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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021Phosphorous, in the form of phosphate, is a key element in the nutrition of all living beings. In nature, it is present in the form of phosphate salts,... (Review)
Review
Phosphorous, in the form of phosphate, is a key element in the nutrition of all living beings. In nature, it is present in the form of phosphate salts, organophosphates, and phosphonates. Bacteria transport inorganic phosphate by the high affinity phosphate transport system PstSCAB, and the low affinity PitH transporters. The PstSCAB system consists of four components. PstS is the phosphate binding protein and discriminates between arsenate and phosphate. In the species, the PstS protein, attached to the outer side of the cell membrane, is glycosylated and released as a soluble protein that lacks its phosphate binding ability. Transport of phosphate by the PstSCAB system is drastically regulated by the inorganic phosphate concentration and mediated by binding of phosphorylated PhoP to the promoter of the PstSCAB operon. In an additional high affinity transport system, PhnCDE, is also under PhoP regulation. Additionally, have a duplicated low affinity phosphate transport system encoded by the genes In this system phosphate is transported as a metal-phosphate complex in simport with protons. Expression of , but not that of in is regulated by PhoP. Interestingly, in many species, three gene clusters (for a polyphosphate kinase), are linked in a supercluster formed by nine genes related to phosphate metabolism. Glycerol-3-phosphate may be transported by the actinobacteria that contains a gene cluster for glycerol-3-P uptake, but the cluster is not present in genomes. Sugar phosphates and nucleotides are used as phosphate source by the species, but there is no evidence of the gene involved in the transport of sugar phosphates. Sugar phosphates and nucleotides are dephosphorylated by extracellular phosphatases and nucleotidases. An isolated gene for a hexose phosphate antiporter is present in several pathogenic corynebacteria, such as , but not in non-pathogenic ones. Phosphonates are molecules that contains phosphate linked covalently to a carbon atom through a very stable C-P bond. Their utilization requires the genes for phosphonates/phosphate transport and genes for degradation, including those for the subunits of the C-P lyase. Strains of the and genera were reported to degrade simple phosphonates, but bioinformatic analysis reveals that whole sets of genes for putative phosphonate degradation are present only in three species and a few species. Genes encoding the C-P lyase subunits occur in several species associated with plant roots or with mangroves, but not in the laboratory model species; however, the genes that encode phosphonates/phosphate transport systems are frequent in species, suggesting that these genes, in the absence of C-P lyase genes, might be used as surrogate phosphate transporters. In summary, and related actinobacteria seem to be less versatile in phosphate transport systems than Enterobacteria.
Topics: Actinobacteria; Arsenates; Bacterial Proteins; Biological Transport; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Glycosylation; Organophosphonates; Phosphate Transport Proteins; Phosphates; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Signal Transduction; Streptomyces; Teichoic Acids
PubMed: 33498785
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031129 -
Environmental Microbiology Reports Jun 2022Two related salmonids, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) sampled from the high Arctic region of Nunavut, Canada are anadromous...
Two related salmonids, Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) sampled from the high Arctic region of Nunavut, Canada are anadromous fish, migrating annually from the same ice-covered freshwater waterbodies to spend summers in the marine waters of the Arctic Ocean. Microbiota associated with the skin-associated mucus undergo community change coincident with migration, and irrespective of this turnover, antibiotic resistance was detected in mixed bacterial cultures initiated with mucus samples. Although as expected most bacteria were unculturable, however, 5/7 isolates showed susceptibility to a panel of five common antibiotics. The fish were sampled under severe conditions and at remote locations far from human habitation. Regardless, two isolates, 'Carnobacterium maltaromaticum sm-2' and 'Arthrobacter citreus sm', showed multi-resistance to two or more antibiotics including ampicillin and streptomycin indicating multiple resistance genes. It is unknown if these fish bacteria have 'natural' resistance phenotypes or if resistance has been acquired. As result of these observations, we urge long-term monitoring of drug-resistant bacteria in the region and caution the assumption of a lack of drug-resistant organisms even in such extreme environments.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arctic Regions; Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Fresh Water; Salmonidae; Trout
PubMed: 34109745
DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12975 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Heat stress can have an impact on parental gamete maturation and reproduction functions. According to current research, the microbial composition of the vaginal cavity...
Heat stress can have an impact on parental gamete maturation and reproduction functions. According to current research, the microbial composition of the vaginal cavity is species specific. Pregnancy, menstruation, and genital diseases have been linked to the dynamics of vaginal ecology. In this study, we characterized the vaginal microbiota and metabolites after heat stress. At the phylum level, the rabbit's vaginal microbial composition of rabbit showed high similarity with that of humans. In the Heat group, the relative abundance of the dominant microbiota , , and increased, while the relative abundance of decreased. Furthermore, heat stress significantly increased the relative abundance of , , , , , and , whereas the relative abundance of 12 genera significantly decreased, including , , , , , , , , , , , and Besides, the relative concentrations of 158 metabolites differed significantly between the Heat and Control groups. Among them, the endocrine hormone estradiol (E) increased in the Heat group and was positively associated with a number of metabolites such as linolelaidic acid (C18:2N6T), N-acetylsphingosine, N-oleoyl glycine, trans-petroselinic acid, syringic acid, 2-(1-adamantyl)-1-morpholinoethan-1-one, 5-OxoETE, and 16-heptadecyne-1,2,4-triol. Further, the majority of the differential metabolites were enriched in steroid biosynthesis and endocrine and other factor-regulated calcium reabsorption pathways, reflecting that heat stress may affect calcium metabolism, hormone-induced signaling, and endocrine balance of vaginal ecology. These findings provide a comprehensive depiction of rabbit vaginal ecology and reveal the effects of heat stress on the vagina the analysis of vaginal microbiome and metabolome, which may provide a new thought for low female fertility under heat stress.
PubMed: 35495670
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.813622 -
Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex... Sep 2021Current study was carried out with an objective to remediate highly contaminated sludge with HMX and RDX obtained from an explosive manufacturing facility in North India...
Current study was carried out with an objective to remediate highly contaminated sludge with HMX and RDX obtained from an explosive manufacturing facility in North India employing indigenous microbes, Arthrobacter subterraneus (isolate no. S2-TSB-17) and Bacillus sonorensis (isolate no. S8-TSB-4) which were isolated from the same contaminated site. In-vessel composting of the explosive contaminated sludge was performed in 12 different bioreactors using cow manure and garden waste as bulking agents. 78.5% degradation of HMX was observed in reactor no. 2 with Bacillus sonorensis having combination of 10% sludge, 70% cow manure and 20% garden waste on 80th day. Two secondary metabolites Bis(hydroxymethyl)nitramine and methylene dinitramine were identified while studying the degradation pathway. Similarly, degradation of 91.2% was observed for RDX in reactor no. 11 with consortia of Arthrobacter subterraneus and Bacillus sonorensis on 80th day. During the study, release of significant nitrate and nitrite ions were observed. It has already been established that RDX and HMX degradation leads to release of nitrite/nitrate ions. The highest nitrite (reactor no. 11) and nitrate (reactor no. 2) release observed were 24.02 ± 0.05 mg/kg and 30.65 ± 0.99 mg/kg on 50th and 70th day, respectively. Scanning electron microscopic studies confirmed the attachment and presence of microbes with solid surface and no deformation in structure was observed in the microbial cells due to contamination stress. Findings of the study concluded that in-vessel composting assisted with native bacterial species can be a potential technology for the treatment of explosive contaminated sludge at the contaminated sites.
Topics: Arthrobacter; Azocines; Bacillus; Biodegradation, Environmental; Composting; Sewage; Triazines
PubMed: 34051563
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117394 -
International Journal of Systematic and... May 2020A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the ' group'. Members of the 'pink group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value)...
A pink-coloured bacterium (strain KR32) was isolated from cheese and assigned to the ' group'. Members of the 'pink group' form a stable clade (100 % bootstrap value) and contain the species , and , which share ≥99.0 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Isolate KR32 showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (99.9 %) to DSM 20550. Additional multilocus sequence comparison confirmed the assignment of strain KR32 to the clade 'pink group'. Average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between isolate KR32 and DSM 20550 were 82.85 and 26.30 %, respectively. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of isolate KR32 was 69.14 mol%. Chemotaxonomic analysis determined anteiso-C as the predominant fatty acid and MK-9(H) as the predominant menaquinone. Polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and monoacyldimannosyl-monoacylglycerol. The peptidoglycan type of the isolate was A3α. The carotenoid bacterioruberin was detected as the major pigment. At 10 °C, strain KR32 grew with increased concentrations of bacterioruberin and production of unsaturated fatty acids. Strain KR32 was a Gram-stain-positive, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coccus-shaped bacterium with optimal growth at 27-30 °C and pH 8. The results of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses enabled the differentiation of the isolate from other closely related species of the 'pink group'. Therefore, strain KR32 represents a novel species for which the name sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KR32 (=DSM 109896=LMG 31480=NCCB 100733).
Topics: Animals; Arthrobacter; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Base Composition; Cattle; Cell Wall; Cheese; DNA, Bacterial; Fatty Acids; Female; Food Microbiology; Germany; Glycolipids; Milk; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Peptidoglycan; Phospholipids; Phylogeny; Pigmentation; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Vitamin K 2
PubMed: 32223834
DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004125 -
Microbiology Resource Announcements Oct 2022Arthrobacter phage Iter was isolated in North Georgia. Its genome is 43,963 bp with 70 open reading frames (ORFs) and a GC content of 67.4%. It shares 89.11%...
Arthrobacter phage Iter was isolated in North Georgia. Its genome is 43,963 bp with 70 open reading frames (ORFs) and a GC content of 67.4%. It shares 89.11% nucleotide identity with phage Phives. Actinobacteriophages that share over 50% nucleotide identity are sorted into clusters, with Iter in cluster AZ.
PubMed: 36066250
DOI: 10.1128/mra.00538-22 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023The HSE-12 strain isolated from peanut rhizosphere soil was identified as by observation of phenotypic characteristics, physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rDNA...
The HSE-12 strain isolated from peanut rhizosphere soil was identified as by observation of phenotypic characteristics, physiological and biochemical tests, 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequencing. experiments showed that the strain possessed biocontrol activity against a variety of pathogens including . The strain has the ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes, as well as volatile organic compounds with antagonistic and probiotic effects such as ethyleneglycol and 2,3-butanediol. In addition, HSE-12 showed potassium solubilizing (10.54 ± 0.19 mg/L), phosphorus solubilization (168.34 ± 8.06 mg/L) and nitrogen fixation (17.35 ± 2.34 mg/g) abilities, and was able to secrete siderophores [(Ar-A)/Ar × 100%: 56%] which promoted plant growth. After inoculating peanut with HSE-12, the available phosphorus content in rhizosphere soil increased by 27%, urease activity increased by 43%, catalase activity increased by 70% and sucrase activity increased by 50% ( < 0.05). The dry weight, fresh weight and the height of the first pair of lateral branches of peanuts increased by 24.7, 41.9, and 36.4%, respectively, compared with uninoculated peanuts. In addition, compared with the blank control, it increased the diversity and richness of peanut rhizosphere bacteria and changed the community structure of bacteria and fungi. The relative abundance of beneficial microorganisms such as , , , and in rhizosphere soil was increased, while the relative abundance of pathogenic microorganisms such as , , and was decreased.
PubMed: 37901825
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274346 -
Microorganisms Jul 2022Antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) are two hazardous metalloid elements, and the biogeochemical cycle of Sb and As can be better understood by studying plant rhizosphere...
Antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) are two hazardous metalloid elements, and the biogeochemical cycle of Sb and As can be better understood by studying plant rhizosphere microorganisms associated with Sb mine waste. In the current study, samples of three types of mine waste-Sb mine tailing, waste rocks, and smelting slag-and associated rhizosphere microorganisms of adapted plants were collected from Qinglong Sb mine, southwest China. 16S rRNA was sequenced and used to study the composition of the mine waste microbial community. The most abundant phylum in all samples was , followed by , , and . The community composition varied among different mine waste types. was the most abundant microorganism in tailings, was mainly distributed in waste rock, and , , and were mainly present in slag. At the family level, the vast majority of were found in tailings, , , and (Subgroup 1) were mostly found in slag, and and were mainly found in waste rock. and are important taxa for reducing heavy metal(loid) mobility, vegetation restoration, and self-sustaining ecosystem construction on antimony mine waste. The high concentrations of Sb and As reduce microbial diversity.
PubMed: 35893564
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081507 -
Journal of Hazardous Materials Feb 2021Microbial degradation is an important option for combating antibiotic pollution. Arthrobacter nicotianae OTC-16 was isolated as a novel tetracycline-degrading bacterium,...
Microbial degradation is an important option for combating antibiotic pollution. Arthrobacter nicotianae OTC-16 was isolated as a novel tetracycline-degrading bacterium, which could degrade oxytetracycline/tetracycline (OTC/TET). Toxicity assessment indicated that this bacterium effectively converted OTC into byproducts with less toxicity to bacterial and algal indicators. Six degradation products of OTC were tentatively identified, and a potential biotransformation pathway was proposed that includes decarbonylation, reduction, and dehydration. Bioaugmentation of TC removal with this bacterium was further studied in various matrices. In aqueous media, strain OTC-16 accelerated OTC removal over a temperature range of 20-35 ℃, pH range of 6.0-9.0, and OTC concentration range of 25-150 mg L. The strain also facilitated the decrease of OTC and TET concentrations in both swine and chicken manures, with a maximum decrease of 91.54%, and increased the degradation of OTC in soils by 8.22-45.45%. A unique advantage of this bacterium in promoting OTC degradation in alkaline environments was demonstrated, where it successfully competed with the indigenous microbiota and largely decreased the relative abundances of the studied tetracycline resistance genes (tetB and tetW) in soil. This work offers a better understanding of the antibiotic bioaugmentation and new microbial sources.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Manure; Micrococcaceae; Oxytetracycline; Swine; Tetracycline
PubMed: 33265032
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123996 -
BMC Microbiology Aug 2021In unfavourable environment, such as nutrient limitation, some bacteria encased themselves into a three dimensional polymer matrix called biofilm. The majority of...
BACKGROUND
In unfavourable environment, such as nutrient limitation, some bacteria encased themselves into a three dimensional polymer matrix called biofilm. The majority of microbial infections in human are biofilm related, including chronic lung, wound, and ear infections. The matrix of biofilm which consists of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) causes bacterial colonization on medical implanted device in patients, such as catheter and lead to patient's death. Biofilm infections are harder to treat due to increasing antibiotic resistance compared to planktonic microbial cells and escalating the antibiotic concentration may result into in vivo toxicity for the patients. Special compounds which are non-microbicidal that could inhibit or destroy biofilm formation are called antibiofilm compounds, for example enzymes, anti-quorum sensing, and anti-adhesins. Arthrobacter sp. CW01 produced antibiofilm compound known as amylase. This time our preliminary study proved that the antibiofilm compound was not only amylase, but also protease. Therefore, this research aimed to optimize the production of antibiofilm agents using amylase and protease inducing media. The five types of production media used in this research were brain heart infusion (BHI) (Oxoid), BHI with starch (BHIS), casein with starch (CS), yeast extract with starch (YS), and casein-yeast extract with starch (CYS). Biofilm eradication and inhibition activities were assayed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27,853) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25,923).
RESULTS
The results showed that different production media influenced the antibiofilm activity. Addition of starch, casein and yeast extract increased the production of amylase and protease significantly. Higher amylase activity would gradually increase the antibiofilm activity until it reached the certain optimum point. It was shown that crude extracts which contained amylase only (BHI, BHIS and YS) had the optimum eradication activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus biofilm around 60-70 %. Meanwhile, CS and CYS crude extracts which contained both amylase and protease increased the biofilm eradication activity against both pathogens, which were around 70-90 %.
CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that the combination of amylase and protease was more effective as antibiofilm agents against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus rather than amylase only.
Topics: Amylases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Arthrobacter; Biofilms; Caseins; Culture Media; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Peptide Hydrolases; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus; Starch; Yeasts
PubMed: 34425755
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02294-z