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Amino Acids Aug 2021Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide present in an omnivorous diet, has been shown to ameliorate the development of metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes (T2D) and...
Carnosine, a naturally occurring dipeptide present in an omnivorous diet, has been shown to ameliorate the development of metabolic syndrome, type-2 diabetes (T2D) and early- and advanced-stage diabetic nephropathy in different rodent models. Anserine, its methylated analogue, is more bio-available in humans upon supplementation without affecting its functionality. In this work, we investigated the effect of oral supplementation with anserine or carnosine on circulating and tissue anserine and carnosine levels and on the development of T2D and diabetic nephropathy in BTBR ob/ob mice. BTBR ob/ob mice were either supplemented with carnosine or anserine in drinking water (4 mM) for 18 weeks and compared with non-supplemented BTBR ob/ob and wild-type (WT) mice. Circulating and kidney, but not muscle, carnosine, and anserine levels were enhanced by supplementation with the respective dipeptides in ob/ob mice compared to non-treated ob/ob mice. The evolution of fasting blood glucose, insulin, fructosamine, triglycerides, and cholesterol was not affected by the supplementation regimens. The albumin/creatine ratio, glomerular hypertrophy, and mesangial matrix expansion were aggravated in ob/ob vs. WT mice, but not alleviated by supplementation. To conclude, long-term supplementation with anserine elevates circulating and kidney anserine levels in diabetic mice. However, anserine supplementation was not able to attenuate the development of T2D or diabetic nephropathy in BTBR ob/ob mice. Further research will have to elucidate whether anserine can attenuate milder forms of T2D or metabolic syndrome.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Anserine; Blood Glucose; Carnosine; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diabetic Nephropathies; Limit of Detection; Mice; Obesity
PubMed: 34264387
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03033-4 -
Indian Journal of Orthopaedics Jan 2022To investigate the characteristics of the patients who are clinically diagnosed with pes anserine tendinitis bursitis syndrome (PATBS), and to determine the sensitivity...
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the characteristics of the patients who are clinically diagnosed with pes anserine tendinitis bursitis syndrome (PATBS), and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of clinical diagnose based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
METHODS
Included in this cross-sectional clinical study were 156 patients who were evaluated based on the clinical presence or absence of PATBS. All patients underwent Q-angle measurement, knee osteoarthritis (OA) grading according to the Kellgren-Lawrence classification, and medial joint space measurement, and their cartilage thickness, and any periarticular and intraarticular knee pathologies were recorded from an assessment of knee MRIs.
RESULTS
Of the total, 64 cases (41%) were diagnosed clinically with PATBS and 92 (59%) were not. There was no difference in the Q angles of the two groups ( > 0.05), while the medial joint spaces were significantly lower in the PATBS patients ( < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two groups in an MRI assessment of meniscus and ligament lesions, chondromalacia patella, cyst, bursitis, effusion and synovial pathologies ( > 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of the PATBS clinical diagnoses relative to the MRI findings were determined as 41.2% and 59.5%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The medial joint space was found to be significantly lower in patients with PATBS, while there was no difference in any other knee pathologies between the two groups. The sensitivity and specificity of a PATBS clinical diagnosis were found to be low, and so it was concluded that clinical PATBS diagnoses may be inaccurate, particularly in the presence of such invasive therapies as injection, and that diagnoses based on imaging methods would be more accurate.
PubMed: 35070151
DOI: 10.1007/s43465-021-00424-3 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Aug 2019Histidine containing dipeptides (HCDs: carnosine, anserine and balenine) have numerous therapeutic and ergogenic properties, but there is a lack of consensus on the... (Review)
Review
Histidine containing dipeptides (HCDs: carnosine, anserine and balenine) have numerous therapeutic and ergogenic properties, but there is a lack of consensus on the mechanistic pathways through which they function. Potential roles include intracellular buffering, neutralisation of reactive species, and calcium regulation. Comparative investigations of the HCD content of various species provide unique insight into their most likely mechanisms of action. This review chronologically describes how the comparative physiology studies, conducted since the beginning of the 20th century, have shaped our understanding of the physiological roles of HCDs. The investigation of a wide range of physiologically distinct species indicates that those species with a strong reliance on non-oxidative forms of energy production are abundant in HCDs. These include: whales who experience long periods of hypoxia while diving; racehorses and greyhound dogs who have highly developed sprint abilities, and chickens and turkeys whose limited capacity for flight is largely fuelled by their white, glycolytic, muscle. Additionally, a higher HCD content in the Type 2 muscle fibres of various species (which have greater capacity for non-oxidative metabolism) was consistently observed. The pKa of the HCDs render them ideally suited to act as intracellular physicochemical buffers within the pH transit range of the skeletal muscle. As such, their abundance in species which show a greater reliance on non-oxidative forms of energy metabolism, and which experience regular challenges to acid-base homeostasis, provides strong evidence that intracellular proton buffering is an important function of the HCDs in skeletal muscle.
Topics: Acids; Animals; Anserine; Carnosine; Dipeptides; Dogs; Energy Metabolism; Histidine; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 31029715
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.04.017 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2021Amino acids have a central role in cell metabolism, and intracellular changes contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, while the role and specific organ...
BACKGROUND
Amino acids have a central role in cell metabolism, and intracellular changes contribute to the pathogenesis of various diseases, while the role and specific organ distribution of dipeptides is largely unknown.
METHOD
We established a sensitive, rapid and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of 36 dipeptides. Dipeptide patterns were analyzed in brown and white adipose tissues, brain, eye, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, sciatic nerve, pancreas, spleen and thymus, serum and urine of C57BL/6N wildtype mice and related to the corresponding amino acid profiles.
RESULTS
A total of 30 out of the 36 investigated dipeptides were detected with organ-specific distribution patterns. Carnosine and anserine were most abundant in all organs, with the highest concentrations in muscles. In liver, Asp-Gln and Ala-Gln concentrations were high, in the spleen and thymus, Glu-Ser and Gly-Asp. In serum, dipeptide concentrations were several magnitudes lower than in organ tissues. In all organs, dipeptides with C-terminal proline (Gly-Pro and Leu-Pro) were present at higher concentrations than dipeptides with N-terminal proline (Pro-Gly and Pro-Leu). Organ-specific amino acid profiles were related to the dipeptide profile with several amino acid concentrations being related to the isomeric form of the dipeptides. Aspartate, histidine, proline and serine tissue concentrations correlated with dipeptide concentrations, when the amino acids were present at the C- but not at the N-terminus.
CONCLUSION
Our multi-dipeptide quantification approach demonstrates organ-specific dipeptide distribution. This method allows us to understand more about the dipeptide metabolism in disease or in healthy state.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Body Fluids; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dipeptides; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Organ Specificity; Reference Standards; Reproducibility of Results; Stereoisomerism; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Mice
PubMed: 34576148
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189979 -
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal... Sep 2019In this study, we evaluated the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of black goat loin (BGL) and black goat rump (BGR) meat.
OBJECTIVE
In this study, we evaluated the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of black goat loin (BGL) and black goat rump (BGR) meat.
METHODS
We evaluated the proximate compositions, collagen and mineral contents, and fatty acid compositions of BGL and BGR with respect to their nutritional value. The levels of bioactive compounds such as L-carnitine, creatine, creatinine, carnosine, and anserine were also measured. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC) were assessed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of BGL and BGR.
RESULTS
BGR showed higher collagen, Fe, Ca, P, and Na contents than did BGL (p < 0.05). Notably, the Ca/P ratio was high in both BGR and BGL (1.82 and 1.54, respectively), thus satisfying the recommendation that the Ca/P ratio is between 1 and 2. BGL showed a significantly higher content of desirable fatty acids (stearic acid and total unsaturated fatty acids) than did BGR. In addition, the levels of creatine, carnosine, and anserine in BGL were higher than those in BGR (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the antioxidant activity between BGL and BGR, as assessed by FRAP [both 15.92 mM Trolox equivalent (TE) per gram of DM], ABTS (12.51 and 12.90 mM TE/g DM, respectively), and ORAC (101.25 and 99.06 mM TE/g DM, respectively) assays.
CONCLUSION
This was a primary study conducted to evaluate the differences in nutritional value and antioxidant activity between loin and rump cuts of black goat meat. Our results provide fundamental knowledge that can help understand the properties of black goat meat.
PubMed: 31010982
DOI: 10.5713/ajas.18.0951 -
Food & Function Sep 2022This study aims to investigate the anti-hyperuricemia effect and mechanism of anserine in hyperuricemic rats. Hyperuricemic rats were induced with a combination of 750...
This study aims to investigate the anti-hyperuricemia effect and mechanism of anserine in hyperuricemic rats. Hyperuricemic rats were induced with a combination of 750 mg per kg bw d potassium oxazinate (PO) and 200 mg per kg bw d hypoxanthine for a week, and the rats were separately orally administered anserine (20, 40, 80 mg kg) and allopurinol (10 mg kg) for three weeks. The results show that the content of serum uric acid (SUA) decreased by approximately 40% and 60% after the intervention of anserine and allopurinol, respectively. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were significantly decreased in the anserine groups. After the administration of anserine, the contents of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) were reduced in the kidney, and the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6β, TNF-α and TGF-β and inflammatory cell infiltration were reduced in both the liver and kidney. Moreover, the gene expressions of xanthine oxidase (XOD), renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and glucose transporter type 9 (GLUT9) were downregulated by anserine administration, and the gene expressions of ATP-binding cassette transporter G2 (ABCG2), organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) and organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) were upregulated at the same time. These findings suggest that hepatorenal injury was repaired by anserine, which further regulated the expression of hepatic XOD and renal URAT1, GLUT9, ABCG2, OAT1 and OAT3 to relieve hyperuricemia in rats.
Topics: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Alanine Transaminase; Alkaline Phosphatase; Allopurinol; Animals; Anserine; Creatinine; Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative; Hyperuricemia; Hypoxanthines; Kidney; Liver; Malondialdehyde; Organic Anion Transporters; Potassium; Rats; Superoxide Dismutase; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Uric Acid; Xanthine Oxidase
PubMed: 35972268
DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01533a -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022is a genus of ascomycete fungi and used widely in fungal drugs. However, in-depth studies of the metabolites of wild species and their substituents are lacking. In...
is a genus of ascomycete fungi and used widely in fungal drugs. However, in-depth studies of the metabolites of wild species and their substituents are lacking. In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics analysis was carried out to comprehensively profile the metabolites in wild Chinese species ( (Berk.) G.H. Sung, J.M. Sung, Hywel-Jones and Spatafora 2007) from Naqu (NCs) and Yushu (YCs) and their substituents including artificially cultivated species (CCs) and mycelia. A total of 901 metabolites were identified in these samples, including lipids, amino acids, nucleosides, carbohydrates, organic acids, coenzymes, vitamins, alkaloids and their derivatives. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed remarkable differences and significantly different metabolites among them. Seventy amino acid-relevant metabolites were analyzed quantitatively in four samples for the first time. The four samples contained abundant L-glutamic acid and oxidized glutathione as well as multiple unique amino acid-relevant metabolites (e.g., 3-chloro-L-tyrosine, 6-aminocaproic acid, L-theanine, anserine, γ-glutamyl-cysteine). Collectively, our study provides rich metabolic information of wild species and their substituents, which could facilitate their quality control and optimal utilization.
PubMed: 36506548
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1036589 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Seafood (fish in particular) is one of the main food groups in nutrition models with proven health benefits. Seafood has long been considered a very valuable dietary... (Review)
Review
Seafood (fish in particular) is one of the main food groups in nutrition models with proven health benefits. Seafood has long been considered a very valuable dietary component, mainly due to presence of -3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (-3 PUFA) but it is also an important source of protein (including collagen), anserine, taurine, iodine, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin K, vitamin D, tocopherols, B vitamins and astaxanthin. Considering the beneficial effects of these ingredients on blood pressure, lipid profile and the inflammatory process, seafood should be an essential component of the diet. Non-communicable diseases (NCD) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes and mental disorder, chronic respiratory diseases are common diseases associated with advanced age. Promotion of a healthy lifestyle (including proper nutritional behavior) and prevention of diseases are the most effective and efficient ways to decrease premature mortality from NCD and to maintain mental health and well-being. This review article shows the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of seafood with an emphasis on fish. Our narrative review presents the results of systematic reviews and meta-analysis.
Topics: Adult; Diet; Health; Humans; Noncommunicable Diseases; Seafood
PubMed: 33922600
DOI: 10.3390/nu13051422 -
AMB Express Mar 2020Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joint synovium. Anserine is a functional dipeptide containing methylhistidine and β-alanine, and is...
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joint synovium. Anserine is a functional dipeptide containing methylhistidine and β-alanine, and is present in the brain and skeletal muscle of birds and mammals. Glucosamine is an amino sugar used in the synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. We evaluated the effects of anserine and glucosamine on RA. Rats were assigned into the control group, RA group, anserine group (1 mg/kg), glucosamine group (200 mg/kg), or anserine plus glucosamine group (anserine, 1 mg/kg + glucosamine, 200 mg/kg). Treatment was continued for 45 consecutive days and was administered orally. The serum levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation, uric acid, nitric oxide, ceruloplasmin, zinc, copper, prostaglandin E (PGE), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were assayed. The mRNA and protein levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in synovial tissue were also determined. Anserine plus glucosamine significantly increased the catalase, SOD, Gpx, GSH, and zinc levels compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Also, anserine plus glucosamine significantly reduced the PGE, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Furthermore, anserine plus glucosamine significantly reduced the mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB and iNOS compared to the control, anserine, and glucosamine groups. Therefore, supplementation of anserine plus glucosamine shows therapeutic potential for RA.
PubMed: 32198574
DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-00987-8 -
PeerJ 2020In European and North American cities geese are among the most common and most visible large herbivores. As such, their presence and behaviour often conflict with the...
BACKGROUND
In European and North American cities geese are among the most common and most visible large herbivores. As such, their presence and behaviour often conflict with the desires of the human residents. Fouling, noise, aggression and health concerns are all cited as reasons that there are "". Lethal control is often used for population management; however, this raises questions about whether this is a sustainable strategy to resolve the conflict between humans and geese when, paradoxically, it is humans that are responsible for creating the habitat and often providing the food and protection of geese at other times. We hypothesise that the landscaping of suburban parks can be improved to decrease its attractiveness to geese and to reduce the opportunity for conflict between geese and humans.
METHODS
Using observations collected over five years from a botanic garden situated in suburban Belgium and data from the whole of Flanders in Belgium, we examined landscape features that attract geese. These included the presence of islands in lakes, the distance from water, barriers to level flight and the size of exploited areas. The birds studied were the tadornine goose (L. 1766) (Egyptian goose) and the anserine geese, (L. 1758) (Canada goose), (L. 1758) (greylag goose) and (Bechstein, 1803) (barnacle goose). Landscape modification is a known method for altering goose behaviour, but there is little information on the power of such methods with which to inform managers and planners.
RESULTS
Our results demonstrate that lakes with islands attract more than twice as many anserine geese than lakes without islands, but make little difference to Egyptian geese. Furthermore, flight barriers between grazing areas and lakes are an effective deterrent to geese using an area for feeding. Keeping grazing areas small and surrounded by trees reduces their attractiveness to geese.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that landscape design can be used successfully to reduce the number of geese and their conflict with humans. However, this approach has its limitations and would require humans to compromise on what they expect from their landscaped parks, such as open vistas, lakes, islands and closely cropped lawns.
PubMed: 33024625
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9846