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Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Anserine and carnosine have nephroprotective actions; hydrogen sulfide (HS) protects from ischemic tissue damage, and the underlying mechanisms are debated. In view of...
Anserine and carnosine have nephroprotective actions; hydrogen sulfide (HS) protects from ischemic tissue damage, and the underlying mechanisms are debated. In view of their common interaction with HSP70, we studied possible interactions of both dipeptides with HS. HS formation was measured in human proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2); three endothelial cell lines (HUVEC, HUAEC, MCEC); and in renal murine tissue of wild-type (WT), carnosinase-1 knockout -KO) and -KO mice. Diabetes was induced by streptozocin. Incubation with carnosine increased HS synthesis capacity in tubular cells, as well as with anserine in all three endothelial cell lines. HS dose-dependently reduced anserine/carnosine degradation rate by serum and recombinant carnosinase-1 (CN1). Endothelial -KO reduced HS formation and abolished the stimulation by anserine and could be restored by transfection. In female -KO mice, kidney HS formation was halved. In -KO mice, kidney anserine concentrations were several-fold and sex-specifically increased. Kidney HS formation capacity was increased 2-3-fold in female mice and correlated with anserine and carnosine concentrations. In diabetic -KO mice, renal anserine and carnosine concentrations as well as HS formation capacity were markedly reduced compared to non-diabetic -KO littermates. Anserine and carnosine induce HS formation in a cell-type and Hsp70-specific manner within a positive feedback loop with CN1.
PubMed: 36670928
DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010066 -
Indian Pediatrics Jun 2020
Topics: Anserine; Humans
PubMed: 32562413
DOI: No ID Found -
Biochemical and Biophysical Research... Aug 2023Carnosine and anserine were reported to inhibit tyrosine nitration. However, there are no reports on the nitration inhibitory activities of balenine, 2-oxo-carnosine,...
Carnosine and anserine were reported to inhibit tyrosine nitration. However, there are no reports on the nitration inhibitory activities of balenine, 2-oxo-carnosine, 2-oxo-anserine, and 2-oxo-balenine. We demonstrated for the first time that these compounds exhibit inhibitory activities against peroxynitrite-dependent tyrosine nitration. 2-Oxo-imidazole dipeptides (2-oxo-IDPs) showed higher inhibitory activity than their precursor IDPs, thereby suggesting that 2-oxo-IDPs may be effective against nitrative stress-related diseases.
Topics: Carnosine; Anserine; Peroxynitrous Acid; Dipeptides; Imidazoles; Tyrosine
PubMed: 37244038
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.074 -
Nutrients Jul 2023Red meat and animal-sourced protein are often disparaged as risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome, while emerging research has shown the beneficial effects of... (Review)
Review
Red meat and animal-sourced protein are often disparaged as risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome, while emerging research has shown the beneficial effects of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, and anserine which are all exclusively abundant in red meat. Thus, it is imperative to highlight the available evidence to help promote red meat as part of a well-balanced diet to optimize human health. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to investigate the current research status of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, and anserine with metabolic syndrome, identify research hotspots, and delineate developmental trends by utilizing the visualization software CiteSpace. A total of 1094 publications were retrieved via the Web of Science Core Collection from 1992 to 2022. There exists a gradual increase in the number of publications on this topic, but there is still much room for research papers to rise. The United States has participated in the most studies, followed by China and Japan. The University of Sao Paulo was the research institute contributing the most; Kyung Ja Chang and Sanya Roysommuti have been identified as the most prolific authors. The analysis of keywords reveals that obesity, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism, as well as ergogenic aid and growth promoter have been the research hotspots. Inflammation and diabetic nephropathy will likely be frontiers of future research related to dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, and anserine. Overall, this paper may provide insights for researchers to further delve into this field and enlist the greater community to re-evaluate the health effects of red meat.
PubMed: 37571314
DOI: 10.3390/nu15153374 -
European Journal of Nutrition Mar 2022Although overt vitamin B6 deficiency is rare, marginal vitamin B6 deficiency is frequent and occurs in a consistent proportion of the population. The marginal vitamin... (Review)
Review
Although overt vitamin B6 deficiency is rare, marginal vitamin B6 deficiency is frequent and occurs in a consistent proportion of the population. The marginal vitamin B6 deficiency appears to relate to an increased risk of inflammation-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Of all the cardiovascular diseases, heart failure is a complex clinical syndrome associated with a high mortality rate. So far, information regarding the cardioprotective mechanisms of vitamin B6 has been limited. Meanwhile, recent studies have revealed that vitamin B6 treatment increases cardiac levels of imidazole dipeptides (e.g., carnosine, anserine, and homocarnosine), histamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and suppresses P2X7 receptor-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome. These modulations may imply potential cardioprotective mechanisms of vitamin B6. These modulations may also be involved in the underlying mechanisms through which vitamin B6 suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation. This review provides an up-to-date evaluation of our current understanding of the cardioprotective mechanisms of vitamin B6.
Topics: Heart; Humans; Inflammasomes; Inflammation; Vitamin B 6; Vitamin B 6 Deficiency
PubMed: 34436643
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02665-2 -
Physiological Reports Oct 2023We evaluated whether anserine, a methylated analog of the dipeptide carnosine, is present in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of humans and whether the CARNMT1 gene,...
We evaluated whether anserine, a methylated analog of the dipeptide carnosine, is present in the cardiac and skeletal muscles of humans and whether the CARNMT1 gene, which encodes the anserine synthesizing enzyme carnosine-N-methyltransferase, is expressed in human skeletal muscle. We found that anserine is present at low concentrations (low micromolar range) in both cardiac and skeletal muscles, and that anserine content in skeletal muscle is ~15 times higher than in cardiac muscle (cardiac muscle: 10.1 ± 13.4 μmol·kg of dry muscle, n = 12; skeletal muscle: 158.1 ± 68.5 μmol·kg of dry muscle, n = 11, p < 0.0001). Anserine content in the heart was highly variable between individuals, ranging from 1.4 to 45.4 μmol·kg of dry muscle, but anserine content was not associated with sex, age, or body mass. We also showed that CARNMT1 gene is poorly expressed in skeletal muscle (n = 10). This is the first study to demonstrate that anserine is present in the ventricle of the human heart. The presence of anserine in human heart and the confirmation of its expression in human skeletal muscle open new avenues of investigation on the specific and differential physiological functions of histidine dipeptides in striated muscles.
Topics: Humans; Anserine; Carnosine; Muscle, Skeletal; Dipeptides; Myocardium
PubMed: 37771070
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15833 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. General... Mar 2023Anserine and carnosine represent histidine-containing dipeptides that exert a pluripotent protective effect on human physiology. Anserine is known to protect against...
Anserine and carnosine represent histidine-containing dipeptides that exert a pluripotent protective effect on human physiology. Anserine is known to protect against oxidative stress in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Human carnosinases (CN1 and CN2) are dipeptidases involved in the homeostasis of carnosine. In poikilothermic vertebrates, the anserinase enzyme is responsible for hydrolyzing anserine. However, there is no specific anserine hydrolyzing enzyme present in humans. In this study, we have systematically investigated the anserine hydrolyzing activity of human CN1 and CN2. A targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) based approach was employed for studying the enzyme kinetics of CN1 and CN2 using carnosine and anserine as substrates. Surprisingly, both CN1 and CN2 can hydrolyze anserine effectively. The observed catalytic turnover rate (V/[E]) was 21.6 s and 2.8 s for CN1 and CN2, respectively. CN1 is almost eight-fold more efficient in hydrolyzing anserine compared to CN2, which is comparable to the efficiency of the carnosine hydrolyzing activity of CN2. The Michaelis constant (K) value for CN1 (1.96 mM) is almost three-fold lower compared to CN2 (6.33 mM), representing higher substrate affinity for anserine-CN1 interactions. Molecular docking studies showed that anserine binds at the catalytic site of the carnosinases with an affinity similar to carnosine. Overall, the present study elucidated the inherent promiscuity of human carnosinases in hydrolyzing anserine using a sensitive LC-MS/MS approach.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anserine; Carnosine; Dipeptidases; Chromatography, Liquid; Molecular Docking Simulation; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 36529243
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130290 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2023This study quantified the nutritional components and imidazole dipeptide levels of commercially available meats (beef, pork, and duck), and their effects on taste were...
This study quantified the nutritional components and imidazole dipeptide levels of commercially available meats (beef, pork, and duck), and their effects on taste were quantified via taste recognition devices. Although meat and its products are considered high-risk diets, meat components, such as imidazole dipeptides, exert bioregulatory functions. Further, considering their bioregulatory function, commercial meats' antioxidant activity and vascular endothelial function were examined. Characteristic variations in nutritional components were observed depending on the type and part of meat analyzed. These components affected the taste and texture of meat. The main imidazole dipeptides detected were anserine (duck meat) and carnosine (beef and pork). Meat with larger quantities of total imidazole dipeptide demonstrated better sensory test results. Therefore, anserine and carnosine effects on taste were determined using a taste recognition device; carnosine alone produced a noticeably bitter taste, whereas adding anserine reduced bitterness and enhanced umami taste. In a few cases, cooking enhanced the quantity of carnosine and/or anserine and their antioxidant activities. We demonstrated the ability of imidazole dipeptides, particularly anserine, to improve nitric oxide production in vascular endothelial cells. This study provides essential information for health-conscious consumers to develop high-quality, functional meat products.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Swine; Dipeptides; Carnosine; Anserine; Ducks; Taste; Pork Meat; Endothelial Cells; Red Meat; Meat; Antioxidants; Imidazoles
PubMed: 36746992
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29351-z -
l-Anserine Increases Muscle Differentiation and Muscle Contractility in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells.Journal of Agricultural and Food... Jun 2023l-Anserine, an imidazole peptide, has a variety of physiological activities, but its effects on skeletal muscle differentiation and muscle contractile force remain...
l-Anserine, an imidazole peptide, has a variety of physiological activities, but its effects on skeletal muscle differentiation and muscle contractile force remain unknown. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of l-anserine on muscle differentiation and muscle contractile force in human skeletal muscle cells. In two-dimensional culture, 1 μM l-anserine significantly increased the myotube diameters (26.5 ± 1.71, 27.7 ± 1.08, and 28.8 ± 0.85 μm with 0, 0.1, and 1 μM l-anserine, respectively) and the expression levels of genes involved in muscle differentiation and the sarcomere structure. In three-dimensional culture, 1 μM l-anserine significantly increased the contractile force of engineered human skeletal muscle tissues cultured on a microdevice (1.99 ± 0.30, 2.17 ± 0.62, 2.66 ± 0.39, and 3.28 ± 0.85 μN with 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 μM l-anserine, respectively). l-Anserine also increased the myotube diameters and the proportion of myotubes with sarcomere structures in the cultured tissues. Furthermore, the histamine receptor 1 (H1R) antagonist attenuated the l-anserine-induced increase in the contractile force, suggesting the involvement of H1R in the mechanism of action of l-anserine. This study showed for the first time that l-anserine enhances muscle differentiation and muscle contractility via H1R.
Topics: Humans; Anserine; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscle Contraction; Cell Differentiation
PubMed: 37255271
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01685 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Mar 2021This study identified anserine and anserine/carnosine in chicken breast of Thai native chicken (TNC; 100% Thai native), Thai synthetic chicken (TSC; 50% Thai native),...
This study identified anserine and anserine/carnosine in chicken breast of Thai native chicken (TNC; 100% Thai native), Thai synthetic chicken (TSC; 50% Thai native), and Thai native crossbred chicken (TNC crossbred; 25% Thai native) compared with commercial broiler chicken (BR; 0% Thai native) using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and the effect on antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). We conducted experiments with a completely randomized design and explored principal components analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection to latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to identify the distinguishing metabolites and relative concentrations from H NMR spectra among the groups. The relative concentrations and antioxidant properties among the groups were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the general linear model (GLM). This study revealed seven metabolites alanine, inositol monophosphate (IMP), inosine, and anserine/carnosine, lactate, anserine, and creatine. Lactate, anserine, and creatine were major components. In terms of PCA, the plots can distinguish BR from other groups. OPLS-DA revealed that anserine and anserine/carnosine in the chicken breast were significantly higher in TNC, TSC, and TNC crossbred than BR according to their relative concentrations and antioxidant properties ( < 0.01). Therefore, TNCs and their crossbreeds might have the potential to be functional meat sources.
PubMed: 33809894
DOI: 10.3390/ani11030902