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Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Bivalve shellfish consumption (ark shells, clams, cockles, and oysters) has increased over the last decades. Following this trend, infectious disease outbreaks... (Review)
Review
Bivalve shellfish consumption (ark shells, clams, cockles, and oysters) has increased over the last decades. Following this trend, infectious disease outbreaks associated with their consumption have been reported more frequently. Molluscs are a diverse group of organisms found wild and farmed. They are common on our tables, but unfortunately, despite their great taste, they can also pose a threat as a potential vector for numerous species of pathogenic microorganisms. Clams, in particular, might be filled with pathogens because of their filter-feeding diet. This specific way of feeding favors the accumulation of excessive amounts of pathogenic microorganisms like spp., including and , , spp., and fecal coliforms, and intestinal enterococci. The problems of pathogen dissemination and disease outbreaks caused by exogenous bacteria in many geographical regions quickly became an unwanted effect of globalized food supply chains, global climate change, and natural pathogen transmission dynamics. Moreover, some pathogens like spp., with high zoonotic potential, are spreading worldwide along with food transport. These bacteria, contained in food, are also responsible for the potential transmission of antibiotic-resistance genes to species belonging to the human microbiota. Finally, they end up in wastewater, thus colonizing new areas, which enables them to introduce new antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) into the environment and extend the existing spectrum of ARGs already present in local biomes. Foodborne pathogens require modern methods of detection. Similarly, detecting ARGs is necessary to prevent resistance dissemination in new environments, thus preventing future outbreaks, which could threaten associated consumers and workers in the food processing industry.
PubMed: 36699600
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1061223 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Sep 2019The Campylobacter and Arcobacter genera encompass closely related species that are ubiquitous in nature and are harboured in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals,... (Review)
Review
The Campylobacter and Arcobacter genera encompass closely related species that are ubiquitous in nature and are harboured in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, including food-producing animals (cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry). In humans Campylobacter spp. is the cause of most of the gastroenteritis cases worldwide and in more severe cases the infection can result in Guillian Barré syndrome. Similarly, Arcobacter species can cause gastroenteritis as well as bacteraemia. Infections in humans can be induced by the consumption of contaminated vegetables, meat, milk and water. However, food originating from animals, especially meat, has been recognised as a source of infection, in fact, poultry meat and meat products have been globally reported as the main source of infection. It is clear that food-producing animals are important reservoirs for Campylobacter and Arcobacter species, which implies successful colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract at primary production and contamination during the slaughter process. During slaughter the evisceration step has been recognised as the most likely point of contamination, as accidental spillage of intestinal fluid and rapture of gastrointestinal tract can occur. Therefore, improper hygienic practices can ultimately allow for the contamination of finished/retail products intended for human consumption. This literature review will seek to explore the infection of food-producing animals with Campylobacter and Arcobacter species at primary production and contamination during the slaughter of food-producing animals.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Cattle; Disinfection; Food Contamination; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Meat; Milk; Poultry; Prevalence; Sheep; Skin; Swine
PubMed: 31493271
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2722-x -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Jun 2022This study was aimed at the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables sold at district markets in the Kayseri...
This study was aimed at the isolation and identification of Arcobacter spp. and Campylobacter spp. from fresh vegetables sold at district markets in the Kayseri province, and at the determination of the antibacterial susceptibility of the recovered isolates. For this purpose, a total of 175 vegetable samples, including 35 spinach, 35 lettuce, 35 parsley, 35 arugula, and 35 radish samples, were collected. While the pre-enrichment and membrane filtration techniques were used for the isolation of Arcobacter spp., the pre-enrichment and direct inoculation methods were used for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. The isolates were identified by means of phenotypic tests and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using genus- and species-specific primers. In addition, the susceptibilities of the isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, erythromycin, gentamicin, neomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline were determined by the disk diffusion method. Out of the 175 vegetable samples tested, 93 (53.14%) were found to be positive for Arcobacter spp., and 119 Arcobacter spp. isolates were recovered from these 93 positive samples. All of the samples examined were found to be negative for Campylobacter spp. One hundred one (86%) and 14 (10%) of the 119 Arcobacter isolates obtained were identified as A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively, but four isolates could not be identified at the species level by mPCR. Mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of Arcobacter was detected in 24 of the positive samples. While all of the Arcobacter isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tetracycline, 2 (1.68%), 2 (1.68%), and 5 (4.20%) isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, and neomycin, respectively. Consequently, the determination of a high prevalence of arcobacters and mixed contamination with more than one species and/or genotypes of arcobacters in vegetables often consumed raw by humans demonstrated that the consumption of raw vegetables may be a risk to the public health.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Enrofloxacin; Erythromycin; Food Microbiology; Gentamicins; Humans; Neomycin; Prevalence; Streptomycin; Tetracyclines; Vegetables
PubMed: 35689134
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03315-3 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Jul 2022Arcobacter spp. has been considered an emerging foodborne pathogen and a hazard to human health. The dairy chain has been isolated from different sources; nevertheless,...
BACKGROUND
Arcobacter spp. has been considered an emerging foodborne pathogen and a hazard to human health. The dairy chain has been isolated from different sources; nevertheless, data on Arcobacter occurrence in raw milk and dairy products in Iran are still scant.
OBJECTIVE
The present study investigates the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility and the presence of virulence genes of Arcobacters species isolated from milk and dairy products.
METHODS
Then, a total of 350 raw milk samples and 400 dairy product samples were collected from dairy supply centers in Isfahan, Iran. Presumptive Arcobacter strains were obtained by enriching samples in Oxoid Arcobacter enrichment broth (AEB) followed by the filtration of enrichment product through 0.45-μm pore size membrane filters laid onto non-selective blood at 30°C under microaerophilic conditions. Molecular identification of Arcobacter cryaerophilus and A. butzleri was performed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing. The disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates. Targeted resistance and virulence genes were detected using multiplex PCR.
RESULTS
The results show a low recovery rate of Arcobacter spp. in milk. Arcobacters were found in all types of milk, except raw camel milk, but were absent from all dairy products. Arcobacter butzleri was the predominant species in raw milk. Detection of virulence genes shows that all virulence genes targeted were found among A. butzleri, and six (cadF, cj1349, irgA, mviN, pldA, tlyA) were found among A. cryaerophilus. All A. butzleri strains and some A. cryaerophilus strains isolated from milk were resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and tetracycline. All A. cryaerophilus isolates from milk were susceptible to gentamycin, streptomycin, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. The distribution of resistance genes in Arcobacter strains in milk shows that all isolates carried tet(O) and bla genes.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the results indicate a low recovery rate of Arcobacter spp. in milk and milk products. However, a significant number of Arcobacter strains with putative virulence genes may be potential pathogens for humans and an overall increase in Arcobacter resistance to first-line antibiotics. These results highlight the need for regular surveillance of Arcobacter strains in milk and milk products in Iran.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arcobacter; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Genotype; Humans; Milk; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35426255
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.800 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022The is a globally emerging foodborne and zoonotic pathogen that can cause diarrhea in humans. It is relatively homogenous and clearly distinguishes the group from other...
The is a globally emerging foodborne and zoonotic pathogen that can cause diarrhea in humans. It is relatively homogenous and clearly distinguishes the group from other . () is a heterogeneous species and little is known about its genomic characterization in China. This study aims to determine the genetic and plasmid features of based on whole-genome sequence (WGS). Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH) were used for the species classification for 90 initially identified strains. One complete genome and 42 draft genomes were obtained by whole genome sequencing. The genomic characteristics were determined using various bioinformatics software. The genomes of the strains examined were estimated to vary from 1.81 to 2.28 Mb in length, with a G + C content of around 27%. ANI and DDH results indicated that 90 initially identified strains should be reclassified into four new species (ANI > 96% or DDH > 70%). Two clades (four subclades) were identified among 90 genomes with the phylogenetic analysis. The phylogenetic tree indicated these 90 genomes exhibited a high intra-species genomic diversity. No clustering was assorted with the host or geographic location among these genomes. Aminoglycoside resistance genes, such as , , , , and streptothricin resistance gene were detected in the chromosomes from a third of the Chinese strains. Virulence-related genes were identified in all the sequenced strains. A novel large multiple drug-resistant plasmid (named pCNAC48 with 161,992 bp in length) was identified in strain ICDCAC48. Two antibiotic-resistance islands were found in the plasmid with lengths of 7,950 and 25,137 bp and G + C content of 38.23 and 32.39%, respectively. The drug resistance genes and some transposable elements were cross-distributed among the islands in the plasmid. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests indicated these resistance genes in the plasmid were functional. Plasmid conjugation and curing experiments proved pCNAC48 was stable in strain ICDCAC48. It was the first identified multiple drug resistance plasmid in .
PubMed: 36212879
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984450 -
Letters in Applied Microbiology Jul 2021We present estimations for the amounts of Arcobacter (A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii) and Campylobacter (C. jejuni, C. coli and C. fetus) species in...
We present estimations for the amounts of Arcobacter (A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii) and Campylobacter (C. jejuni, C. coli and C. fetus) species in retail chicken, pork and beef meat using PCR-MPN. Arcobacter butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and C. jejuni were found in 100, 60 and 55% of chicken samples, respectively. No other Arcobacter or Campylobacter species were found in chicken. The MPNs of A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and C. jejuni were greater than 10 per 100 g in 50, 0 and 5% of samples, respectively. The MPN of A. butzleri was higher than that of C. jejuni in 95% of samples. In pork, A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus were detected in 10 and 11 (50 and 55%) of 20 samples, respectively. No other Arcobacter or Campylobacter species were found in pork. Only one pork sample had more than 10 MPN per 100 g of A. cryaerophilus. For beef, only two samples tested positive for A. cryaerophilus, at 4600 and 92 MPN per 100 g. Overall, we found that the presence and MPNs of Arcobacter species are very high in chicken. In contrast, the positive ratios of Arcobacter in pork were high as chicken samples, but MPNs were lower than in chicken.
Topics: Animals; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Cattle; Chickens; Food Microbiology; Japan; Meat; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Pork Meat; Red Meat
PubMed: 33797068
DOI: 10.1111/lam.13478 -
Veterinary Microbiology Jul 2022Campylobacteriosis is a significant public health concern with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli as main causative agents. Moreover, there is an increasing...
Campylobacteriosis is a significant public health concern with Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli as main causative agents. Moreover, there is an increasing recognition of other pathogenic Campylobacter species and Campylobacter-like organisms as Arcobacter. However, current knowledge on presence of Arcobacter species in wild boars (Sus scrofa) is lacking, and knowledge on Campylobacter species is based on methods favoring growth of thermotolerant species. In this study, fecal samples originating from 76 wild boars hunted in Campania region (Italy) were examined for the presence of Campylobacter(-like) organisms by a culture dependent approach. Three isolation protocols were performed in parallel: Arcobacter-selective agar plates, mCCDA plates and isolation by passive filtration onto non-selective blood agar plates were used as quantitative isolation methods. Enrichment broths, i.e. Arcobacter selective enrichment broth, Preston broth and CAT broth were used for qualitative detection of low levels or stressed Campylobacter(-like) organisms. The Arcobacter and Campylobacter isolates were identified at species level using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence analysis. Overall, 41 (53.9%) of the animals excreted Arcobacter or Campylobacter while 38 (50.0%) shed Campylobacter and 8 (10.5%) Arcobacter. Campylobacter lanienae predominated and was isolated from 31 (40.8%) animals. No statistical difference between the age groups or gender with regard to the fecal excretion of Campylobacter(-like) organisms was observed. Thirty animals (39.5%) shed Campylobacter spp. exceeding levels of 10 ³ CFU g feces. As samples were obtained from hunted wild boars intended for consumption, a potential contamination of meat with these bacterial pathogens must be considered.
Topics: Agar; Animals; Arcobacter; Campylobacter; Campylobacter Infections; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35640411
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109462 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Nov 2021This paper re-examines the taxonomic positions of recently described ( and ), ('), ('') and (, ) species, and other species proposed to represent novel genera highly...
This paper re-examines the taxonomic positions of recently described ( and ), ('), ('') and (, ) species, and other species proposed to represent novel genera highly related to the genus . Phylogenomic and several overall genome relatedness indices (OGRIs) were applied to a total of 118 representative genomes for this purpose. Phylogenomic analyses demonstrated the clade to be distinct from other , clearly defined and containing closely related species. and did not cluster with other members of these proposed genera, indicating incoherence of these genera. Every OGRI measure applied indicated a high level of relatedness among all clade species, including the recently described taxa studied here, and substantially lower between type species representatives for other Where published guidelines were available, OGRI values for clade species were either unsupportive of division into other genera or were at the lowest boundary range (for average amino acid identity). We propose that , , , , and be considered members of a single genus, , and subsequently transfer , , '' and '' to as comb. nov., comb. nov., comb. nov. and comb. nov.
Topics: Arcobacter; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34825881
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005133 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2021spp. are emerging waterborne and foodborne zoonotic pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. In this work, we evaluated the occurrence and the antimicrobial...
spp. are emerging waterborne and foodborne zoonotic pathogens responsible for gastroenteritis in humans. In this work, we evaluated the occurrence and the antimicrobial resistance profile of isolates recovered from different aquatic sources. Besides, we searched for spp. in seaweeds and the corresponding seawater samples. Bacteriological and molecular methods applied to 100 samples led to the isolation of 28 isolates from 27 samples. The highest prevalence was detected in rivers followed by artificial ponds, streams, well waters, and spring waters. Seaweeds contained a higher percentage of than the corresponding seawater samples. The isolates were identified as (96.4%) and (3.6%). All the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance profile, being resistant to at least three different classes of antibiotics. Molecular analysis of genetic determinants responsible for tetracycline resistance in nine randomly chosen isolates revealed the presence of and/or This work confirms the occurrence and the continuous emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains in environmental samples; also, the presence of quinolone-resistant spp. in aquatic sources used for water supply and irrigation represents a potential risk for human health.
PubMed: 33802125
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030288 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Dec 2022Milk is consumed raw or minimally processed and plays a role in the dissemination of pathogens of public health concerns. The present investigation is aimed at assessing...
AIMS
Milk is consumed raw or minimally processed and plays a role in the dissemination of pathogens of public health concerns. The present investigation is aimed at assessing the occurrence of pathogenic Arcobacter species in 2945 milk samples.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Arcobacter data systematically retrieved from five repositories until 20 February 2022 according to PRISMA principles were logit transformed and fitted using a generalized linear mixed-effects model. The between-study heterogeneity was estimated as I2-value. Leave-one-out cross-validation and funnel plot with Egger's tests were used to assess the hardiness and bias in the model. The global prevalence of Arcobacter genus in the milk was 12% [95% confidence interval (CI): 7-19%; I2 = 87.3%, 95% CI: 83.0-90.6%] and no publication bias observed (Egger's test: P = 0.112). Arcobacter genus prevalence in milk was 13% (95% CI: 5-30%), 10% (95% CI: 1-46%), and 9% (95% CI: 4-19%) in Europe, South America, and Asia, respectively. Arcobacter butzleri was the most prevalent [8% (95% CI: 4-13%)], followed by A. cryaerophilus [0.6% (95% CI: 0.2-33.2%)] and A. skirrowii [0.19% (95% CI: 0.03-1.2%)]. Also, species-specific prevalence of A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, and A. skirrowii varied continentally, but the test for species-specific/continental differences was not significantly different (P > 0.5).
PubMed: 36626780
DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxac037