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Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Mar 2023Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are an area of active investigation in clinical chemistry. Numerous publications have demonstrated the promise of AI across all... (Review)
Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) applications are an area of active investigation in clinical chemistry. Numerous publications have demonstrated the promise of AI across all phases of testing including preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases; this includes novel methods for detecting common specimen collection errors, predicting laboratory results and diagnoses, and enhancing autoverification workflows. Although AI applications pose several ethical and operational challenges, these technologies are expected to transform the practice of the clinical chemistry laboratory in the near future.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Chemistry, Clinical
PubMed: 36764808
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2022.09.005 -
International Journal of Laboratory... Aug 2019Morphological assessment of the blood smear has been performed by conventional manual microscopy for many decades. Recently, rapid progress in digital imaging and... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Morphological assessment of the blood smear has been performed by conventional manual microscopy for many decades. Recently, rapid progress in digital imaging and information technology has led to the development of automated methods of digital morphological analysis of blood smears.
METHODS
A panel of experts in laboratory hematology reviewed the literature on the use of digital imaging and other strategies for the morphological analysis of blood smears. The strengths and weaknesses of digital imaging were determined, and recommendations on improvement were proposed.
RESULTS
By preclassifying cells using artificial intelligence algorithms, digital image analysis automates the blood smear review process and enables faster slide reviews. Digital image analyzers also allow remote networked laboratories to transfer images rapidly to a central laboratory for review, and facilitate a variety of essential work functions in laboratory hematology such as consultations, digital image archival, libraries, quality assurance, competency assessment, education, and training. Different instruments from several manufacturers are available, but there is a lack of standardization of staining methods, optical magnifications, color and display characteristics, hardware, software, and file formats.
CONCLUSION
In order to realize the full potential of Digital Morphology Hematology Analyzers, pre-analytic, analytic, and postanalytic parameters should be standardized. Manufacturers of new instruments should focus on improving the accuracy of cell preclassifications, and the automated recognition and classification of pathological cell types. Cutoffs for grading morphological abnormalities should depend on clinical significance. With all current devices, a skilled morphologist remains essential for cell reclassification and diagnostic interpretation of the blood smear.
Topics: Hematology; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Microscopy; Software
PubMed: 31046197
DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13042 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2020While antibodies remain established therapeutic and diagnostic tools, other protein scaffolds are emerging as effective and safer alternatives. Affibodies in particular...
While antibodies remain established therapeutic and diagnostic tools, other protein scaffolds are emerging as effective and safer alternatives. Affibodies in particular are a new class of small proteins marketed as bio-analytic reagents. They feature tailorable binding affinity, low immunogenicity, high tissue permeation, and high expression titer in bacterial hosts. This work presents the development of affibody-binding peptides to be utilized as ligands for their purification from bacterial lysates. Affibody-binding candidates were identified by screening a peptide library simultaneously against two model affibodies (anti-immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-albumin) with the aim of selecting peptides targeting the conserved domain of affibodies. An ensemble of homologous sequences identified from screening was synthesized on Toyopearl resin and evaluated via binding studies to select sequences that afford high product binding and recovery. The affibody-peptide interaction was also evaluated by in silico docking, which corroborated the targeting of the conserved domain. Ligand IGKQRI was validated through purification of an anti-ErbB2 affibody from an lysate. The values of binding capacity (~5 mg affibody per mL of resin), affinity (K ~1 μM), recovery and purity (64-71% and 86-91%), and resin lifetime (100 cycles) demonstrate that IGKQRI can be employed as ligand in affibody purification processes.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Ligands; Molecular Docking Simulation; Peptide Library; Peptides; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Serum Albumin, Human; Temperature
PubMed: 32471034
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113769 -
Chemical Reviews Sep 2022Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated in a small icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with 60 subunits. AAV is the leading delivery... (Review)
Review
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated in a small icosahedrally symmetric protein shell with 60 subunits. AAV is the leading delivery vector in emerging gene therapy treatments for inherited disorders, so its structure and molecular interactions with human hosts are of intense interest. A wide array of electron microscopic approaches have been used to visualize the virus and its complexes, depending on the scientific question, technology available, and amenability of the sample. Approaches range from subvolume tomographic analyses of complexes with large and flexible host proteins to detailed analysis of atomic interactions within the virus and with small ligands at resolutions as high as 1.6 Å. Analyses have led to the reclassification of glycan receptors as attachment factors, to structures with a new-found receptor protein, to identification of the epitopes of antibodies, and a new understanding of possible neutralization mechanisms. AAV is now well-enough characterized that it has also become a model system for EM methods development. Heralding a new era, cryo-EM is now also being deployed as an analytic tool in the process development and production quality control of high value pharmaceutical biologics, namely AAV vectors.
Topics: Cryoelectron Microscopy; Dependovirus; Epitopes; Genetic Therapy; Humans
PubMed: 35575684
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00936 -
Bioconjugate Chemistry Nov 2023Modified antibodies have essential roles in analytic, diagnostic, and therapeutic uses, and thus, these antibodies are required to have optimal physical and biological...
Modified antibodies have essential roles in analytic, diagnostic, and therapeutic uses, and thus, these antibodies are required to have optimal physical and biological properties. Consequently, the development of methods for site-selective antibody modification is crucial. Herein, we used epitope-based affinity labeling to introduce a Fab region-selective antibody modification method. Although labeling that exploits the high affinity between an antibody and its epitope may appear straightforward, it remains challenging probably because of the loss of target affinity caused by modification around the epitope-binding site. By thoroughly screening the modifying agent structure, reaction conditions, and purification methods, we developed an efficient method for the selective modification of the Fab region of the antibody while maintaining the high affinity for the epitope.
Topics: Epitopes; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments; Antibody Affinity
PubMed: 37861691
DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00340 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Sep 2022
Topics: Chemistry, Analytic
PubMed: 35831536
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04211-3 -
Journal of Proteome Research Apr 2022Advanced analytic techniques, such as ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry, as well as improved bioinformatics technology, have promoted the field of genome... (Review)
Review
Advanced analytic techniques, such as ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry, as well as improved bioinformatics technology, have promoted the field of genome annotation forward and have identified thousands of likely coding short open reading frames (sORFs) in the human genome. The discovery of sORFs and their products allows us to realize that the complexity of the human genome is far greater than previously assumed. Here, we provide a review of human micropeptides encoded by various transcripts such as mitochondrial rRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, circular RNAs, upstream of mRNAs, and so on.
Topics: Computational Biology; Genome, Human; Humans; Open Reading Frames; Peptides; Ribosomes
PubMed: 35253438
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00889 -
Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Oct 2022
Topics: Chemistry Techniques, Analytical; Chemistry, Analytic; Green Chemistry Technology
PubMed: 35974198
DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04273-3 -
Chemical Reviews Apr 2023Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation,... (Review)
Review
Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science and applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways and to adapt toward the demand of future carbon neutrality. For the design of efficient, low-emission processes, understanding the details of the relevant chemical transformations is essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades of fossil-fuel combustion research includes general principles for establishing and validating reaction mechanisms and process models, relying on both theory and experiments with a suite of analytic monitoring and sensing techniques. Such knowledge can be advantageously applied and extended to configure, analyze, and control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding the impact of combustion and its links with chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information on exemplary cultural and technological achievements using combustion and on nature and effects of combustion emissions. Subsequently, the methodology of combustion chemistry research is described. A major part is devoted to fuels, followed by a discussion of selected combustion applications, illustrating the chemical information needed for the future.
PubMed: 37031400
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00828 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2020Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be classified as emerging porous crystalline polymers with extremely high porosity and surface area size, and good thermal... (Review)
Review
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be classified as emerging porous crystalline polymers with extremely high porosity and surface area size, and good thermal stability. These properties have awakened the interests of many areas, opening new horizons of research and applications. In the Analytical Chemistry field, COFs have found an important application in sample preparation approaches since their inherent properties clearly match, in a good number of cases, with the ideal characteristics of any extraction or clean-up sorbent. The review article is meant to provide a detailed overview of the different COFs that have been used up to now for sample preparation (i.e., solid-phase extraction in its most relevant operational modes-conventional, dispersive, magnetic/solid-phase microextraction and stir-bar sorptive extraction); the extraction devices/formats in which they have been applied; and their performances and suitability for this task.
Topics: Adsorption; Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Nanotubes, Carbon; Solid Phase Extraction
PubMed: 32698393
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143288