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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. Experimental data performed in rodents... (Review)
Review
Apelin, a (neuro)vasoactive peptide, plays a prominent role in controlling body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular functions. Experimental data performed in rodents have shown that apelin has an aquaretic effect its central and renal actions. In the brain, apelin inhibits the phasic electrical activity of vasopressinergic neurons and the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary into the bloodstream and in the kidney, apelin regulates renal microcirculation and counteracts in the collecting duct, the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin occurring the vasopressin receptor type 2. In humans and rodents, if plasma osmolality is increased by hypertonic saline infusion/water deprivation or decreased by water loading, plasma vasopressin and apelin are conversely regulated to maintain body fluid homeostasis. In patients with the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, in which vasopressin hypersecretion leads to hyponatremia, the balance between apelin and vasopressin is significantly altered. In order to re-establish the correct balance, a metabolically stable apelin-17 analog, LIT01-196, was developed, to overcome the problem of the very short half-life (in the minute range) of apelin In a rat experimental model of vasopressin-induced hyponatremia, subcutaneously (.) administered LIT01-196 blocks the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin and the vasopressin-induced increase in urinary osmolality, and induces a progressive improvement in hyponatremia, suggesting that apelin receptor activation constitutes an original approach for hyponatremia treatment.
Topics: Apelin; Apelin Receptors; Brain; Humans; Neurons; Vasopressins; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 34880830
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.735515 -
Neurochemical Research Jun 2023Apelin is a natural ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, and the apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in vivo. Among the apelin family, apelin-13 is the... (Review)
Review
Apelin is a natural ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, and the apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in vivo. Among the apelin family, apelin-13 is the major apelin isoform in the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, and is involved in the regulation of various physiopathological mechanisms such as apoptosis, neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress. Apelin is currently being extensively studied in the nervous system, and apelin-13 has been shown to be associated with the onset and progression of a variety of neurological disorders, including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, spinal cord injury (SCI), and psychiatric diseases. This study summarizes the pathophysiological roles of apelin-13 in the development and progression of neurological related diseases.
Topics: Humans; Apelin; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Apelin Receptors; Nervous System Diseases; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
PubMed: 36745269
DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03869-0 -
Pharmacological Reports : PR Jun 2024Neurodegenerative diseases, which occur when neurons begin to deteriorate, affect millions of people worldwide. These age-related disorders are becoming more common... (Review)
Review
Neurodegenerative diseases, which occur when neurons begin to deteriorate, affect millions of people worldwide. These age-related disorders are becoming more common partly because the elderly population has increased in recent years. While no treatments are accessible, every year an increasing number of therapeutic and supportive options become available. Various substances that may have neuroprotective effects are currently being researched. One of them is apelin. This review aims to illustrate the results of research on the neuroprotective effect of apelin amino acid oligopeptide which binds to the apelin receptor and exhibits neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system. The collected data indicate that apelin can protect the central nervous system against injury by several mechanisms. More studies are needed to thoroughly investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of this peptide in neurodegenerative diseases and various other types of brain damage.
Topics: Humans; Neuroprotective Agents; Animals; Apelin; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Apelin Receptors
PubMed: 38568371
DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00587-4 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Apelin, a novel endogenous ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ, is encoded by the gene and can be hydrolyzed into multiple subtypes, with Apelin-13 being one... (Review)
Review
Apelin, a novel endogenous ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ, is encoded by the gene and can be hydrolyzed into multiple subtypes, with Apelin-13 being one of the most active subtypes of the Apelin family. Recent studies have revealed that Apelin-13 functions as an adipokine that participates in the regulation of different biological processes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and energy metabolism, thereby playing an important role in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic diseases. However, the results of recent studies on the association between Apelin-13 and various metabolic states remain controversial. Furthermore, Apelin-13 is regulated or influenced by various forms of exercise and could therefore be categorized as a new type of exercise-sensitive factor that attenuates metabolic diseases. Thus, in this review, our purpose was to focus on the relationship between Apelin-13 and related metabolic diseases and the regulation of response movements, with particular reference to the establishment of a theoretical basis for improving and treating metabolic diseases.
Topics: Humans; Apelin; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Apelin Receptors; Metabolic Diseases
PubMed: 38089606
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1285788 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Oct 2023Apelin and Elabela (Ela) are peptides encoded by APLN and APELA, respectively, which act on their receptor APJ and play crucial roles in the body. Recent research has... (Review)
Review
Apelin and Elabela (Ela) are peptides encoded by APLN and APELA, respectively, which act on their receptor APJ and play crucial roles in the body. Recent research has shown that they not only have important effects on the endocrine system, but also promote vascular development and maintain the homeostasis of myocardial cells. From a molecular biology perspective, we explored the roles of Ela and apelin in the cardiovascular system and summarized the mechanisms of apelin-APJ signaling in the progression of myocardial infarction, ischemia-reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, preeclampsia, and congenital heart disease. Evidences indicated that apelin and Ela play important roles in cardiovascular diseases, and there are many studies focused on developing apelin, Ela, and their analogues for clinical treatments. However, the literature on the therapeutic potential of apelin, Ela and their analogues and other APJ agonists in the cardiovascular system is still limited. This review summarized the regulatory pathways of apelin/ELA-APJ axis in cardiovascular function and cardiovascular-related diseases, and the therapeutic effects of their analogues in cardiovascular diseases were also included.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Apelin; Apelin Receptors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Peptide Hormones; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 37562237
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115268 -
International Immunopharmacology Apr 2023Apelin/APJ is widely distributed in various tissues in the body and participates in the regulation of physiological and pathological mechanisms such as autophagy,... (Review)
Review
Apelin/APJ is widely distributed in various tissues in the body and participates in the regulation of physiological and pathological mechanisms such as autophagy, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Apelin-13 is an adipokine family member with multiple biological roles and has been shown to be involved in the development and progression of bone diseases. In the process of osteoporosis and fracture healing, Apelin-13 plays an osteoprotective role by regulating the autophagy and apoptosis of BMSCs, and promotes the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. In addition, Apelin-13 also attenuates the progression of arthritis by regulating the inflammatory response of macrophages. In conclusion, Apelin-13 has an important connection with bone protection, which provides a new strategy for the clinical treatment of bone-related diseases.
Topics: Humans; Apelin Receptors; Osteogenesis; Inflammation; Autophagy; Apoptosis
PubMed: 37012875
DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109991 -
Tissue & Cell Oct 2022The apelin/APJ system, which has a widespread distribution in the body, is involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms such as... (Review)
Review
The apelin/APJ system, which has a widespread distribution in the body, is involved in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms such as regulation of blood pressure, stress response, immunological activities, obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Apelin also undertakes various tasks in the digestive system such as cell proliferation, secretion of hormones (eg. cholecystokinin and histamine), modulation of gastric and pancreatic secretions, and motility response. Recent researchs have reported that apelin exerts gastroprotective effects by regulating the components of gastric mucosal barrier. Mucosal disorders that can develop in the stomach due to different reasons such as microbial infections, drug use, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, exposure to stress, pepsin, and acid affect a significant proportion of the human population in the world. This review discusses the role of apelin in the protective mechanisms of gastric mucosa against harmful effects.
Topics: Apelin; Cholecystokinin; Gastric Mucosa; Histamine; Humans; Pepsin A
PubMed: 35940035
DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101885 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Nowadays, diabetes and obesity are two main health-threatening metabolic disorders in the world, which increase the risk for many chronic diseases. Apelin, a peptide... (Review)
Review
Nowadays, diabetes and obesity are two main health-threatening metabolic disorders in the world, which increase the risk for many chronic diseases. Apelin, a peptide hormone, exerts its effect by binding with angiotensin II protein J receptor (APJ) and is considered to be linked with diabetes and obesity. Apelin and its receptor are widely present in the body and are involved in many physiological processes, such as glucose and lipid metabolism, homeostasis, endocrine response to stress, and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the literatures on the role of the Apelin-APJ system in diabetes and obesity for a better understanding of the mechanism and function of apelin and its receptor in the pathophysiology of diseases that may contribute to the development of new therapies.
Topics: Apelin; Apelin Receptors; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Obesity
PubMed: 35355561
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.820002 -
Peptides Jun 2022Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor (APJ), and they compose apelin/APJ system. Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in tissues and plays... (Review)
Review
Apelin is an endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor (APJ), and they compose apelin/APJ system. Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in tissues and plays pleiotropic roles. Attractively, more emphasis has recently been placed on the effects of apelin/APJ system in eye diseases, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). In this review, we elaborated the roles of apelin/APJ system in the pathophysiological processes of eye. Concretely, apelin/APJ system induces retinal gliosis and angiogenesis. Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are involved in apelin/APJ system-triggered ROP progress. Apelin/APJ system mediates DR-induced retinopathy. Apelin/APJ system maintains retinal functions and health by protecting Müller cells from apoptosis. Apelin/APJ system suppresses the NMDA-induced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss to protect optic nerve damage. Overall, apelin/APJ system is a potential therapeutic target for eye disease.
Topics: Apelin; Apelin Receptors; Diabetic Retinopathy; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Macular Edema; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
PubMed: 35181348
DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170767 -
Nature Reviews. Nephrology Dec 2021Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and is independently associated with cardiovascular disease. The mainstay of treatment... (Review)
Review
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality and is independently associated with cardiovascular disease. The mainstay of treatment for CKD is blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which reduces blood pressure and proteinuria and slows kidney function decline. Despite this treatment, many patients progress to kidney failure, which requires dialysis or kidney transplantation, and/or die as a result of cardiovascular disease. The apelin system is an endogenous physiological regulator that is emerging as a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. This system comprises the apelin receptor and its two families of endogenous ligands, apelin and elabela/toddler. Preclinical and clinical studies show that apelin receptor ligands are endothelium-dependent vasodilators and potent inotropes, and the apelin system has a reciprocal relationship with the RAAS. In preclinical studies, apelin regulates glomerular haemodynamics and acts on the tubule to promote aquaresis. In addition, apelin is protective in several kidney injury models. Although the apelin system has not yet been studied in patients with CKD, the available data suggest that apelin is a promising potential therapeutic target for kidney disease.
Topics: Apelin; Apelin Receptors; Cardiovascular Diseases; Humans; Ligands; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Renin-Angiotensin System
PubMed: 34389827
DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00461-z