-
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Aug 2023Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, and current treatment regimens suffer from limited efficacy, nonspecific toxicity, and chemoresistance. With the advantages of... (Review)
Review
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases, and current treatment regimens suffer from limited efficacy, nonspecific toxicity, and chemoresistance. With the advantages of good biocompatibility, large specific surface area, excellent cation exchange capacity, and easy availability, clay minerals have been receiving ever-increasing interests in cancer treatment. They can act as carriers to reduce the toxic side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs, and some of their own properties can kill cancer cells, etc. Compared with other morphologies clays, layered clay minerals (LCM) have attracted more and more attention due to adjustable interlayer spacing, easier ion exchange, and stronger adsorption capacity. In this review, the structure, classification, physicochemical properties, and functionalization methods of LCM are summarized. The state-of-the-art progress of LCM in antitumor therapy is systematically described, with emphasis on the application of montmorillonite, kaolinite, and vermiculite. Furthermore, the property-function relationships of LCM are comprehensively illustrated to reveal the design principles of clay-based antitumor systems. Finally, foreseeable challenges and outlook in this field are discussed.
Topics: Clay; Aluminum Silicates; Minerals; Kaolin; Bentonite; Adsorption; Neoplasms
PubMed: 37093210
DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300842 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2022Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze is an ethnomedicinally important plant that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including dyspepsia,...
Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze is an ethnomedicinally important plant that has long been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including dyspepsia, abdominal pain, colic, allergies, inflammation, and rheumatic arthritis. However, the scientific framework underlying these medicinal properties is not well known. This study aimed to investigate the antidepressive, antidiarrheal, thrombolytic, and anti-inflammatory potential of a methanol extract of A. indica (MeOH-AI). The potential bioactive compounds in the MeOH-AI were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and antidepressant activities were evaluated using the tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). Antidiarrheal effects were also assayed in castor oil-induced diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility studies. The anti-inflammatory activities were explored by examining the effects on protein inhibition and denaturation in heat- and hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis assays. The thrombolytic activity was evaluated using the clot lysis test in human blood. BIOVIA and Schrödinger Maestro (v11.1) were applied for docking analysis to determine binding interactions, and the absorption, distribution, metabolisms, excretion/toxicity (ADME/T) properties of bioactive compounds were explored using a web-based method. The GC-MS analysis of MeOH-AI revealed the presence of several bioactive compounds. MeOH-AI administration resulted in significant (p < 0.01) reductions in the immobility times for both the FST and TST compared with those in the control group. MeOH-AI also induced significant (p < 0.01) reductions in castor oil-induced diarrhea severity and gastrointestinal motility in a mouse model. In addition, the in vitro anti-inflammatory and thrombolytic activity studies produced remarkable responses. The binding assay showed that 4-dehydroxy-N-(4,5-methylenedioxy-2-nitrobenzylidene) tyramine interacts favorably with monoamine oxidase and serotonin and M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, displaying good pharmacokinetic properties, which may mediate the effects of MeOH-AI on depression and diarrhea. Overall, the research findings indicated that MeOH-AI has significant antidepressant, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory effects and may represent an alternative source of novel therapeutic factors.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antidepressive Agents; Antidiarrheals; Castor Oil; Diarrhea; Fibrinolytic Agents; Lamiaceae; Mice; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 35325851
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112842 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022This present study evaluated and rationalized the medicinal use of the fruit part of Acacia nilotica methanolic extract. The phytochemicals were detected using gas...
This present study evaluated and rationalized the medicinal use of the fruit part of Acacia nilotica methanolic extract. The phytochemicals were detected using gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) while the in vivo antidiarrheal test was done using Swiss albino mice. To determine the details of the mechanism(s) involved in the antispasmodic effect, isolated rat ileum was chosen using different ex vivo assays by maintaining a physiological environment. GC−MS results showed that A. nilotica contained pyrogallol as the major polyphenol present (64.04%) in addition to polysaccharides, polyphenol, amino acid, steroids, fatty acid esters, and triterpenoids. In the antidiarrheal experiment, A. nilotica inhibited diarrheal episodes in mice significantly (p < 0.05) by 40% protection of mice at 200 mg/kg, while 80% protection was observed at 400 mg/kg by the orally administered extract. The highest antidiarrheal effect was observed with loperamide (p < 0.01), used as a control drug. In the ex vivo experiments, A. nilotica inhibited completely in increasing concentrations (0.3 to 10 mg/mL) the carbachol (CCh; 1 µM) and high K+ (80 mM)-evoked spasms in ileum tissues at equal potencies (p > 0.05), similar to papaverine, a dual inhibitor of the phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and Ca++ channels. The dual inhibitory-like effects of A. nilotica on PDE and Ca++ were further validated when A. nilotica extract (1 and 3 mg/mL)-pre-incubated ileum tissues potentiated and shifted isoprenaline relaxation curves towards lower doses (leftward), similar to papaverine, thus confirming the PDE inhibitory-like mechanism whereas its CCB-like effect of the extract was confirmed at 3 and 5 mg/mL by non-specific inhibition of CaCl2-mediated concentration response curves towards the right with suppression of the maximum peaks, similar to verapamil, used as standard CCB. Thus, this study characterized the chemical composition and provides mechanistic support for medicinal use of A. nilotica in diarrheal and hyperactive gut motility disorders.
Topics: Acacia; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Gastrointestinal Agents; Jejunum; Methanol; Mice; Papaverine; Parasympatholytics; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Plant Extracts; Polyphenols; Rats
PubMed: 35408506
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072107 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Wall. is an important medicinal plant with reported therapeutic benefits. The current work sought to investigate the antidiarrheal properties of extracts both in vivo...
Wall. is an important medicinal plant with reported therapeutic benefits. The current work sought to investigate the antidiarrheal properties of extracts both in vivo and in silico. This study applied molecular docking to unravel the molecular mechanism of and to find the most effective phytocompounds with antidiarrheal effects. The antidiarrheal activity of was assessed utilizing the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay and the charcoal meal assay. Antidiarrheal characteristics were evaluated by measuring parameters such as intestinal motility, fecal score, and hypersecretion. The extract had a dose-dependent and statistically significant impact in the charcoal meal assay and castor oil-induced diarrhea assay. In the castor oil-induced diarrhea assay, the ethyl acetate fraction (65.96%) showed the highest percentage of defecation inhibition at the highest dose (300 mg/kg (bw)), followed by the uncorrected crystalline compound (63.83%), crude alkaloids (63.83%), chloroform fraction (63.83%), and crude flavonoids (55.32%), while the aqueous fraction (40.43%) and n-Hexane fraction (42.55%) revealed the lowest antidiarrheal potential. In addition, the molecular docking investigation showed emetine, quercetin, and violanthin, isolated chemicals of , to have the highest binding affinity to the target μ and δ opioid receptors with significant inhibitory capacity. These pharmacologically active metabolites in were effective in treating diarrhea. This study lends credence to the traditional usage of in treating gastrointestinal disorders.
PubMed: 37111246
DOI: 10.3390/ph16040489 -
International Journal of Biological... Nov 2020Galactomannans are naturally occurring biocompatible and biodegradable nonionic polysaccharides comprised of mannose and galactose residues. They are under investigation... (Review)
Review
Galactomannans are naturally occurring biocompatible and biodegradable nonionic polysaccharides comprised of mannose and galactose residues. They are under investigation for the design of various drug delivery carriers such as matrix tablets, microparticles, nanoparticles/nanocomposites, polymeric micelles, hydrogels, as well as pharmaceutical excipients. Amongst galactomannans, guar gum, locust bean gum, and fenugreek gum are the biomaterials mostly investigated for their potential utility as nanocarriers for various purposes, either in their native or modified forms. The galactomannan-based nanomaterials have been fabricated by adopting various strategies. These galactomannan nanomaterials have been tested for oral vaccination, oral insulin delivery, cancer cell & macrophage targeting, controlled drug delivery, heavy metal extraction and wound dressing applications. The galactomannan has attracted the attention of researchers as reducing agents for the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles as well. These nanometals have shown improved antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. In vitro toxicity of the nanomaterials is also assessed in some instances. Others such as cassia gum, tara gum, Delonix, Leucaena leucocephala, Punica granatum galactomannans are amongst the least studied materials for biological applications. This review describes various strategies adopted for the synthesis of galactomannan-based nanomaterials, their properties and applications, especially in the field of drug delivery.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Drug Delivery Systems; Galactans; Galactose; Humans; Mannans; Nanostructures; Plant Gums; Polysaccharides; Trigonella
PubMed: 32950525
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.062 -
Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology Sep 2019: The current emphasis on combatting the opioid epidemic in the United States and across the globe is well warranted, but rates and variations of other drugs and... (Review)
Review
: The current emphasis on combatting the opioid epidemic in the United States and across the globe is well warranted, but rates and variations of other drugs and substances of abuse may be inadvertently increasing as well. These drugs and substances deserve equal attention in the literature to equip healthcare practitioners with the knowledge to provide optimal care in overdose patients. : This evaluation includes loperamide, gabapentin, and modafinil and was accomplished through a comprehensive literature review of PubMed, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, ProQuest Central, ProQuest Dissertations, and CINAHL. The results of forty-four pieces of literature are included in this evaluation. The objective of this review is to provide a repository of standard and emerging treatment modalities for loperamide, gabapentin and modafinil for the emergency medicine team. : Loperamide, gabapentin, and modafinil are becoming drugs of abuse, and as such, should be on the radar of healthcare providers. Recognizing their unique toxicity profiles is imperative in providing optimal resuscitative care.
Topics: Drug Overdose; Emergency Treatment; Gabapentin; Humans; Loperamide; Modafinil; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 31422705
DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2019.1657830 -
PloS One 2019As antibiotic contamination increases in wastewater and aqueous environments, the reduction of antibiotics has become a pertinent topic of research regarding water...
As antibiotic contamination increases in wastewater and aqueous environments, the reduction of antibiotics has become a pertinent topic of research regarding water treatment. Clay minerals, such as smectite or kaolinite, are important adsorbents used in water treatment, and sufficient removal of antibiotics by clay minerals is expected. In this study, the adsorption of oxytetracycline (OTC) on kaolinite was investigated. The experimental data of OTC adsorption on kaolinite fit the pseudo-second-order kinetics model well (R2>0.98). After 24 h, adsorption equilibrium of OTC on kaolinite was reached. The Langmuir model was better fitting with the adsorption isotherms generated from experimental data and OTC adsorption occurred on the external surface of kaolinite. The analysis of several thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption of OTC on kaolinite was spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable. With the increase of the pH of a solution, the adsorption capacity increased and then decreased. The adsorption coefficient (Kd) of 102-103 were obtained for adsorption process of OTC on kaolinite.
Topics: Adsorption; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kaolin; Kinetics; Oxytetracycline; Temperature; Thermodynamics
PubMed: 31730641
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225335 -
European Journal of Pharmaceutics and... Sep 2020The clay minerals are characterized as important minerals due to their specific properties. One of the most important groups of the clay minerals is the kaolinite's... (Review)
Review
The clay minerals are characterized as important minerals due to their specific properties. One of the most important groups of the clay minerals is the kaolinite's group minerals due to their morphology, availability and range of potential applications. Halloysite and kaolinite are investigated here for their pharmaceutical applications and especially for their potential in cancer treatment. This review study is focusing on the potential applications of the kaolinite's group minerals in cancer diagnosis and monitoring, cancer treatment, the avoidance of metastasis, and the relief of cancer pains. Anticancer drug-loaded formulations based on these minerals show high potential for the treatment of various types of cancer as they have been shown to exhibit high anticancer activity in cancer cell lines and cancer animal models, high biocompatibility, low side effects, and high drug bioavailability.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line, Tumor; Clay; Cytotoxins; Humans; Kaolin; Minerals; Neoplasms; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32745710
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.030 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Dec 2019A total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formula needs to be correctly compounded with the help of a pharmacist and patients cycled to ensure they are tolerating the TPN... (Review)
Review
A total parenteral nutrition (TPN) formula needs to be correctly compounded with the help of a pharmacist and patients cycled to ensure they are tolerating the TPN volume. Selection of and close working relationship with a home infusion company needs to be arranged prior to hospital discharge and can be coordinated with the help of a hospital case manager. For Medicare patients, a certificate of medical necessity must be completed and signed prior to hospital discharge. Patients should undergo education regarding catheter care, infusion pump programming, and preparation of the TPN solution with additives, such as multivitamins and trace elements.
Topics: Antidiarrheals; Diarrhea; Electrolytes; Fluid Therapy; Gastric Acid; Humans; Parenteral Nutrition; Parenteral Nutrition Solutions; Postoperative Care; Postoperative Complications; Short Bowel Syndrome; Trace Elements; Vitamins
PubMed: 31668176
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.08.001 -
Journal of Ethnopharmacology Nov 2023Psydrax schimperianus (A. Rich.) Bridson. roots are used for the treatment of diarrhea in West Arsi zone, Ethiopia.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Psydrax schimperianus (A. Rich.) Bridson. roots are used for the treatment of diarrhea in West Arsi zone, Ethiopia.
AIM OF THE STUDY
This study aimed to investigate the in vivo antidiarrheal activity of crude extract and coumarins isolated from the roots of Psydrax schimperianus to provide a pharmacological basis for its traditional use as an antidiarrheal agent in Ethiopia.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The crude root extract of P. schimperianus was tested in vivo for antidiarrheal efficacy in mice utilizing castor oil-induced diarrhea, gastrointestinal transit time, and enteropooling models at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg. Phytochemical investigation of the crude root extract led to the isolation of two coumarins, isoscopoletin, and scoparone. Isoscopoletin and scoparone were evaluated for antidiarrheal activity against castor oil-induced diarrhea model at 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg doses.
RESULTS
The crude root extract of P. schimperianus, at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, inhibited defecation by 37.5%, 46.2%, and 61.2%, respectively. At a dose of 20 mg/kg, scoparone and isoscopoletin reduced defecation by 61.2% and 66.6%, respectively.
CONCLUSION
The study warrants further investigation of isoscopoletin and scoparone towards development as a novel treatment for diarrheal diseases.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Antidiarrheals; Castor Oil; Plant Extracts; Diarrhea; Coumarins
PubMed: 37301303
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116705