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Cell Communication and Signaling : CCS May 2022Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of disabilities among older people. To date, multiple disease-related molecular networks in OA have been identified,... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the main causes of disabilities among older people. To date, multiple disease-related molecular networks in OA have been identified, including abnormal mechanical loadings and local inflammation. These pathways have not, however, properly elucidated the mechanism of OA progression. Recently, sufficient evidence has suggested that rhythmic disturbances in the central nervous system (CNS) and local joint tissues affect the homeostasis of joint and can escalate pathological changes of OA. This is accompanied with an exacerbation of joint symptoms that interfere with the rhythm of CNS in reverse. Eventually, these processes aggravate OA progression. At present, the crosstalk between joint tissues and biological rhythm remains poorly understood. As such, the mechanisms of rhythm changes in joint tissues are worth study; in particular, research on the effect of rhythmic genes on metabolism and inflammation would facilitate the understanding of the natural rhythms of joint tissues and the OA pathology resulting from rhythm disturbance. Video Abstract.
Topics: Aged; Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Inflammation; Osteoarthritis
PubMed: 35610652
DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00891-7 -
The Journal of Membrane Biology Jun 2023Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and its negative impact on physical function make it a leading... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and its negative impact on physical function make it a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Joint pain as well joint stiffness are the common classic signs of OA. Chondrocyte death together with loss of articular cartilage integrity are the main pathologic changes in OA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and glucocorticoids are commonly used for the management of OA; still, their effectiveness is limited, and no therapeutic strategy is able to fully stop OA progression. Ferroptosis is a kind of cell death, distinct from apoptosis and necroptosis, caused by iron-dependent peroxidation of membrane phospholipids that terminates cell life by disintegrating all plasma membranes. It has been suggested that ferroptosis has a critical role in decreased viability of chondrocytes in OA, and here, we review recent findings regarding the pathologic pathways that lead to chondrocyte ferroptosis, and discuss the possible therapeutic utility of ferroptosis inhibition in OA.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Ferroptosis; Osteoarthritis; Chondrocytes; Apoptosis; Cartilage, Articular
PubMed: 36920529
DOI: 10.1007/s00232-023-00282-0 -
Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology Feb 2024Currently no disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug has been approved for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) that can reverse, hold, or slow the progression of... (Review)
Review
Currently no disease-modifying osteoarthritis drug has been approved for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) that can reverse, hold, or slow the progression of structural damage of OA-affected joints. The reasons for failure are manifold and include the heterogeneity of structural disease of the OA joint at trial inclusion, and the sensitivity of biomarkers used to measure a potential treatment effect.This article discusses the role and potential of different imaging biomarkers in OA research. We review the current role of radiography, as well as advances in quantitative three-dimensional morphological cartilage assessment and semiquantitative whole-organ assessment of OA. Although magnetic resonance imaging has evolved as the leading imaging method in OA research, recent developments in computed tomography are also discussed briefly. Finally, we address the experience from the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Biomarker Consortium biomarker qualification study and the future role of artificial intelligence.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Osteoarthritis; Radiography; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Biomarkers; Cartilage, Articular
PubMed: 38330967
DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776432 -
Biomedical Materials (Bristol, England) Jun 2021Articular cartilage has an avascular structure with a poor ability for self-repair; therefore, many challenges arise in cases of trauma or disease. It is of utmost... (Review)
Review
Articular cartilage has an avascular structure with a poor ability for self-repair; therefore, many challenges arise in cases of trauma or disease. It is of utmost importance to identify the proper biomaterial for tissue repair that has the capability to direct cell recruitment, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue integration by imitating the natural microenvironment of cells and transmitting an orchestra of intracellular signals. Cartilage extracellular matrix (cECM) is a complex nanostructure composed of divergent proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which regulate many functions of resident cells. Numerous studies have shown the remarkable capacity of ECM-derived biomaterials for tissue repair and regeneration. Moreover, given the importance of biodegradability, biocompatibility, 3D structure, porosity, and mechanical stability in the design of suitable scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering, demineralized bone matrix (DBM) appears to be a promising biomaterial for this purpose, as it possesses the aforementioned characteristics inherently. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive review study on the use of DBM in cartilage tissue engineering has previously been published. Since so much work is needed to address DBM limitations such as pore size, cell retention, and so on, we decided to draw the attention of researchers in this field by compiling a list of recent publications. This review discusses the implementation of composite scaffolds of natural or synthetic origin functionalized with cECM or DBM in cartilage tissue engineering. Cutting-edge advances and limitations are also discussed in an attempt to provide guidance to researchers and clinicians.
Topics: Animals; Bone Substitutes; Bone and Bones; Cartilage, Articular; Decellularized Extracellular Matrix; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Mice; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34102624
DOI: 10.1088/1748-605X/ac094b -
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Oct 2022Osteoarthritis, the main cause of disability worldwide, involves not only cartilage injury but also subchondral bone injury, which brings challenges to clinical repair.... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis, the main cause of disability worldwide, involves not only cartilage injury but also subchondral bone injury, which brings challenges to clinical repair. Tissue engineering strategies provide a promising solution to this degenerative disease. Articular cartilage connects to subchondral bone through the osteochondral interfacial tissue, which has a complex anatomical architecture, distinct cell distribution and unique biomechanical properties. Forming a continuous and stable osteochondral interface between cartilage tissue and subchondral bone is challenging. Thus, successful osteochondral regeneration with engineering strategies requires intricately coordinated interplay between cells, materials, biological factors, and physical/chemical factors. This review provides an overview of the anatomical composition, microstructure, and biomechanical properties of the osteochondral interface. Additionally, the latest research on the progress related to osteochondral regeneration is reviewed, especially discussing the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds and the regulation of biological factors for osteochondral defects.
Topics: Biological Factors; Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Cartilage, Articular; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 35994165
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03060-6 -
Bulletin of the Hospital For Joint... Mar 2024Osteochondral lesions (OCL) of the knee are a common pathology that can be challenging to address. Due to the innate characteristics of articular cartilage, OCLs... (Review)
Review
Osteochondral lesions (OCL) of the knee are a common pathology that can be challenging to address. Due to the innate characteristics of articular cartilage, OCLs generally do not heal in adults and often progress to involve the subchondral bone, ultimately resulting in the development of osteoarthritis. The goal of articular cartilage repair is to provide a long-lasting repair that replicates the biological and mechanical properties of articular cartilage, but there is no widely adopted technique that results in true pre-injury state hyaline cartilage. Current treatment modalities have seen reasonable clinical success, but significant limitations remain. Microfracture provides short-term benefit with a fibrocartilage-based repair. While osteochondral autograft or allograft and autologous chondrocyte implantation can be effective, each have their strengths and shortcomings. Emerging concepts in cartilage repair, including scaffold engineering and one stage cell-based options, are continually advancing. These have the benefits of reduced surgical morbidity and potentially improved integration with surrounding articular cartilage but have not yet reached widespread clinical application. Tissue engineering strategies and gene therapy have the potential to advance the field, however, they remain in the early stages. The current article reviews the structure and physiology of articular cartilage, the strengths and limitations of present treatment modalities, and the newer ongoing innovations that may change the way we approach osteochondral lesions and osteoarthritis.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Cartilage, Articular; Knee Joint; Osteoarthritis; Orthopedic Procedures
PubMed: 38431983
DOI: No ID Found -
Sportverletzung Sportschaden : Organ... Dec 2021Anterior knee pain is a frequent symptom in young athletes. Symptomatic patellofemoral cartilage defects can occur after trauma, especially after patellar dislocation.... (Review)
Review
Anterior knee pain is a frequent symptom in young athletes. Symptomatic patellofemoral cartilage defects can occur after trauma, especially after patellar dislocation. Numerous cartilage repair methods are currently available. Due to co-pathologies, the outcome after patellofemoral cartilage repair is inferior to the treatment of cartilage defects of the tibiofemoral joint. Adequate addressing of coexisting pathologies is essential for treatment success. This review provides an overview of the different techniques of patellofemoral cartilage repair.
Topics: Cartilage; Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Knee Joint; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Patellar Dislocation; Patellofemoral Joint; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34474494
DOI: 10.1055/a-1491-2622 -
Current Molecular Medicine 2021High incidence of articular cartilage defects is still a major challenge in orthopedic and trauma surgery worldwide. It also has great socioeconomic effects as it is the... (Review)
Review
High incidence of articular cartilage defects is still a major challenge in orthopedic and trauma surgery worldwide. It also has great socioeconomic effects as it is the major cause of disability in industrialized countries. This highlights the essential need for new treatments. Knowledge about the factors that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cartilage diseases, including changes in the composition and structure of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM), molecular factors and environmental signaling pathways could help the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. It is consensuses that the success of any technology aiming to repair chondral defects will be dependent upon its ability to produce tissues that most closely replicate the mechanical and biochemical properties of native cartilage. Increasing the knowledge about cartilage tissue and its molecular biomarkers could help find new and useful therapeutic approaches in cartilage damage. This review tries to describe cartilage tissue biology in detail and discuss different available therapeutic modalities with their pros and cons. New cartilage regeneration strategies and therapies, focusing on cellbased therapy and tissue engineering, and their underlying molecular and cellular bases will be pointed out as well.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Regeneration; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds
PubMed: 32520688
DOI: 10.2174/1566524020666200610170646 -
The Journal of Knee Surgery Dec 2020Cartilage defects in the knee are common resulting in significant pain and morbidity over time. These defects can arise in isolation or concurrently with other... (Review)
Review
Cartilage defects in the knee are common resulting in significant pain and morbidity over time. These defects can arise in isolation or concurrently with other associated injuries to the knee. The treatment of small (< 2-3 cm) cartilage deficiencies has changed as our basic science knowledge of tissue healing has improved. Advancements have led to the development of new and more effective treatment modalities. It is important to address any associated knee injuries and limb malalignment. Surgical options are considered when nonoperative treatment fails. The specific procedure depends on individual patient characteristics, lesion size, and location. Debridement/chondroplasty, microfracture, marrow stimulation plus techniques, fixation of unstable osteochondral fragments, osteochondral autograft transfer, and osteochondral allograft transplantation, all have roles in the treatment of small cartilage defects.
Topics: Cartilage Diseases; Cartilage, Articular; Humans; Knee Injuries; Knee Joint; Orthopedic Procedures; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32898908
DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1716359 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2022Cartilage is an avascular tissue with a limited rate of oxygen and nutrient diffusion, resulting in its inability to heal spontaneously. Articular cartilage defects...
Cartilage is an avascular tissue with a limited rate of oxygen and nutrient diffusion, resulting in its inability to heal spontaneously. Articular cartilage defects eventually lead to osteoarthritis (OA), the endpoint of progressive destruction of cartilage. In companion animals, OA is the most common joint disease, and many pain management and surgical attempts have been made to find an appropriate treatment. Pain management of OA is usually the first choice of OA therapy, which is often managed with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). To avoid known negative side effects of NSAIDs, other approaches are being considered, such as the use of anti-nerve growth factor monoclonal antibodies (anti-NGF mAB), hyaluronic acid (HA), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The latter is increasingly being recognized as effective in reducing or even eliminating pain and lameness associated with OA. However, the in vivo mechanisms of MSC action do not relate to their differentiation potential, but rather to their immunomodulatory functions. Achieving actual regeneration of cartilage to prevent OA from developing or even revert already existing OA condition has not yet been achieved. Several techniques have been tried to overcome cartilage's inability to regenerate, from osteochondral transplantation, autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), and matrix-induced ACI (MACI). Combinatory use of MSCs unique features and biomaterials is also being investigated with the aim to as much as possible recapitulate the native microenvironment of the cartilage, yet so far none of the methods have produced reliable and truly effective results. Although OA, for now, remains an incurable disease, novel techniques are being developed, rendering hope for the future accomplishment of actual cartilage regeneration. The aim of this chapter is firstly to summarize known and developing pain management options for OA, secondly to present surgical attempts to regenerate articular cartilage, and finally to present the attempts to improve existing regenerative treatment options using mesenchymal stem cells, with the vision for the possible use of developing strategies in veterinary medicine.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage, Articular; Osteoarthritis; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Platelet-Rich Plasma; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
PubMed: 35733035
DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_717