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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2023Infertility is one of the primary factors for cattle reproduction in the present scenario. Reproduction-related immunoinfertility mainly involves immunization against... (Review)
Review
Infertility is one of the primary factors for cattle reproduction in the present scenario. Reproduction-related immunoinfertility mainly involves immunization against the antigens related to reproductive hormones (LHRH, GnRH, Gonadal steroids, PGF2α and oxytocin), spermatozoa, seminal plasma and ovum. Anovulation, delayed ovulation, sperm immobilization, failure of fertilization, prolonged uterine involution, extended calving interval, prolonged post-partum estrus and reduced conception rate could be a result of immunoinfertility that occur due to the blockage of receptor site by antibodies formed against hormones, sperm and ovum. Immunoinfertility can be treated in the animal by giving sexual rest to females, by using various reproductive technologies such as fertilization, gamete intra fallopian tube transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection, sperm washing and by treating the animals with immunomodulators such as LPS, Oyster glycogen, etc. This review summarizes the different causes of bovine reproductive immunoinfertility and amelioration strategies to overcome it.
PubMed: 37869494
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1248604 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of... Mar 2021Hyperandrogenic anovulation refers to the constellation of disorders that present in women with irregular menses, hirsutism and/or acne across the lifespan.... (Review)
Review
Hyperandrogenic anovulation refers to the constellation of disorders that present in women with irregular menses, hirsutism and/or acne across the lifespan. Understanding the clinical signs and symptoms of each diagnosis in the differential and laboratory testing to confirm or exclude a diagnosis allows a clinician to appropriately counsel and treat the patient.
Topics: Anovulation; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Hirsutism; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PubMed: 33518178
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2020.12.003 -
Journal of Endocrinological... Apr 2023Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women during reproductive age. It is characterized clinically by oligo-ovulation or...
INTRODUCTION
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women during reproductive age. It is characterized clinically by oligo-ovulation or anovulation, hyper-androgenism, and the presence of polycystic ovaries. Often comorbid with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and obesity, it also carries significant risk for the development of cardio-vascular and metabolic sequelae, including diabetes and metabolic syndrome. In light of these evidences, the most therapeutic option prescribed to PCOS women with obesity, regardless of the phenotype from the severity of clinical expression, is lifestyle correction by diet and physical activity.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between PCOS with KD in overweight and/or obese women with PCOS, and evaluate the possible beneficial effects on metabolic and endocrine parameters, compared to a standard, balanced hypocaloric diet such as Mediterranean diet (MD).
METHODS
Participants were assigned to receive, in a 1:1 ratio, one of the two following dietary sequences: KD or MD. In all subjects anthropometric parameters, body composition and metabolic and endocrine parameters were obtained at baseline and after dietetic treatment.
RESULTS
Our results showed a significant change in the anthropometric and biochemical parameters in both groups after both diet therapies, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). Though, the reductions of all parameters were significantly greater in KD group than in MD group.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that a reduction of dietary intake of carbohydrates by KD may be considered as a valuable non-pharmacological treatment for PCOS.
Topics: Humans; Female; Obesity; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Overweight; Diet, Reducing; Diet, Mediterranean; Diet, Ketogenic; Insulin Resistance
PubMed: 36401759
DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01943-y -
Gynecological Endocrinology : the... Aug 2022
Topics: Androgens; Anovulation; Brain; Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Phenotype; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PubMed: 35971943
DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2022.2106475 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Its clinical characteristics are mainly oligo-ovulation or anovulation,... (Review)
Review
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. Its clinical characteristics are mainly oligo-ovulation or anovulation, hyperandrogenemia (HA) and insulin resistance (IR). PCOS is considered to be one of the main causes of infertility in women of childbearing age, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Intestinal flora, known as the "second genome" of human beings, is closely related to metabolic diseases, immune diseases and infectious diseases. At the same time, mounting evidence suggests that intestinal flora can regulate insulin synthesis and secretion, affect androgen metabolism and follicular development, and is involved in the occurrence of chronic inflammation and obesity. The imbalance of intestinal flora is caused by the abnormal interaction between intestinal flora and host cells caused by the change of intestinal microbial diversity, which is related to the occurrence and development of PCOS. The adjustment of intestinal flora may be a potential direction for the treatment of PCOS.
Topics: Female; Humans; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Hyperandrogenism; Insulin Resistance; Anovulation
PubMed: 36967808
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1151723 -
Human Fertility (Cambridge, England) Jul 2023This review explores the challenges in the diagnosis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the transition of care from paediatric to adult care and the considerable health... (Review)
Review
This review explores the challenges in the diagnosis of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the transition of care from paediatric to adult care and the considerable health implications of this condition. The role gynaecologists and general practitioners have in managing hormone replacement therapy and reproductive potential is also highlighted. The fertility treatment options, which include ovulation induction with gonadotrophins and in-vitro fertilisation, are discussed in detail along with highlighting the fact that anovulation and markers of low ovarian reserve prior to priming treatment may not be reflective of poor reproductive potential. The holistic management of women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is still not standardised and evidence for subfertility management is scarce. This review aims to highlight this concern and provide guidance by evaluating current evidence.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Child; Transition to Adult Care; Hypogonadism; Gonadotropins; Infertility; Fertility
PubMed: 34753367
DOI: 10.1080/14647273.2021.1998929 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a temporary infertility characterized by the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, induced by the... (Review)
Review
Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a temporary infertility characterized by the suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, induced by the inhibition of the hypothalamic pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), in the presence of stressors, including eating disorders, excessive exercise, and psychological distress. Although the stressful factors that may lead to FHA are well-established, little is known about the inter-individual variability in response to stress and the consequent inhibition of the HPG axis. Not all women, indeed, manifest FHA in presence of stressful conditions. Recent studies highlighted a genetic contribution to FHA. Rare or polymorphic variants in genes that control the development and/or function of GnRH neurons may contribute, indeed, to the adaptability of the reproductive axis to stress factors. Also epigenetic changes have been associated with different pathways involved in the HPG axis and therefore, take part in FHA and confer a personal predisposition to anovulation consequent to a stressful event, or represent biological markers of response to stress. This review summarizes recent advances in the identification of the contribution of (epi)genetics to FHA and to long-term complications of functional amenorrhea, and reports insights into the involvement of additional genetic loci in FHA development on the bases of the clinical and molecular overlap with other gynecological and/or psychological conditions. Finally, we describe the promising application of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a new approach to investigate the molecular pathways involved in FHA.
Topics: Amenorrhea; Epigenesis, Genetic; Female; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; Humans; Hypothalamic Diseases; Reproduction
PubMed: 36034425
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.953431 -
Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift Jan 2022The presence of obesity may significantly influence female fertility through various mechanisms. Impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in obese women may... (Review)
Review
The presence of obesity may significantly influence female fertility through various mechanisms. Impairment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in obese women may induce anovulation and infertility. Obesity may have an effect on women's spontaneous and assisted conception rates, increased miscarriage rates, premature labor, stillbirth and perinatal risks, and menstrual irregularity. It has been suggested that weight loss improves reproductive outcomes due to fertility amelioration and an improvement in menstrual irregularity and ovulation. It is still not known which weight reduction procedures (changes in lifestyle, pharmacological management or bariatric intervention) result in optimal outcome on infertility. Currently, bariatric surgery is defined as the best available method for the management of obesity and its associated diseases.We have analyzed literature facts about effects of bariatric surgery on the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and sexual dysfunction in obesity and pregnancy in obesity. Immediate positive effects of bariatric surgery are evident at the moment, while for long-term outcomes more prolonged follow-up investigations should be done.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Female; Humans; Infertility, Female; Obesity; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Pregnancy
PubMed: 34878586
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01986-w -
Biology of Reproduction Dec 2019Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is an extremely common problem and represents a clinical area of unmet need. It has clinical implications and a high cost for the... (Review)
Review
Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is an extremely common problem and represents a clinical area of unmet need. It has clinical implications and a high cost for the healthcare system. The PALM-COEIN acronym proposed by FIGO may be used as a foundation of care; it improves the understanding of the causes of AUB, and in doing so facilitates effective history taking, examination, investigations, and management. Heavy menstrual bleeding, a subset of AUB, is a subjective diagnosis and should be managed in the context of improving the woman's quality of life. Available evidence suggests that there is poor satisfaction with standard treatment options often resulting in women opting for major surgery such as hysterectomy. Such women would benefit from a tailored approach, both for diagnosis and treatment, highlighting the deficiency of biomarkers in this area. This article focuses on the causes of AUB as per the PALM-COEIN acronym, the researched biomarkers in this area, and the potential pathogenetic mechanisms. In the future, these approaches may improve our understanding of AUB, thereby enabling us to direct women to most suitable current treatments and tailor investigative and treatment strategies to ensure best outcomes, in keeping with the principles of personalized or precision medicine.
Topics: Adenomyosis; Anovulation; Biomarkers; Blood Coagulation Disorders; Female; Humans; Leiomyoma; Menorrhagia; Metrorrhagia; Polyps; Precision Medicine; Uterine Diseases; Uterine Hemorrhage; Uterine Neoplasms
PubMed: 30388215
DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy231 -
Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2023PCOS is an endocrine disorder characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Its etiology is uncertain. It is debated whether BPA would... (Review)
Review
PCOS is an endocrine disorder characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Its etiology is uncertain. It is debated whether BPA would be a component of the environmental factor in the etiology of PCOS. Contamination by BPA can occur from food packaging (exposure during the diet) and through skin absorption and/or inhalation. It can be transferred to the fetus via the placenta or to the infant via breast milk, and it can be found in follicular fluid, fetal serum, and amniotic fluid. The phenolic structure of BPA allows it to interact with Estrogen Receptors (ERs) through genomic signaling, in which BPA binds to nuclear ERα or Erβ, or through nongenomic signaling by binding to membrane ERs, prompting a rapid and intense response. With daily and constant exposure, BPA's tendency to bioaccumulate and its ability to activate nongenomic signaling pathways can alter women's metabolic and reproductive function, leading to hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, chronic inflammatory state, and anovulation and favoring PCOS. The harmful changes caused by BPA can be passed on to future generations without the need for additional exposure because of epigenetic modifications. Not only high BPA levels can produce harmful effects, but at low levels, BPA may be harmful when exposure occurs during the most vulnerable periods, such as the fetal and neonatal periods, as well as during the prepubertal age causing an early accumulation of BPA in the body. Learning how BPA participates in the pathogenesis of PCOS poses a challenge and further studies should be conducted.
Topics: Pregnancy; Infant, Newborn; Female; Humans; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Hyperandrogenism; Anovulation; Phenols
PubMed: 38008036
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2023.100310