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Anatomical Science International Mar 2024Unfortunately, the long-awaited revision of the official anatomical nomenclature, the Terminologia Anatomica 2 (TA2), which was issued in 2019 and after a referendum...
Unfortunately, the long-awaited revision of the official anatomical nomenclature, the Terminologia Anatomica 2 (TA2), which was issued in 2019 and after a referendum among the Member Societies officially approved by the General Assembly of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists in 2020, is built on a new version of the Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT) rules. This breaks with many traditional views of terminology. These changes in the Terminologia Anatomica of 1998 (TA98) met great resistance within many European Anatomical Societies and their members are not willing to use terms following the RAT rules. European anatomy teachers and scientists using traditional Latin in their teaching, textbooks and atlases will keep using the TA98. The German Anatomical Society (Anatomische Gesellschaft) recently announced the usage of the TA2023AG in curricular anatomical media such as textbooks and atlases, based on the TA98 and the Terminologia Neuroanatomica (TNA). We are preparing a more extensive improvement of the TA98, called Terminologia Anatomica Humana (TAH). This project is fully based on the noncontroversial terms of TA98, incorporating the recent digital version (2022) of the TNA from 2017. Further, it is completed with many new terms, including those in TA2, along with their definitions and relevant references, clinical terms, and correcting inconsistencies in the TA98. The TAH is still in process, but many chapters are already freely available at the IFAA Website in Fribourg ( https://ifaa.unifr.ch ) as is the digital version of the TNA.
PubMed: 38492195
DOI: 10.1007/s12565-024-00759-5 -
Journal of Cardiovascular Development... Oct 2020Robert H. Anderson is one of the most important and accomplished cardiac anatomists of the last decades, having made major contributions to our understanding of the... (Review)
Review
Robert H. Anderson is one of the most important and accomplished cardiac anatomists of the last decades, having made major contributions to our understanding of the anatomy of normal hearts and the pathologies of acquired and congenital heart diseases. While cardiac anatomy as a research discipline has become largely subservient to molecular biology, anatomists like Professor Anderson demonstrate anatomy has much to offer. Here, we provide cases of early anatomical insights on the heart that were rediscovered, and expanded on, by molecular techniques: migration of neural crest cells to the heart was deduced from histological observations (1908) and independently shown again with experimental interventions; pharyngeal mesoderm is added to the embryonic heart (1973) in what is now defined as the molecularly distinguishable second heart field; chambers develop from the heart tube as regional pouches in what is now considered the ballooning model by the molecular identification of regional differentiation and proliferation. The anatomical discovery of the conduction system by Purkinje, His, Tawara, Keith, and Flack is a special case because the main findings were never neglected in later molecular studies. Professor Anderson has successfully demonstrated that sound knowledge of anatomy is indispensable for proper understanding of cardiac development.
PubMed: 33076272
DOI: 10.3390/jcdd7040044 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science May 2022Art in medicine, especially in anatomy, is the creative expression of the structural form of life, specifically life as manifested in human anatomy. Artists and...
Art in medicine, especially in anatomy, is the creative expression of the structural form of life, specifically life as manifested in human anatomy. Artists and anatomists together produced images of the body that combined medical knowledge and an artistic vision. In Korea, the pioneer of artistic anatomy was Lee Quede (1913-1965). During the Korean War (1950-1953), in the Geoje prisoner of war camp, he produced anatomical drawings and notes about the human body to teach artistic anatomy to his fellow refugee Lee Ju-yeong. Human anatomy, physiognomic differences among races, and phrenology are explained in those drawings. His drawing notes relied upon his own memories of what he had learned at Teikoku Art School in Japan, where he obtained knowledge on artistic anatomy from Nishida Masaaki (1894-1961). Seventy-four drawings and their explanations were produced. The table of contents was ordered starting from body proportions, followed by the skeleton, the muscles, and the head. The essential forms, proportions and movement were included. In École Supérieur des Beaux Arts in France, Kume Geichiro (1866-1934) was a pupil of Mathias Duval (1844-1907) and Paul Richer (1849-1933). In Teikoku Art School, Kume lectured on art anatomy using the books written by Duval and Richer. Kume handed over his lectures to Nishida, and Lee Quede learned from Nishida. Thereafter, Lee Quede's anatomical knowledge was based on the French artistic anatomy of the 19 century, succeeded by Kume and Nishida. Lee Quede's drawing notes are valuable documents for assessing the influence of Japanese artistic anatomy on Korean artistic anatomy.
Topics: Anatomy, Artistic; Books; Hand; Humans; Knowledge; Medicine
PubMed: 35502505
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e139 -
Academic Radiology Mar 2022Before the advent of automatism in image-making practices, scientists, anatomists, and physicians artistically depicted simplified images for scientific atlas making.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Before the advent of automatism in image-making practices, scientists, anatomists, and physicians artistically depicted simplified images for scientific atlas making. This technique conferred subjectivity to a supposedly objective scientific process, sparking confrontations between anatomists regarding accuracy that heralded a new concept in the late 19 century - mechanical objectivity - that would revolutionize scientific knowledge and the field of medicine OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this health history research study is to trace the evolution of mechanical objectivity from empirical studies of early anatomists in the 19 century to the advent of x-ray technology, digitization of imaging, and disruptive technological innovations such as artificial intelligence, while simultaneously unveiling the challenges of mitigating human bias, despite advancements in medical imaging practices.
METHODS
This narrative literature review was conducted using the Scopus® database under the guidance of both medical historians and practicing physicians to ensure its applicability and historical accuracy CONCLUSION: Despite a century-long quest for optimizing mechanical objectivity in diagnostic imaging to more accurately and efficiently interpret medical images, human bias remains an important factor. This historical review describes the development of medical imaging technologies over the last century with emphasis on the role played by human bias and subjectivity in a rapidly expanding field of medical imaging technology including artificial intelligence.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Bibliometrics; Data Collection; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans
PubMed: 33485774
DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2020.12.017 -
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review Oct 2019Until well in the 19th century, the Aristotelian concept of the scala naturae (ladder of nature) was the most common biological theory among Western scientists. It... (Review)
Review
Until well in the 19th century, the Aristotelian concept of the scala naturae (ladder of nature) was the most common biological theory among Western scientists. It dictated that only humans possessed a rational soul that provided the ability to reason and reflect. Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (1533-1592) was the first philosopher influential enough to lastingly posit that animals are cognitive creatures. His view stirred a fierce controversy, with René Descartes (1596-1650) leading among his many adversaries. Only after it became accepted that animals and humans alike have cognitive abilities, did the research on the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behavior of an animal become possible in the 20th century. We found the anatomist Andreas Vesalius (1515-1564) to have already rejected the Aristotelian view on the lack of the rational soul in animals in his 1543 opus magnum De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem. His observation "that there is a difference in size according to the amount of reason that they seem to possess: man's brain is the largest, followed by the ape's, the dog's, and so on, corresponding to the amount of rational force that we deduce each animal to have" resonated some 330 years later when Darwin concluded that "the difference in mind between man and the higher animals, great as it is, certainly is one of degree and not of kind." We conclude that Vesalius was instrumental in breaking with two millenniums of dominance of the concept of lack of animal cognition.
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Cognition; History, 15th Century; History, 16th Century; History, 17th Century; History, 18th Century; History, Ancient; History, Medieval; Humans; Philosophy
PubMed: 31368024
DOI: 10.3758/s13423-019-01643-4 -
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation... Nov 2021The innervation of the hip joint has been investigated for over 200 years by anatomists and clinicians. Knowledge of the distribution and location of these nerves... (Review)
Review
The innervation of the hip joint has been investigated for over 200 years by anatomists and clinicians. Knowledge of the distribution and location of these nerves relative to anatomic landmarks visible with image guidance is important for optimizing nerve blocks and radiofrequency ablation procedures. In this article, the innervation of the anterior and posterior hip joint is reviewed, focusing on the source of articular branches, their course, termination, and relationship to anatomic landmarks. The innervation of the hip joint is multifaceted, with articular nerves originating from many sources in close proximity to and distant from the hip joint.
Topics: Anatomic Landmarks; Hip Joint; Humans; Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; Nerve Block
PubMed: 34593140
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2021.05.009 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Jan 2020Crucifixion was a widely used form of execution for capital crimes in antiquity. Civilizations and empires perfected the technique, leading to centuries of discussions,...
Crucifixion was a widely used form of execution for capital crimes in antiquity. Civilizations and empires perfected the technique, leading to centuries of discussions, controversies, and questions, many of which concerned the death of Jesus Christ. To this day, much remains to be discovered in both religious and scientific realms. However, the aim of this study is to discuss such facts as are known from the medical perspectives of clinical anatomists. Nails/spikes were driven through the hands/wrists and feet of five adult cadavers, and the cadavers were then dissected to observe the anatomical structures that had been injured or placed at risk for injury. While many historical and archeological facts remain to be discovered, we hope that this cadaveric study will enhance our modern understanding of ancient practices from a medical and anatomical perspective. Clin. Anat. 32:12-21, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Cadaver; Foot; Foot Injuries; Hand; Hand Injuries; Humans; Male; Wounds, Penetrating
PubMed: 30989719
DOI: 10.1002/ca.23386