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Veterinary Medicine and Science Sep 2022Akabane virus (AKAV) is a teratogenic and neuropathogenic arbovirus that infects livestock and wild animals. AKAVs are endemic arboviruses from dairy farms in Taiwan in...
BACKGROUND
Akabane virus (AKAV) is a teratogenic and neuropathogenic arbovirus that infects livestock and wild animals. AKAVs are endemic arboviruses from dairy farms in Taiwan in 1989, and the first sequence was detected in cattle with nonsuppurative encephalitis in 1992.
OBJECTIVES
This study aims to understand the epidemiological relationships of the akabane viruses between Taiwan and nearby places.
METHODS
In this study, 17 specimens were identified or isolated from vector insects, and ruminant fetuses collected from 1992 to 2015 were sequenced and analysed.
RESULTS
Sequence analyses revealed all Taiwanese AKAVs belonged to genogroup Ia but diverged into two clusters in the phylogenetic trees, implying that at least two invasive events of AKAV may have occurred in Taiwan.
CONCLUSIONS
The two clusters of AKAVs could still be identified in Taiwan in 2015, and a reassortment event was observed, indicating that the two clusters of AKAVs are already endemic in Taiwan.
Topics: Animals; Arboviruses; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Molecular Epidemiology; Orthobunyavirus; Phylogeny; Taiwan
PubMed: 35971895
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.887 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023Among many medically important pathogens, arboviruses like dengue, Zika and chikungunya cause severe health and economic burdens especially in developing countries.... (Review)
Review
Among many medically important pathogens, arboviruses like dengue, Zika and chikungunya cause severe health and economic burdens especially in developing countries. These viruses are primarily vectored by mosquitoes. Having surmounted geographical barriers and threat of control strategies, these vectors continue to conquer many areas of the globe exposing more than half of the world's population to these viruses. Unfortunately, no medical interventions have been capable so far to produce successful vaccines or antivirals against many of these viruses. Thus, vector control remains the fundamental strategy to prevent disease transmission. The long-established understanding regarding the replication of these viruses is that they reshape both human and mosquito host cellular membranes upon infection for their replicative benefit. This leads to or is a result of significant alterations in lipid metabolism. Metabolism involves complex chemical reactions in the body that are essential for general physiological functions and survival of an organism. Finely tuned metabolic homeostases are maintained in healthy organisms. However, a simple stimulus like a viral infection can alter this homeostatic landscape driving considerable phenotypic change. Better comprehension of these mechanisms can serve as innovative control strategies against these vectors and viruses. Here, we review the metabolic basis of fundamental mosquito biology and virus-vector interactions. The cited work provides compelling evidence that targeting metabolism can be a paradigm shift and provide potent tools for vector control as well as tools to answer many unresolved questions and gaps in the field of arbovirology.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Dengue Virus; Aedes; Arboviruses; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection
PubMed: 37360524
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1128577 -
Viruses Jun 2020Infections due to arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) have dramatically increased worldwide during the last few years. In humans, symptoms associated with acute... (Review)
Review
Infections due to arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) have dramatically increased worldwide during the last few years. In humans, symptoms associated with acute infection of most arboviruses are often described as "dengue-like syndrome", including fever, rash, conjunctivitis, arthralgia, and muscular symptoms such as myalgia, myositis, or rhabdomyolysis. In some cases, muscular symptoms may persist over months, especially following flavivirus and alphavirus infections. However, in humans the cellular targets of infection in muscle have been rarely identified. Animal models provide insights to elucidate pathological mechanisms through studying viral tropism, viral-induced inflammation, or potential viral persistence in the muscle compartment. The tropism of arboviruses for muscle cells as well as the viral-induced cytopathic effect and cellular alterations can be confirmed in vitro using cellular models. This review describes the link between muscle alterations and arbovirus infection, and the underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Humans; Muscles; Muscular Diseases
PubMed: 32516914
DOI: 10.3390/v12060616 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology Feb 2020One of the defining features of mosquito vectors of arboviruses such as Dengue and Zika is their ability to tolerate high levels of virus proliferation without suffering... (Review)
Review
One of the defining features of mosquito vectors of arboviruses such as Dengue and Zika is their ability to tolerate high levels of virus proliferation without suffering significant pathology. This adaptation is central to vector competence and disease spread. The molecular mechanisms, pathways, cellular and metabolic adaptations responsible for mosquito disease tolerance are still largely unknown and may represent effective ways to control mosquito populations and prevent arboviral diseases. In this review article, we describe the key link between disease tolerance and pathogen transmission, and how vector control methods may benefit by focusing efforts on dissecting the mechanisms underlying mosquito tolerance of arboviral infections. We briefly review recent work investigating tolerance mechanisms in other insects, describe the state of the art regarding the mechanisms of disease tolerance in mosquitos, and highlight the emerging role of gut microbiota in mosquito immunity and disease tolerance.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immune Tolerance; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 31585195
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103514 -
Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases... Feb 2020Two species of mosquitoes ( and ) are primary vectors for emerging arboviruses that are a significant threat to public health and economic burden worldwide.... (Review)
Review
Two species of mosquitoes ( and ) are primary vectors for emerging arboviruses that are a significant threat to public health and economic burden worldwide. Distribution of these vectors and the associated arboviruses, such as dengue virus, chikungunya virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus, was for a long time restricted by geographical, ecological, and biological factors. Presently, arbovirus emergence and dispersion are more rapid and geographically widespread, largely due to expansion of the range for these two mosquitoes that have exploited the global transportation network, land perturbation, and failure to contain the mosquito population coupled with enhanced vector competence. and may also sustain transmission between humans without having to depend on their natural reservoir forest cycles due to arthropod adaptation to urbanization. Currently, there is no single strategy that is adequate to control these vectors, especially when managing arbovirus outbreaks. This review aimed at presenting the characteristics and abilities of and , which can drive a global public health risk, and suggests strategies for prevention and control. This review presents the geographic range, reproduction and ecology, vector competence, genetic evolution, and biological and chemical control of these two mosquito species and how they have changed and developed over time combined with factors that may drive pandemics and mitigation measures. We suggest that more efforts should be geared toward the development of a concerted multidisciplinary approach.
Topics: Aedes; Animal Distribution; Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Humans; Mosquito Control; Mosquito Vectors; Pandemics; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31556813
DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2486 -
Trends in Parasitology Dec 2019Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a group of heterogeneous viruses that are mainly transmitted to vertebrate hosts and are the aetiological agents of many human diseases.... (Review)
Review
Mosquito-borne arboviruses are a group of heterogeneous viruses that are mainly transmitted to vertebrate hosts and are the aetiological agents of many human diseases. These viruses naturally maintain a life cycle between distinct hosts by transmission from an infected mosquito to a naive host, and acquisition from a viraemic host back to a fed mosquito. To survive in and maintain a cycle between different host environments, mosquito-borne arboviruses exploit sophisticated approaches, including subverting the immune system, hijacking host factors, and taking advantage of gut microbes. We summarize the recent progress towards understanding the mechanisms of arboviral transmission and acquisition by mosquitoes. This knowledge offers an insight into the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses in nature and an avenue for disease prevention in the future.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Mosquito Vectors
PubMed: 31669148
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.006 -
Trends in Microbiology Apr 2020Infections with arthropod-borne viruses are increasing globally as a result of climate and demographic changes, global dispersion of insect vectors, and increased air... (Review)
Review
Infections with arthropod-borne viruses are increasing globally as a result of climate and demographic changes, global dispersion of insect vectors, and increased air travel. The similar symptomatology of arboviral diseases and the cocirculation of different arboviruses in Africa, Asia, and South America complicate diagnosis. Despite the high sensitivity and specificity of molecular diagnostic tests, their utility is limited to the short viremic phase of arbovirus infections, and therefore the diagnosis of infection is frequently missed in clinical practice. Conversely, the duration of antibody responses provides a wider window of opportunity, making diagnosis more dependent on IgM/IgG detection. This review discusses the issues underlying the low specificity of antibody-detection assays, and addresses the challenges and strategies for discovering more specific biomarkers to enable a more accurate diagnosis.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Biomarkers; Dengue Virus; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin M; Sensitivity and Specificity; Serologic Tests; Utopias; Zika Virus
PubMed: 31864844
DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.11.005 -
Zoonoses and Public Health Aug 2023Ťahyňa virus (TAHV) is an orthobunyavirus and was the first arbovirus isolated from mosquitoes in Europe and is associated with floodplain areas as a characteristic... (Review)
Review
Ťahyňa virus (TAHV) is an orthobunyavirus and was the first arbovirus isolated from mosquitoes in Europe and is associated with floodplain areas as a characteristic biotope, hares as reservoir hosts and the mammal-feeding mosquitoes Aedes vexans as the main vector. The disease caused by TAHV ("Valtice fever") was detected in people with acute flu-like illness in the 1960s, and later the medical significance of TAHV became the subject of many studies. Although TAHV infections are widespread, the prevalence and number of actual cases, clinical manifestations in humans and animals and the ecology of transmission by mosquitoes and their vertebrate hosts are rarely reported. Despite its association with meningitis in humans, TAHV is a neglected human pathogen with unknown public health importance in Central Europe, and a potential emerging disease threat elsewhere in Europe due to extreme summer flooding events.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Encephalitis Virus, California; Mosquito Vectors; Europe; Arboviruses; Aedes; Mammals
PubMed: 37128975
DOI: 10.1111/zph.13042 -
The Journal of General Virology Apr 2023Sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are proven vectors of various pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Although mostly known for their pivotal role in the... (Review)
Review
Sand flies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) are proven vectors of various pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. Although mostly known for their pivotal role in the transmission of parasitic protists of the genus that cause leishmaniases, they are also proven or suspected vectors of many arboviruses, some of which threaten human and animal health, causing disorders such as human encephalitis (Chandipura virus) or serious diseases of domestic animals (vesicular stomatitis viruses). We reviewed the literature to summarize the current published information on viruses detected in or isolated from phlebotomine sand flies, excluding the family with the genus , as these have been well investigated and up-to-date reviews are available. Sand fly-borne viruses from four other families (, , and ) and one unclassified group () are reviewed for the first time regarding their distribution in nature, host and vector specificity, and potential natural transmission cycles.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Psychodidae; Phlebovirus; Animals, Domestic; Arboviruses; Rhabdoviridae
PubMed: 37018120
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001837 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Dec 2023The adverse impact of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), and chikungunya (CHIKV) virus infection in pregnancy has been recognized in Latin America and Asia but is not well...
BACKGROUND
The adverse impact of Zika (ZIKV), dengue (DENV), and chikungunya (CHIKV) virus infection in pregnancy has been recognized in Latin America and Asia but is not well studied in Africa. Although originally discovered in sub-Saharan Africa the non-specific clinical presentation of arbovirus infection may have hampered our detection of adverse clinical outcomes and outbreak.
OBJECTIVE
This prospective study of arbovirus infection in pregnant women in north-central Nigeria sought to characterize the prevalence of acute arbovirus infection and determine the impact on pregnancy and infant outcomes.
METHODS
In Nigeria, we screened 1006 pregnant women for ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV IgM/IgG by rapid test (2019-2022). Women with acute infection were recruited for prospective study and infants were examined for any abnormalities from delivery through six months. A subset of rapid test-reactive samples were confirmed using virus-specific ELISAs and neutralization assays.
RESULTS
The prevalence of acute infection (IgM+) was 3.8 %, 9.9 % and 11.8 % for ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV, respectively; co-infections represented 24.5 % of all infections. The prevalence in asymptomatic women was twice the level of symptomatic infection. We found a significant association between acute maternal ZIKV/DENV/CHIKV infection and any gross abnormal birth outcome (p = 0.014).
CONCLUSIONS
Over three rainy seasons, regular acute infection with ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV was observed with significantly higher rates in pregnant women without symptoms. The potential association arbovirus infection with abnormal birth outcome warrants further prospective study to ascertain the clinical significance of these endemic arboviruses in Africa.
Topics: Infant; Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Zika Virus Infection; Zika Virus; Arboviruses; Dengue; Pregnant Women; Chikungunya virus; Dengue Virus; Prospective Studies; Nigeria; Chikungunya Fever; Arbovirus Infections; Immunoglobulin M
PubMed: 37944259
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105616