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Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Aug 2020Arboviruses (ARthropods BOrne VIRUSES) are disease-causing viruses transmitted through the bite of hematophagous arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks. Among these,... (Review)
Review
Arboviruses (ARthropods BOrne VIRUSES) are disease-causing viruses transmitted through the bite of hematophagous arthropods, such as mosquitoes and ticks. Among these, the alphavirus, genus of the Togaviridae family, is considered the most arthritogenic species, responsible for diseases such as chikungunya fever (CHIK), O'nyong-nyong virus fever, Ross River virus disease, Barmah Forest virus disease, Sindbis virus disease, and Mayaro fever. These arboviral diseases, especially CHIK, have impacted public health in recent decades, leading to devastating epidemics, particularly in developing countries, due to their high potential for chronicity, functional impairment, and great impact on the quality of life. In a similar way, chronic musculoskeletal symptoms have been described in all alphavirus infections. However, CHIK is the best studied. The purpose of this article is to review physiopathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of alphaviruses, focusing on CHIK and chronic evolution of musculoskeletal symptoms.
Topics: Alphavirus; Alphavirus Infections; Animals; Arboviruses; Fever; Humans; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Quality of Life
PubMed: 32312678
DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2020.101502 -
Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene... 2024In this review, there is a complete description of the classes of arboviruses, their evolutionary process, virus characterization, disease transmission methods; it also... (Review)
Review
In this review, there is a complete description of the classes of arboviruses, their evolutionary process, virus characterization, disease transmission methods; it also describes about the vectors involved in transmission and their mood of transmission, both biologically as well as non-biologically and, about host, the resistance mechanism in host, and artificial methods of preventing those viral transmissions. Arboviruses transmitted to hosts by some vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, etc. The virus replicates in the host can be prevented by some host resistance mechanisms like RNA interference (RNAi), which degrade virus RNA by its antiviral activity, insect repellents, IGRs, and PI technology.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Arboviruses; Virus Replication; RNA Interference; Biological Evolution; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 38073439
DOI: 10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2023049820 -
Virus Genes Apr 2020The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses,... (Review)
Review
The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses and a number of arboviruses causing encephalitis, including alpha- and flaviviruses. All these viruses are of concern for public health services when they occur in natural outbreaks or emerge in unvaccinated populations. Recent events and intelligence reports point to a growing risk of dangerous biological agents being used for nefarious purposes. Public health responses effective in natural outbreaks of infectious disease may not be sufficient to deal with the severe consequences of a deliberate release of such agents. One important aspect of countermeasures against viral biothreat agents are the antiviral treatment options available for use in post-exposure prophylaxis. These issues were adressed by the organizers of the 16th Medical Biodefense Conference, held in Munich in 2018, in a special session on the development of drugs to treat infections with viruses currently perceived as a threat to societies or associated with a potential for misuse as biothreat agents. This review will outline the state-of-the-art methods in antivirals research discussed and provide an overview of antiviral compounds in the pipeline that are already approved for use or still under development.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Arboviruses; Bioterrorism; Filoviridae; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxovirinae; Poxviridae; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 32076918
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01737-5 -
The Journal of General Virology Feb 2022Arboviruses are medically important arthropod-borne viruses that cause a range of diseases in humans from febrile illness to arthritis, encephalitis and hemorrhagic... (Review)
Review
Arboviruses are medically important arthropod-borne viruses that cause a range of diseases in humans from febrile illness to arthritis, encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever. Given their transmission cycles, these viruses face the challenge of replicating in evolutionarily divergent organisms that can include ticks, flies, mosquitoes, birds, rodents, reptiles and primates. Furthermore, their cell attachment receptor utilization may be affected by the opposing needs for generating high and sustained serum viremia in vertebrates such that virus particles are efficiently collected during a hematophagous arthropod blood meal but they must also bind sufficiently to cellular structures on divergent organisms such that productive infection can be initiated and viremia generated. Sulfated polysaccharides of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) groups, primarily heparan sulfate (HS), have been identified as cell attachment moieties for many arboviruses. Original identification of GAG binding as a phenotype of arboviruses appeared to involve this attribute arising solely as a consequence of adaptation of virus isolates to growth in cell culture. However, more recently, naturally circulating strains of at least one arbovirus, eastern equine encephalitis, have been shown to bind HS efficiently and the GAG binding phenotype continues to be associated with arbovirus infection in published studies. If GAGs are attachment receptors for many naturally circulating arboviruses, this could lead to development of broad-spectrum antiviral therapies through blocking of the virus-GAG interaction. This review summarizes the available data for GAG/HS binding as a phenotype of naturally circulating arbovirus strains emphasizing the importance of avoiding tissue culture amplification and artifactual phenotypes during their isolation.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Heparitin Sulfate; Humans
PubMed: 35191823
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001726 -
Viruses Mar 2023The Caribbean enjoys a long-standing eminence as a popular tourist destination; however, over the years it has also amassed the sobriquet "arbovirus hotspot". As the... (Review)
Review
The Caribbean enjoys a long-standing eminence as a popular tourist destination; however, over the years it has also amassed the sobriquet "arbovirus hotspot". As the planet warms and vectors expand their habitats, a cognizant working knowledge of the lesser-known arboviruses and the factors that influence their emergence and resurgence becomes essential. The extant literature on Caribbean arboviruses is spread across decades of published literature and is quite often difficult to access, and, in some cases, is obsolete. Here, we look at the lesser-known arboviruses of the insular Caribbean and examine some of the drivers for their emergence and resurgence. We searched the scientific literature databases PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed literature as well as scholarly reports. We included articles and reports that describe works resulting in serological evidence of the presence of arboviruses and/or arbovirus isolations in the insular Caribbean. Studies without serological evidence and/or arbovirus isolations as well as those including dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever were excluded. Of the 545 articles identified, 122 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 42 arboviruses were identified in the literature. These arboviruses and the drivers that affect their emergence/resurgence are discussed.
Topics: Humans; Arboviruses; Arbovirus Infections; Chikungunya Fever; Yellow Fever; Zika Virus Infection; Zika Virus; Caribbean Region; Dengue
PubMed: 37112824
DOI: 10.3390/v15040843 -
Journal of Virology Jan 2023Getah virus (GETV) mainly causes disease in livestock and may pose an epidemic risk due to its expanding host range and the potential of long-distance dispersal through...
Getah virus (GETV) mainly causes disease in livestock and may pose an epidemic risk due to its expanding host range and the potential of long-distance dispersal through animal trade. Here, we used metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) to identify GETV as the pathogen responsible for reemerging swine disease in China and subsequently estimated key epidemiological parameters using phylodynamic and spatially-explicit phylogeographic approaches. The GETV isolates were able to replicate in a variety of cell lines, including human cells, and showed high pathogenicity in a mouse model, suggesting the potential for more mammal hosts. We obtained 16 complete genomes and 79 E2 gene sequences from viral strains collected in China from 2016 to 2021 through large-scale surveillance among livestock, pets, and mosquitoes. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that three major GETV lineages are responsible for the current epidemic in livestock in China. We identified three potential positively selected sites and mutations of interest in E2, which may impact the transmissibility and pathogenicity of the virus. Phylodynamic inference of the GETV demographic dynamics identified an association between livestock meat consumption and the evolution of viral genetic diversity. Finally, phylogeographic reconstruction of GETV dispersal indicated that the sampled lineages have preferentially circulated within areas associated with relatively higher mean annual temperature and pig population density. Our results highlight the importance of continuous surveillance of GETV among livestock in southern Chinese regions associated with relatively high temperatures. Although livestock is known to be the primary reservoir of Getah virus (GETV) in Asian countries, where identification is largely based on serology, the evolutionary history and spatial epidemiology of GETV in these regions remain largely unknown. Through our sequencing efforts, we provided robust support for lineage delineation of GETV and identified three major lineages that are responsible for the current epidemic in livestock in China. We further analyzed genomic and epidemiological data to reconstruct the recent demographic and dispersal history of GETV in domestic animals in China and to explore the impact of environmental factors on its genetic diversity and its diffusion. Notably, except for livestock meat consumption, other pig-related factors such as the evolution of live pig transport and pork production do not show a significant association with the evolution of viral genetic diversity, pointing out that further studies should investigate the potential contribution of other host species to the GETV outbreak. Our analysis of GETV demonstrates the need for wider animal species surveillance and provides a baseline for future studies of the molecular epidemiology and early warning of emerging arboviruses in China.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Arboviruses; China; Genomics; Livestock; Phylogeny; Genome, Viral
PubMed: 36475767
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01091-22 -
Cell Host & Microbe Sep 2019The inexorable emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses and the failure of traditional vector control methods to prevent their transmission have triggered the development... (Review)
Review
The inexorable emergence of mosquito-borne arboviruses and the failure of traditional vector control methods to prevent their transmission have triggered the development of alternative entomological interventions to render mosquito populations incapable of carrying arboviruses. Here, we use a theoretical framework to argue that decreasing mosquito tolerance to arbovirus infection could be a more evolutionarily sustainable disease control strategy than increasing mosquito resistance. Increasing resistance is predicted to select for mutant arboviruses escaping resistance, whereas reducing tolerance should lead to the death of infected vectors and thus select for mosquito-attenuated arbovirus variants that are less transmissible.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Biological Evolution; Computer Simulation; Culicidae; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Models, Biological; Mosquito Control; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 31513769
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.08.005 -
Insect Science Jun 2024Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates, plants, and fungi. Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are... (Review)
Review
Insects are the host or vector of diverse viruses including those that infect vertebrates, plants, and fungi. Insect viruses reside inside their insect hosts and are vertically transmitted from parent to offspring. The insect virus-host relationship is intricate, as these viruses can impact various aspects of insect biology, such as development, reproduction, sex ratios, and immunity. Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) that cause substantial global health or agricultural problems can also be vertically transmitted to insect vector progeny. Multiple infections with insect viruses and arboviruses are common in nature. Such coinfections involve complex interactions, including synergism, dependence, and antagonism. Recent studies have shed light on the influence of insect viruses on the competence of insect vectors for arboviruses. In this review, we focus on the biological effects of insect viruses on the transmission of arboviruses by insects. We also discuss the potential mechanisms by which insect viruses affect the ability of hosts to transmit arboviruses, as well as potential strategies for disease control through manipulation of insect viruses. Analyses of the interactions among insect vectors, insect viruses and arboviruses will provide new opportunities for development of innovative strategies to control arbovirus transmission.
Topics: Animals; Arboviruses; Insect Vectors; Insect Viruses; Arbovirus Infections; Insecta
PubMed: 37877630
DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13285 -
Tropical Medicine & International... Apr 2023Arboviruses are emerging as a relevant threat to transfusion safety. Pathogen inactivation methods (PIMs) may reduce the risk of transmission through transfusion, as... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
Arboviruses are emerging as a relevant threat to transfusion safety. Pathogen inactivation methods (PIMs) may reduce the risk of transmission through transfusion, as long as they meet minimum standards for effectiveness. This study aims to assess the log reduction of viral load achieved with different PIMs, according to the blood product they are used on and the arbovirus targeted.
METHODS
Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE and Embase. The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO CRD42022312061. We selected records reporting the log reduction of viral load achieved with the main PIMs (amotosalen + UVA light [INTERCEPT], riboflavin + UV light [Mirasol], methylene blue + visible light/UVC light [THERAFLEX], solvent detergent, amustaline [INTERCEPT] and PEN110 [Inactine]), applied to any blood product (plasma, platelets, red blood cells or whole blood) and for any arbovirus. The log reduction of viral loads was assessed by obtaining the mean log reduction factor (LRF). We compared and classified the LRF of different techniques using statistical methods.
RESULTS
We included 59 publications reporting LRF results in 17 arboviruses. For 13 arboviruses, including Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, West Nile virus and Zika virus, at least one of the methods achieves adequate or optimal log reduction of viral load-mean LRF ≥4. The LRF achieved with riboflavin + UV light is inferior to the rest of the techniques, both overall and specifically for plasma, platelets preserved in platelet additive solution (PAS)/plasma, and red blood cells/whole blood. The LRF achieved using Mirasol is also lower for inactivating Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus and Zika virus. For West Nile virus, we found no significant differences. In plasma, the method that achieves the highest LRF is solvent/detergent; in platelets, THERAFLEX and INTERCEPT; and in red blood cells/whole blood, PEN110 (Inactine).
CONCLUSION
Not all PIMs achieve the same LRF, nor is this equivalent between the different arboviruses or blood products. Overall, the LRFs achieved using riboflavin + UV light (Mirasol) are inferior to those achieved with the rest of the PIMs. Regarding the others, LRFs vary by arbovirus and blood product. In light of the threat of different arboviruses, blood establishments should have already validated PIMs and be logistically prepared to implement these techniques quickly.
Topics: Humans; Arboviruses; Detergents; Polyamines; Zika Virus; Riboflavin; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 36806816
DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13863 -
Antiviral Research Dec 2019The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral... (Review)
Review
The Global Virus Network (GVN) was established in 2011 to strengthen research and responses to emerging viral causes of human disease and to prepare against new viral pandemics. There are now 52 GVN Centers of Excellence and 9 Affiliate laboratories in 32 countries. The 11th International GVN meeting was held from June 9-11, 2019 in Barcelona, Spain and was jointly organized with the Spanish Society of Virology. A common theme throughout the meeting was globalization and climate change. This report highlights the recent accomplishments of GVN researchers in several important areas of medical virology, including severe virus epidemics, anticipation and preparedness for changing disease dynamics, host-pathogen interactions, zoonotic virus infections, ethical preparedness for epidemics and pandemics, one health and antivirals.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Arboviruses; Climate Change; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Coronavirus; Ebolavirus; Global Health; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Hepatitis B; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Influenza, Human; Internationality; One Health; Pandemics; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases; Viruses; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31697957
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104645