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Microbes and Infection 2019Since the ZIKV outbreak in Brazil in 2015, the scientific community has joined efforts to gather more information on the epidemiology, clinical features and... (Review)
Review
Since the ZIKV outbreak in Brazil in 2015, the scientific community has joined efforts to gather more information on the epidemiology, clinical features and pathogenicity of the virus. Here, we summarize the most important advances made recently and discuss promising, innovative approaches to understand and control ZIKV infection.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Arboviruses; Brazil; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Mosquito Vectors; Viral Vaccines; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 31158508
DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.04.005 -
Virulence Dec 2019Virus infection induces different cellular responses in infected cells. These include cellular stress responses like autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR). Both... (Review)
Review
Virus infection induces different cellular responses in infected cells. These include cellular stress responses like autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR). Both autophagy and UPR are connected to programed cell death I (apoptosis) in chronic stress conditions to regulate cellular homeostasis via Bcl2 family proteins, CHOP and Beclin-1. In this review article we first briefly discuss arboviruses, influenza virus, and HIV and then describe the concepts of apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR. Finally, we focus upon how apoptosis, autophagy, and UPR are involved in the regulation of cellular responses to arboviruses, influenza virus and HIV infections. Abbreviation: AIDS: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; ATF6: Activating Transcription Factor 6; ATG6: Autophagy-specific Gene 6; BAG3: BCL Associated Athanogene 3; Bak: BCL-2-Anatagonist/Killer1; Bax; BCL-2: Associated X protein; Bcl-2: B cell Lymphoma 2x; BiP: Chaperon immunoglobulin heavy chain binding Protein; CARD: Caspase Recruitment Domain; cART: combination Antiretroviral Therapy; CCR5: C-C Chemokine Receptor type 5; CD4: Cluster of Differentiation 4; CHOP: C/EBP homologous protein; CXCR4: C-X-C Chemokine Receptor Type 4; Cyto c: Cytochrome C; DCs: Dendritic Cells; EDEM1: ER-degradation enhancing-a-mannosidase-like protein 1; ENV: Envelope; ER: Endoplasmic Reticulum; FasR: Fas Receptor;G2: Gap 2; G2/M: Gap2/Mitosis; GFAP: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; GP120: Glycoprotein120; GP41: Glycoprotein41; HAND: HIV Associated Neurodegenerative Disease; HEK: Human Embryonic Kidney; HeLa: Human Cervical Epithelial Carcinoma; HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus; IPS-1: IFN-β promoter stimulator 1; IRE-1: Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1; IRGM: Immunity Related GTPase Family M protein; LAMP2A: Lysosome Associated Membrane Protein 2A; LC3: Microtubule Associated Light Chain 3; MDA5: Melanoma Differentiation Associated gene 5; MEF: Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast; MMP: Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization; Nef: Negative Regulatory Factor; OASIS: Old Astrocyte Specifically Induced Substrate; PAMP: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern; PERK: Pancreatic Endoplasmic Reticulum Kinase; PRR: Pattern Recognition Receptor; Puma: P53 Upregulated Modulator of Apoptosis; RIG-I: Retinoic acid-Inducible Gene-I; Tat: Transactivator Protein of HIV; TLR: Toll-like receptor; ULK1: Unc51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1; UPR: Unfolded Protein Response; Vpr: Viral Protein Regulatory; XBP1: X-Box Binding Protein 1.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; Arboviruses; Autophagy; HIV; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Mice; Orthomyxoviridae; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological; Unfolded Protein Response
PubMed: 30966844
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1605803 -
Nature Microbiology Jan 2023Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are the main vectors for dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). Understanding the factors...
Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquitoes are the main vectors for dengue virus (DENV) and other arboviruses, including Zika virus (ZIKV). Understanding the factors that affect transmission of arboviruses from mosquitoes to humans is a priority because it could inform public health and targeted interventions. Reasoning that interactions among viruses in the vector insect might affect transmission, we analysed the viromes of 815 urban Aedes mosquitoes collected from 12 countries worldwide. Two mosquito-specific viruses, Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) and Humaita Tubiacanga virus (HTV), were the most abundant in A. aegypti worldwide. Spatiotemporal analyses of virus circulation in an endemic urban area revealed a 200% increase in chances of having DENV in wild A. aegypti mosquitoes when both HTV and PCLV were present. Using a mouse model in the laboratory, we showed that the presence of HTV and PCLV increased the ability of mosquitoes to transmit DENV and ZIKV to a vertebrate host. By transcriptomic analysis, we found that in DENV-infected mosquitoes, HTV and PCLV block the downregulation of histone H4, which we identify as an important proviral host factor in vivo.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Zika Virus; Insect Viruses; Dengue Virus; Zika Virus Infection; Mosquito Vectors; Arboviruses; RNA Viruses; Aedes; Dengue
PubMed: 36604511
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01289-4 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Aug 2022A number of viruses transmitted by biological vectors or through direct contact, air, or ingestion cause neurologic disease in equids. Of interest are viruses of the... (Review)
Review
A number of viruses transmitted by biological vectors or through direct contact, air, or ingestion cause neurologic disease in equids. Of interest are viruses of the Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Herpesviridae, Bornaviridae, and Bunyaviridae families. Many are classified as arboviruses because they use arthropod vectors, whereas others are transmitted directly via ingestion, inhalation, or integument damage. The goal of this article is to provide an overview on pathophysiologic and clinical aspects of arboviruses of equine importance, including alphaviruses (Togaviridae) and flaviviruses (Flaviviridae).
Topics: Alphavirus; Animals; Arboviruses; Flavivirus; Horse Diseases; Horses
PubMed: 35953146
DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.04.004 -
Viruses Sep 2019Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) are a subset of insect-specific viruses that are found to infect mosquitoes or mosquito derived cells. There has been an increase in... (Review)
Review
Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) are a subset of insect-specific viruses that are found to infect mosquitoes or mosquito derived cells. There has been an increase in discoveries of novel MSVs in recent years. This has expanded our understanding of viral diversity and evolution but has also sparked questions concerning the transmission of these viruses and interactions with their hosts and its microbiome. In fact, there is already evidence that MSVs interact with the immune system of their host. This is especially interesting, since mosquitoes can be infected with both MSVs and arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses of public health concern. In this review, we give an update on the different MSVs discovered so far and describe current data on their transmission and interaction with the mosquito immune system as well as the effect MSVs could have on an arboviruses-co-infection. Lastly, we discuss potential uses of these viruses, including vector and transmission control.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Viruses; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 31533367
DOI: 10.3390/v11090873 -
Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases Jun 2021This review provides an overview of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections that are important causes of human neurological infections world-wide. As many of the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review provides an overview of arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections that are important causes of human neurological infections world-wide. As many of the individual viruses in a specific genus or family cause overlapping clinical syndromes, this review discusses important viruses in groups to highlight some of the similarities and differences in groups of neuroinvasive arbovirus infections.
RECENT FINDINGS
Arboviruses that cause neurological infections in humans continue to emerge and distribute to new regions. The geographic range of the vectors, the hosts and subsequent arbovirus infections in humans continues to expand and evolve. As emerging arboviruses move into new geographic regions, it is important to examine the associated epidemiological and clinical impacts of these infections as they enter new populations.
SUMMARY
Arboviruses from the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae families continue to emerge and spread into new regions. The arboviruses within these virus families cause characteristic neuroinvasive diseases in human populations. A complete understanding of the epidemiological and clinical features of the neuroinvasive arboviruses is important such that these pathogens can be recognized and diagnosed in humans as they emerge. Ongoing research to develop rapid, accurate diagnostics, therapeutic options and vaccines for these pathogens is needed to address future outbreaks of disease in human populations.
Topics: Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Central Nervous System Infections; Humans
PubMed: 33899755
DOI: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000729 -
Viruses Mar 2022Arthropod-borne viruses (Arbovirus) is an ecological term defining viruses that are maintained in nature through biological transmission between a susceptible vertebrate...
Arthropod-borne viruses (Arbovirus) is an ecological term defining viruses that are maintained in nature through biological transmission between a susceptible vertebrate host and a hematophagous arthropod such as a mosquito [...].
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Arthropods; Culicidae; Vertebrates
PubMed: 35337052
DOI: 10.3390/v14030645 -
The Journal of General Virology Apr 2021Mosquito-borne arboviruses, including a diverse array of alphaviruses and flaviviruses, lead to hundreds of millions of human infections each year. Current methods for...
Mosquito-borne arboviruses, including a diverse array of alphaviruses and flaviviruses, lead to hundreds of millions of human infections each year. Current methods for species-level classification of arboviruses adhere to guidelines prescribed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), and generally apply a polyphasic approach that might include information about viral vectors, hosts, geographical distribution, antigenicity, levels of DNA similarity, disease association and/or ecological characteristics. However, there is substantial variation in the criteria used to define viral species, which can lead to the establishment of artificial boundaries between species and inconsistencies when inferring their relatedness, variation and evolutionary history. In this study, we apply a single, uniform principle - that underlying the Biological Species Concept (BSC) - to define biological species of arboviruses based on recombination between genomes. Given that few recombination events have been documented in arboviruses, we investigate the incidence of recombination within and among major arboviral groups using an approach based on the ratio of homoplastic sites (recombinant alleles) to non-homoplastic sites (vertically transmitted alleles). This approach supports many ICTV-designations but also recognizes several cases in which a named species comprises multiple biological species. These findings demonstrate that this metric may be applied to all lifeforms, including viruses, and lead to more consistent and accurate delineation of viral species.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Databases, Genetic; Flavivirus; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 33830905
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001572 -
Viruses Mar 2021The emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses have occurred for centuries [...].
The emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses have occurred for centuries [...].
Topics: Aedes; Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Epidemics; Humans; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 33808949
DOI: 10.3390/v13030467 -
Current Opinion in Virology Aug 2021Mosquitoes are the major vectors for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of medical importance. Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus are the most prolific and widespread... (Review)
Review
Mosquitoes are the major vectors for arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) of medical importance. Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus are the most prolific and widespread mosquito vectors being responsible for global transmission of dengue, Zika and Chikungunya viruses. Characterizing the collection of viruses circulating in mosquitoes, the virome, has long been of special interest. In addition to arboviruses, mosquitoes carry insect-specific viruses (ISVs) that do not directly infect vertebrates. Mounting evidence indicates that ISVs interact with arboviruses and may affect mosquito vector competence. Here, we review our current knowledge about the virome of vector mosquitoes and discuss the challenges for the field that may lead to novel strategies to prevent outbreaks of arboviruses.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Insect Viruses; Microbial Interactions; Mosquito Vectors; Phylogeny; Virome
PubMed: 33991759
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.04.002