of reducing waste management after measuring by the incineration of the sensor, designate these type of sensors as eco-designed analytical tools. Additionally, the foldability feature of the paper has been recently exploited to design and fabricate 3D multifarious biosensors, which are able to detect different target analytes by using enzymes, antibodies, DNA, molecularly imprinted polymers, and cells as biocomponents. Interestingly, the 3D structure has recently boosted the self-powered paper-based biosensors, opening new frontiers in origami devices. This review aims to give an overview of the current state origami paper-based biosensors, pointing out how the foldability of the paper allows for the development of sensitive, selective, and easy-to-use smart and sustainable analytical devices.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Paper
PubMed: 34562920
DOI: 10.3390/bios11090328 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Aug 2020Discovery of new protein biomarker candidates has become a major research goal in the areas of clinical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biomedicine. These important... (Review)
Review
Discovery of new protein biomarker candidates has become a major research goal in the areas of clinical chemistry, analytical chemistry, and biomedicine. These important species constitute the molecular target when it comes to diagnosis, prognosis, and further monitoring of disease. However, their analysis requires powerful, selective and high-throughput sample preparation and product (analyte) characterisation approaches. In general, manual sample processing is tedious, complex and time-consuming, especially when large numbers of samples have to be processed (e.g., in clinical studies). Automation via microtiter-plate platforms involving robotics has brought improvements in high-throughput performance while comparable or even better precisions and repeatability (intra-day, inter-day) were achieved. At the same time, waste production and exposure of laboratory personnel to hazards were reduced. In comprehensive protein analysis workflows (e.g., liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis), sample preparation is an unavoidable step. This review surveys the recent achievements in automation of bottom-up and top-down protein and/or proteomics approaches. Emphasis is put on high-end multi-well plate robotic platforms developed for clinical analysis and other biomedical applications. The literature from 2013 to date has been covered.
Topics: Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Humans; Proteins; Robotics
PubMed: 32305536
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.015 -
Chemistry (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Apr 2024The detection of analytes with small molecular probes is crucial for the analysis and understanding of chemical, medicinal, environmental and biological situations as...
The detection of analytes with small molecular probes is crucial for the analysis and understanding of chemical, medicinal, environmental and biological situations as well as processes. Classic detection approaches rely on the concept of molecular recognition and bond formation reactions. Bond breakage reactions have been less explored in similar contexts. This concept article introduces metal-salen and metal-imine complexes as "covalent-disassembly"-based (DB)-probes for detecting polyoxophosphates, thiols, amino acids, HCN and changes in pH. It discusses the roles, importance and combinations of structurally functionalized molecular building blocks in the construction of DB-probes. Applications of optimized DB-probes for analyte detection in live cells and foodstuff are also discussed. Furthermore, the mechanism of the disassembly of a Fe(III)-salen probe upon pyrophosphate binding is presented. Extraordinary selectivity for this analyte was achieved by a multistep disassembly sequence including an unprecedented structural change of the metal complex (i. e. "induced-fit" principle). Design principles of probes for sensing applications following the "covalent-disassembly" approach are summarized, which will help improving current systems, but will also facilitate the development of new DB-probes for challenging analytic targets.
Topics: Ferric Compounds; Metals; Ethylenediamines; Coordination Complexes
PubMed: 38179824
DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302705