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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are polyphenol compounds that render various hues of pink, red, purple, and blue in flowers, vegetables, and fruits. Anthocyanins also play significant roles in plant propagation, ecophysiology, and plant defense mechanisms. Structurally, anthocyanins are anthocyanidins modified by sugars and acyl acids. Anthocyanin colors are susceptible to pH, light, temperatures, and metal ions. The stability of anthocyanins is controlled by various factors, including inter and intramolecular complexations. Chromatographic and spectrometric methods have been extensively used for the extraction, isolation, and identification of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins play a major role in the pharmaceutical; nutraceutical; and food coloring, flavoring, and preserving industries. Research in these areas has not satisfied the urge for natural and sustainable colors and supplemental products. The lability of anthocyanins under various formulated conditions is the primary reason for this delay. New gene editing technologies to modify anthocyanin structures in vivo and the structural modification of anthocyanin via semi-synthetic methods offer new opportunities in this area. This review focusses on the biogenetics of anthocyanins; their colors, structural modifications, and stability; their various applications in human health and welfare; and advances in the field.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Chemical Phenomena; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Dietary Supplements; Esthetics; Food Coloring Agents; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Molecular Structure; Phytochemicals; Pigmentation; Pigments, Biological
PubMed: 33255297
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235500 -
Phytotherapy Research : PTR Jun 2023Proanthocyanidins (PA) are polyphenol compounds that are widely distributed in the bark, fruit core, skin, or seeds of various plants. Anthocyanidins are water-soluble... (Review)
Review
Proanthocyanidins (PA) are polyphenol compounds that are widely distributed in the bark, fruit core, skin, or seeds of various plants. Anthocyanidins are water-soluble natural pigments widely found in plants. They are all flavonoids, a major coloring substance in plants and fruits. In recent years, research into PA and anthocyanins has become increasingly popular because of their excellent anti-oxidation, scavenging of reactive oxygen free radicals and other physical and chemical activities, and their anti-cancer, vision protection, aging prevention, skin beauty pharmacological, and nutraceutical effects. Especially, recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate their value, safety, and efficacy in the prevention, adjuvant therapy, and management of cardiometabolic disease. Here, we summarize their research progress from the aspects of chemical structure, biosynthetic pathways, distribution, extraction and separation, coloration, efficacy, and potential. The comparison between them might provide a reference for their development and efficient utilization. However, more large-sample-size randomized controlled trials and high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish their clinical efficacy.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Proanthocyanidins; Flavonoids; Plants; Seeds; Fruit
PubMed: 37118988
DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7850 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2020Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoids widely present in fruits and vegetables. Dietary sources of anthocyanins include red and purple berries, grapes,... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are a class of water-soluble flavonoids widely present in fruits and vegetables. Dietary sources of anthocyanins include red and purple berries, grapes, apples, plums, cabbage, or foods containing high levels of natural colorants. Cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, and pelargonidin are the six common anthocyanidins. Following consumption, anthocyanin, absorption occurs along the gastrointestinal tract, the distal lower bowel being the place where most of the absorption and metabolism occurs. In the intestine, anthocyanins first undergo extensive microbial catabolism followed by absorption and human phase II metabolism. This produces hybrid microbial-human metabolites which are absorbed and subsequently increase the bioavailability of anthocyanins. Health benefits of anthocyanins have been widely described, especially in the prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that health-promoting effects attributed to anthocyanins may also be related to modulation of gut microbiota. In this paper we attempt to provide a comprehensive view of the state-of-the-art literature on anthocyanins, summarizing recent findings on their chemistry, biosynthesis, nutritional value and on their effects on human health.
Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 32825684
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173809 -
Mini Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 2020The inflammatory process in the human body is a physiological response involving many cellular types and mediators. It results in scar formation to separate the damaged... (Review)
Review
The inflammatory process in the human body is a physiological response involving many cellular types and mediators. It results in scar formation to separate the damaged area from the surrounding healthy tissue. Because of increased blood-brain barrier permeability following inflammation, leukocytes infiltrate the CNS and are also supplemented by proinflammatory mediators. However, an acute inflammatory process after cerebral trauma or stroke may also result in a prolonged lesion formation, leading to a severe neuronal loss. The prolonged inflammatory process in the CNS may cause serious damage to the neuronal system. It may lead to CNS damage in such a way that endangers functional integration and proinflammatory system balance. Effects of different flavonoid species on ischemia-reperfusion injury and cognition and function have also been shown in experimental studies. Flavonoids are presented broadly in plants and diets. They are believed to have various bioactive effects including anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, anti-aging, etc. Quercetine is the predominant dietary flavonoid. Main sources are tea, onion, and apple. It is demonstrated that the frequently consumed food like soybean, peanut, mustard, rice, sesame, olive, potatoes, onion, and oats contain flavonoids. Catechin and its derivates which are isolated from tea leaves have antioxidant activity but in low doses, their prooxidant effects are also reported. Ipriflavone which is a synthetic flavonoid may increase total calcium in bone. In this review, the effects of flavonoids species on the inflammatory process in the neurodegenerative process were examined as general.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Humans; Inflammation; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Regeneration; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31288717
DOI: 10.2174/1389557519666190617150051 -
Nutrients Jul 2019Strawberries and blueberries are two of the most commonly consumed berries. Berries, in general, are characterized by their highly nutritive compounds, including... (Review)
Review
Strawberries and blueberries are two of the most commonly consumed berries. Berries, in general, are characterized by their highly nutritive compounds, including minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and dietary fiber, as well as their high content and wide diversity of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds and organic acids. These bioactive compounds have been associated with protective effects against chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, Alzheimer's and other disorders. In this paper 16 human intervention studies investigating the beneficial health effects of dietary strawberry or blueberry consumption on inflammation, cardiovascular disease or cognitive function and mental health are reviewed.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Blueberry Plants; Clinical Trials as Topic; Diet, Healthy; Fragaria; Fruit; Health Status; Humans; Nutritive Value; Polyphenols; Recommended Dietary Allowances; Risk Reduction Behavior
PubMed: 31269727
DOI: 10.3390/nu11071510 -
Anthocyanin improves kidney function in diabetic kidney disease by regulating amino acid metabolism.Journal of Translational Medicine Nov 2022Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is among the most important causes for chronic kidney disease. Anthocyanins (ANT) are polyphenolic compounds present in various food and...
BACKGROUND
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is among the most important causes for chronic kidney disease. Anthocyanins (ANT) are polyphenolic compounds present in various food and play an important role in ameliorating hyperglycemia and insulin sensitivity. However, the effects of ANT in DKD are still poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ANT (cyanidin-3-O-glucoside [C3G]) on the renal function of DKD, and whether the anti-DKD effect of ANT is related to metabolic pathways.
METHODS
To explore the role of ANT in DKD, we performed the examination of blood glucose, renal function, and histopathology. As for the mechanism, we designed the label-free quantification proteomics and nontargeted metabolomics analysis for kidney and serum. Subsequently, we revealed the anti-DKD effect of ANT through the bioinformatic analysis.
RESULTS
We showed that the fasting blood glucose level (- 6.1 mmol/L, P = 0.037), perimeter of glomerular lesions (- 24.1 μm, P = 0.030), fibrosis score of glomerular (- 8.8%, P = 0.002), and kidney function (Cystatin C: - 701.4 pg/mL, P = 0.043; urine creatinine: - 701.4 mmol/L, P = 0.032) were significantly alleviated in DKD mice after ANT treatment compared to untreated in the 20th week. Further, proteins and metabolites in the kidneys of DKD mice were observed to be dramatically altered due to changes in amino acid metabolism with ANT treatment; mainly, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism pathway was upregulated (P = 0.0001, t value = 5.97). Furthermore, upregulated tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.0001, t value = 5.94) and tyrosine metabolism (P = 0.0037, t value = 2.91) pathways had effects on serum of DKD mice as responsed ANT regulating.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggested that prevention of the progression of DKD by ANT could be related to the regulation of amino acid metabolism. The use of dietary ANT may be one of the dietary strategies to prevent and treat DKD.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Diabetic Nephropathies; Anthocyanins; Blood Glucose; Kidney; Amino Acids; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 36335368
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03717-9 -
Nutrients Sep 2019Anthocyanins may contribute to the inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease. Anthocyanins are pigments found in plant structures that...
Anthocyanins may contribute to the inverse relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and chronic disease. Anthocyanins are pigments found in plant structures that consist of an anthocyanidin (aglycone) attached to sugar moieties. Anthocyanins may be beneficial for health through effects on cellular antioxidant status and inflammation; however, their underlying mechanisms of action in their protection of chronic diseases are likely complex and require further elucidation. This Special Issue comprises 8 peer-reviewed papers (including 6 original research articles) which highlight the diverse bioactivities of anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich foods in the protection against chronic disease.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Bone Remodeling; Diet, Healthy; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Noncommunicable Diseases; Nutritive Value; Protective Factors; Recommended Dietary Allowances
PubMed: 31491856
DOI: 10.3390/nu11092107 -
BMC Psychiatry Jul 2023Anthocyanidins encompass a diverse array of compounds that possess notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with pharmacological activity. However, the...
BACKGROUND
Anthocyanidins encompass a diverse array of compounds that possess notable anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties with pharmacological activity. However, the correlation between the consumption of anthocyanidins through diet and its impact on depression has yet to be investigated.
METHODS
This study utilized the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) expanded flavonoid intake database, as well as data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from the years 2007 to 2010 and 2017 to 2018. The analysis of the collected data was conducted in R, following the guidelines outlined in the official NHANES user guide "Stratified Multi-stage Probability Sampling". Three different models were developed using logistic regression to assess the protective effects of T3 (representing the highest intake of anthocyanidins) against depression. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate whether there existed a non-linear relationship between the dietary intake of anthocyanidins and the prevalence of depression by employing restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis.
RESULTS
A total of 6,845 eligible participants were included in this cross-sectional study, with their data appropriately weighted to represent a population of 89.8 million people in the United States of America. The results demonstrated that individuals diagnosed with depression had a significantly lower dietary intake of anthocyanidins compared to those without depression (P < 0.0001). Moreover, significant differences were observed among different participant groups regarding socioeconomic status and the presence of chronic physical illnesses (such as hypertension, glucose status, and chronic kidney disease risk, etc.) (P < 0.05). After adjustment for covariates, participants with the highest intake of anthocyanins (T3) demonstrated a significantly reduced risk of depression [OR = 0.67, 95%CI: (0.48-0.95), (P= 0.02]. Furthermore, the RCS analysis revealed a significant linear relationship between dietary anthocyanidin intake and depression (P for non-linear = 0.5876).
CONCLUSION
Our findings reveal a negative association between dietary anthocyanidin intake and depression.
Topics: Adult; Humans; United States; Anthocyanins; Nutrition Surveys; Cross-Sectional Studies; Depression; Diet; Eating
PubMed: 37474898
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05029-8 -
Cells Mar 2022As water-soluble flavonoid derivatives, anthocyanidins and anthocyanins are the plants pigments mostly rich in berries, pomegranate, grapes, and dark color fruits. Many... (Review)
Review
As water-soluble flavonoid derivatives, anthocyanidins and anthocyanins are the plants pigments mostly rich in berries, pomegranate, grapes, and dark color fruits. Many bioactivity properties of these advantageous phytochemicals have been reported; among them, their significant abilities in the suppression of tumor cells are of the promising therapeutic features, which have recently attracted great attention. The prostate malignancy, is considered the 2nd fatal and the most distributed cancer type in men worldwide. The present study was designated to gather the preclinical and clinical studies evaluating potencies of anthocyanidins/anthocyanins for the treatment and prevention of this cancer type for the first time. In general, findings confirm that the anthocyanins (especifically cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) indicated higher activity against prostatic neoplasms compared to their correlated anthocyanidins (e.g., delphinidin); in which potent anti-inflammatory, apoptosis, and anti-proliferative activities were analyzed. Complementary anti-prostate cancer assessment of diverse naturally occurred anthocyanidins/anthocyanins and their synthetically optimized derivatives through preclinical experiments and eventually confirmed by clinical trials can promisingly lead to discover natural-based chemotherapeutic drug options.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Fruit; Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 35406634
DOI: 10.3390/cells11071070 -
Biomolecules May 2021Cardiovascular disorders are leading mortality causes worldwide, often with a latent evolution. Vascular health depends on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and... (Review)
Review
Cardiovascular disorders are leading mortality causes worldwide, often with a latent evolution. Vascular health depends on endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and the presence of atherosclerotic plaques. Preventive medicine deserves special attention, focusing on modifiable cardiovascular risk factors, including diet. A diet rich in fruits and vegetables has well-known health benefits, especially due to its polyphenolic components. Anthocyanins, water-soluble flavonoid species, responsible for the red-blue color in plants and commonly found in berries, exert favorable effects on the endothelial function, oxidative stress, inhibit COX-1, and COX-2 enzymes, exert antiatherogenic, antihypertensive, antiglycation, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory activity, ameliorate dyslipidemia and arterial stiffness. The present review aims to give a current overview of the mechanisms involved in the vascular protective effect of anthocyanins from the human diet, considering epidemiological data, in vitro and in vivo preclinical research, clinical observational, retrospective, intervention and randomized studies, dietary and biomarker studies, and discussing preventive benefits of anthocyanins and future research directions.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Atherosclerosis; Dyslipidemias; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Vascular Stiffness
PubMed: 34070757
DOI: 10.3390/biom11060811