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Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Mar 2020Pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined by increased pressure within the pulmonary vasculature, is a hemodynamic and pathophysiologic state present in a wide variety of...
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined by increased pressure within the pulmonary vasculature, is a hemodynamic and pathophysiologic state present in a wide variety of cardiovascular, respiratory, and systemic diseases. The purpose of this consensus statement is to provide a multidisciplinary approach to guidelines for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and monitoring of PH in dogs. Comprehensive evaluation including consideration of signalment, clinical signs, echocardiographic parameters, and results of other diagnostic tests supports the diagnosis of PH and allows identification of associated underlying conditions. Dogs with PH can be classified into the following 6 groups: group 1, pulmonary arterial hypertension; group 2, left heart disease; group 3, respiratory disease/hypoxia; group 4, pulmonary emboli/pulmonary thrombi/pulmonary thromboemboli; group 5, parasitic disease (Dirofilaria and Angiostrongylus); and group 6, disorders that are multifactorial or with unclear mechanisms. The approach to treatment of PH focuses on strategies to decrease the risk of progression, complications, or both, recommendations to target underlying diseases or factors contributing to PH, and PH-specific treatments. Dogs with PH should be monitored for improvement, static condition, or progression, and any identified underlying disorder should be addressed and monitored simultaneously.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Hypertension, Pulmonary; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Societies, Scientific; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 32065428
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15725 -
The Journal of Small Animal Practice Nov 2019The fibrinolytic system is activated concurrently with coagulation; it regulates haemostasis and prevents thrombosis by restricting clot formation to the area of... (Review)
Review
The fibrinolytic system is activated concurrently with coagulation; it regulates haemostasis and prevents thrombosis by restricting clot formation to the area of vascular injury and dismantling the clot as healing occurs. Dysregulation of the fibrinolytic system, which results in hyperfibrinolysis, may manifest as clinically important haemorrhage. Hyperfibrinolysis occurs in cats and dogs secondary to a variety of congenital and acquired disorders. Acquired disorders associated with hyperfibrinolysis, such as trauma, cavitary effusions, liver disease and Angiostrongylus vasorum infection, are commonly encountered in primary care practice. In addition, delayed haemorrhage reported in greyhounds following trauma and routine surgical procedures has been attributed to a hyperfibrinolytic disorder, although this has yet to be characterised. The diagnosis of hyperfibrinolysis is challenging and, until recently, has relied on techniques that are not readily available outside referral hospitals. With the recent development of point-of-care viscoelastic techniques, assessment of fibrinolysis is now possible in referral practice. This will provide the opportunity to target haemorrhage due to hyperfibrinolysis with antifibrinolytic drugs and thereby reduce associated morbidity and mortality. The fibrinolytic system and the conditions associated with increased fibrinolytic activity in cats and dogs are the focus of this review article. In addition, laboratory and point-of-care techniques for assessing hyperfibrinolysis and antifibrinolytic treatment for patients with haemorrhage are reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Blood Coagulation; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Fibrinolysis; Hemorrhage; Strongylida Infections
PubMed: 31608455
DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13068 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2023Angiostrongyliasis is a parasitic disease caused by larvae of the genus , with and being the two main species causing diseases in humans [...].
Angiostrongyliasis is a parasitic disease caused by larvae of the genus , with and being the two main species causing diseases in humans [...].
PubMed: 37887730
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101214 -
Trends in Parasitology Dec 2021
Topics: Angiostrongylus; Animals; Strongylida Infections
PubMed: 34420866
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.08.002 -
Parasitology Feb 2021
Topics: Angiostrongylus cantonensis; Animals; Humans; Meningoencephalitis; Strongylida Infections
PubMed: 33315004
DOI: 10.1017/S003118202000236X -
Infectious Diseases of Poverty Nov 2023Gastropoda, the largest class within the phylum Mollusca, houses diverse gut microbiota, and some gastropods serve as intermediate hosts for parasites. Studies have... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gastropoda, the largest class within the phylum Mollusca, houses diverse gut microbiota, and some gastropods serve as intermediate hosts for parasites. Studies have revealed that gut bacteria in gastropods are associated with various biological aspects, such as growth, immunity and host-parasite interactions. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of gastropod gut microbiomes and highlight future research priorities and perspectives.
METHODS
A literature search was undertaken using PubMed, Web of Science and CNKI for the articles on the gut microbiota of gastropods until December 31, 2022. We retrieved a total of 166 articles and identified 73 eligible articles for inclusion in this review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.
RESULTS
Our analysis encompassed freshwater, seawater and land snails, with a specific focus on parasite-transmitting gastropods. We found that most studies on gastropod gut microbiota have primarily utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze microbial composition, rather than employing metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, or metabolomic approaches. This comprehensive review provided an overview of the parasites carried by snail species in the context of gut microbiota studies. We presented the gut microbial trends, a comprehensive summary of the diversity and composition, influencing factors, and potential functions of gastropod gut microbiota. Additionally, we discussed the potential applications, research gaps and future perspectives of gut microbiomes in parasite-transmitting gastropods. Furthermore, several strategies for enhancing our comprehension of gut microbiomes in snails were also discussed.
CONCLUSIONS
This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge on the composition, potential function, influencing factors, potential applications, limitations, and challenges of gut microbiomes in gastropods, with a specific emphasis on parasite-transmitting gastropods. These findings provide important insights for future studies aiming to understand the potential role of gastropod gut microbiota in controlling snail populations and snail-borne diseases.
Topics: Animals; Parasites; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Snails; Host-Parasite Interactions
PubMed: 38001502
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-023-01159-z -
Parasitology Nov 2022The rat lungworm is globally known to be the cause of oeosinophilic meningitis in humans. Another congener, , is closely related to and has been described as a...
The rat lungworm is globally known to be the cause of oeosinophilic meningitis in humans. Another congener, , is closely related to and has been described as a potential human pathogenic parasite. These 2 worms are similar in terms of life cycle, host range and morphological and genetic information. However, there are limited studies about their genetic diversity based on the 66-kDa protein-encoding gene. The objective of this study was to explore the 66-kDa protein sequence variation of and collected from Thailand. Two adult and 53 third-stage larval specimens of from 4 geographic locations in Thailand were molecularly identified using the 66-kDa protein gene. The phylogenetic trees (Bayesian inference tree and maximum-likelihood tree) showed that formed a monophyletic clade with a clear separation between and . The genetic distance between and varies from 0.82 to 2.86%, with a total of 16 variable sites. The analysis of genetic diversity revealed 1 and 5 new haplotypes of and , respectively, and showed genetic differences between the populations of and . The haplotype networks of and populations in Thailand are similar to those of populations in some countries, indicating the range expansion of genomic origin between populations in different areas. In conclusion, the 66-kDa protein gene was a good genetic marker for studying genetic diversity and discriminating between and .
PubMed: 36472511
DOI: 10.1017/S0031182022001573 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2021Lungworms in the genus cause disease in animals and humans. The spread of within Europe and the recent establishment of increase the relevance of these species to... (Review)
Review
Lungworms in the genus cause disease in animals and humans. The spread of within Europe and the recent establishment of increase the relevance of these species to veterinary and medical practitioners, and to researchers in parasitology, epidemiology, veterinary science and ecology. This review introduces the key members of the genus present in Europe and their impacts on health, and updates the current epidemiological situation. Expansion of from localized pockets to wide distribution across the continent has been confirmed by a rising prevalence in foxes and increasing reports of infection and disease in dogs, while the list of carnivore and mustelid definitive hosts continues to grow. The tropically distributed rat lungworm , meanwhile, has been recorded on islands south of Europe, previously the Canary Islands, and now also the Balearic Islands, although so far with limited evidence of zoonotic disease. Other members of the genus, namely, , and , are native to Europe and mainly infect wildlife, with unknown consequences for populations, although spill-over can occur into domestic animals and those in zoological collections. The epidemiology of angiostrongylosis is complex, and further research is needed on parasite maintenance in sylvatic hosts, and on the roles of ecology, behaviour and genetics in disease emergence. Improved surveillance in animals and humans is also required to support risk assessments and management.
PubMed: 34684185
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101236 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021In the past few decades, the relevance of and , causing cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs and cats, and of , causing canine angiostrongylosis, has... (Review)
Review
In the past few decades, the relevance of and , causing cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs and cats, and of , causing canine angiostrongylosis, has steadily increased in Central and Northern Europe. In this review, a summary of published articles and additional reports dealing with imported or autochthonous cases of these parasites is provided for Central (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Luxemburg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland) and Northern (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) Europe. Research efforts focusing on spp. and have varied by country, and cross-border studies are few. The housing conditions of dogs, pet movements, the spread of competent vectors, and climate change are important factors in the spread of these nematodes. Dogs kept outside overnight are a major factor for the establishment of spp. However, the establishment of invasive, diurnal, synanthropic, competent mosquito vectors such as may also influence the establishment of spp. The drivers of the spread of remain not fully understood, but it seems to be influenced by habitats shared with wild canids, dog relocation, and possibly climatic changes; its pattern of spreading appears to be similar in different countries. Both spp. and merit further monitoring and research focus in Europe.
PubMed: 34684217
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101268