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Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Mar 2021Timed artificial insemination (TAI) has boosted the use of conventional artificial insemination (CAI) by employing hormonal protocols to synchronize oestrus and...
Timed artificial insemination (TAI) has boosted the use of conventional artificial insemination (CAI) by employing hormonal protocols to synchronize oestrus and ovulation. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of a hormonal protocol for TAI in mares, based on a combination of progesterone releasing intravaginal device (PRID), prostaglandin (PGF ) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG); and compare financial costs between CAI and TAI. Twenty-one mares were divided into two groups: CAI group (CAIG; n = 6 mares; 17 oestrous cycles) and TAI group (TAIG; n = 15 mares; 15 oestrous cycles). The CAIG was subjected to CAI, involving follicular dynamics and uterine oedema monitoring with ultrasound examinations (US), and administration of hCG (1,600 IU) when the dominant follicle (DF) diameter's ≥35 mm + uterine oedema + cervix opening. The AI was performed with fresh semen (500 × 10 cells), and embryo was recovered on day 8 (D8) after ovulation. In TAI, mares received 1.9 g PRID on D0. On D10, PRID was removed and 6.71 mg dinoprost tromethamine was administered. Ovulation was induced on D14 (1,600 IU of hCG) regardless of the DF diameter's, and AI was performed with fresh semen (500 × 10 cells). On D30 after AI, pregnancy was confirmed by US. The pregnancy rate was 80.0% in TAIG and 82.3% in CAIG (p > .05). The TAI protocol resulted in 65% reduction in professional transport costs, and 40% reduction in material costs. The TAI was as efficient as CAI, provided reduction in costs and handlings, and is recommended in mares.
Topics: Administration, Intravaginal; Animals; Chorionic Gonadotropin; Dinoprost; Embryo Transfer; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Horses; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Rate; Progesterone; Uterus
PubMed: 33368635
DOI: 10.1111/rda.13884 -
Theriogenology Jul 2020Artificial insemination (AI) is important for genetic improvement and to control the period of breeding in buffalo and has increased significantly over the past 20... (Review)
Review
Artificial insemination (AI) is important for genetic improvement and to control the period of breeding in buffalo and has increased significantly over the past 20 years. AI is more difficult in buffalo compared with cattle due to variable estrous cycles, reduced estrous behavior, and reproductive seasonality. The latter is associated with a higher incidence of anestrus and increased embryonic mortality during the nonbreeding season. Protocols to control the stage of the estrous cycle have undergone recent development in buffalo. These protocols are based on the control of both the luteal phase of the cycle, mainly by prostaglandins and progesterone, and follicle development and ovulation, by prostaglandins, progesterone, GnRH, hCG, eCG and estradiol. Protocols that synchronize the time of ovulation enable fixed timed AI, avoiding estrous detection. Factors to consider when selecting an AI protocol include animal category (heifers, primiparous or pluriparous), reproductive status (cyclic or anestrus), and season. This review looks at the current status of estrus synchronization and AI in buffalo and provides some practical suggestions for application of AI in the field.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Buffaloes; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Ovary; Pregnancy; Reproduction; Seasons
PubMed: 31982156
DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.016 -
Animal : An International Journal of... May 2023Artificial insemination (AI) and in vivo embryo production (or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, MOET) programs are both instrumental in accelerating the... (Review)
Review
Artificial insemination (AI) and in vivo embryo production (or multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, MOET) programs are both instrumental in accelerating the propagation of genetically and economically superior goats and sheep. The aim of this review was to present the current gestalt of non-surgical AI and embryo recovery (NSER) procedures in small ruminants. Small body size, precluding rectal palpation, and highly limited penetrability of the uterine cervix in ewes are the major reasons for the scarce use of non-surgical assisted reproduction techniques in this species. As a result, AI and embryo recovery techniques in sheep mainly involve laparoscopy or laparotomy (LAP). In does, however, the Embrapa method of AI allows for successful intrauterine deposition of semen, resulting in pregnancy rates from 50 to 80% under field conditions (>3 000 goats inseminated) when frozen-thawed semen is used. After the administration of prostaglandin F (PGF), non-surgical (transcervical) embryo recovery is also feasible in goats, with the cervical penetration rate approaching 100%. There is a paucity of information on the efficacy of non-surgical AI using frozen semen in sheep, but the results are satisfactory with fresh, cooled, or chilled ram semen. An application of the NSER technique in ewes has greatly improved over the last decade, and cervical penetration rates of ∼90% can be achieved when a hormonal cervical dilation protocol using PGF, oxytocin, and/or estradiol ester (e.g., estradiol benzoate) is applied. In some genotypes of sheep, sufficient cervical dilation can be induced without estradiol ester included in the protocol. Several studies indicated that recovery of transferable quality ovine embryos using NSER is comparable to that employing a ventral midline laparotomy, and NSER is evidently a method of choice when animal welfare is concerned. Considering both the number of retrievable embryos and animal well-being, the NSER is a viable alternative for surgical procedures. With further developments, it has the makings of a primary, if not exclusive, embryo recovery technique in small ruminants worldwide.
Topics: Pregnancy; Sheep; Animals; Male; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Semen Preservation; Estradiol; Ruminants; Goats
PubMed: 37567658
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100787 -
Animal Reproduction Science Nov 2022In the application of reproductive science to conservation breeding, it has long been assumed that artificial insemination using frozen thawed sperm would be the default... (Review)
Review
In the application of reproductive science to conservation breeding, it has long been assumed that artificial insemination using frozen thawed sperm would be the default technology. This has always been problematic considering the wide range of tolerance to freeze thawing among vertebrate sperm. Furthermore, those providing leadership for genome banking should be proactive to preserve maximum genetic diversity, however, for many species there is little or no sperm motility after thawing of cryopreserved sperm. In this review article, there is the contention that a much wider range of tissues should be banked, and the range of evolving advanced reproductive and developmental technologies should be considered for conservation breeding programs, to realize the maximum opportunities of genome banking to contribute to conservation of animal species.
Topics: Male; Animals; Semen Preservation; Cryopreservation; Sperm Motility; Insemination, Artificial; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 34955327
DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106911 -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G,... Apr 2022
Topics: Animals; Fetus; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Semen; Spermatozoa; Swine
PubMed: 35523195
DOI: 10.1055/a-1738-0055 -
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe G,... Jun 2022
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Dairying; Fertilization in Vitro; Fetus; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Semen
PubMed: 35790161
DOI: 10.1055/a-1812-6826 -
Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) May 2023
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Male; Humans; Semen; Insemination, Artificial; Fertilization in Vitro; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Reward; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 37009807
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead062 -
Gynecologie, Obstetrique, Fertilite &... Apr 2021
Topics: Fertilization in Vitro; France; Humans; Insemination, Artificial
PubMed: 33814094
DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2021.03.016 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2021The objective was to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive artificial insemination (AI) training program designed to facilitate an understanding of the breadth of...
The objective was to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive artificial insemination (AI) training program designed to facilitate an understanding of the breadth of the AI process, including AI skill acquisition, for preclinical veterinary students. Participants (n = 303) were enrolled at the Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies). The 2-d AI training program (n = 20) consisted of ∼8 h of instruction and ∼8 h of demonstration and hands-on activity. Oral presentations were used to deliver educational content, followed by video clips, discussion, demonstrations, and hands-on activity. Reproductive anatomy and physiology of the estrous cycle, AI sire acquisition, collection, evaluation, cryopreservation and distribution of conventional and sexed semen, storage and handling of frozen semen, use of synchronization protocols, accurate and efficient detection of estrus, and correct AI technique were discussed. True or false pre- and posttests were used to determine the level of knowledge gained by participants during the AI training program. Preclinical veterinary students were required to complete a semen handling and AI technique practical exam to achieve a certificate of completion. Participant program evaluations conducted at the conclusion of the program indicated that veterinary students found the content, structure, discussion, demonstrations, and hands-on activities to be appropriate and useful. No negative comments were offered about the training program, instructor, or activity coinstructors. The AI training program increased the posttest knowledge scores of veterinary students by 22 percentage points. Only 1 participant was unable to achieve a certificate of completion due to failure of the semen handling and AI technique practical exam. These results provide evidence that the AI training program was relevant and effective and that it offered information and skill acquisition with immediate field application.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Estrus; Estrus Detection; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Humans; Insemination, Artificial; Semen; Students
PubMed: 33612224
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19655 -
Biology of Reproduction Oct 2023Endometrial inflammation is associated with reduced pregnancy per artificial insemination (AI) and increased pregnancy loss in cows. It was hypothesized that induced...
Endometrial inflammation is associated with reduced pregnancy per artificial insemination (AI) and increased pregnancy loss in cows. It was hypothesized that induced endometritis alters histotroph composition and induces inflammatory signatures on conceptus that compromise development. In Experiment 1, lactating cows were assigned to control (CON; n = 23) or to an intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes (ENDO; n = 34) to induce endometritis. Cows received AI 26 days after treatment, and the uterine fluid and conceptuses were collected on day 16 after AI. In Experiment 2, Holstein heifers were assigned to CON (n = 14) or ENDO (n = 14). An embryo was transferred on day 7 of the estrous cycle, and uterine fluid and conceptuses were recovered on day 16. Composition of histotroph and trophoblast and embryonic disc gene expression were assessed. Bacterial-induced endometritis in lactating cows altered histotroph composition and pathways linked to phospholipid synthesis, cellular energy production, and the Warburg effect. Also, ENDO reduced conceptus length in cows and altered expression of genes involved in pathogen recognition, nutrient uptake, cell growth, choline metabolism, and conceptus signaling needed for maternal recognition of pregnancy. The impact of ENDO was lesser on conceptuses from heifers receiving embryo transfer; however, the affected genes and associated pathways involved restricted growth and increased immune response similar to the observed responses to ENDO in conceptuses from lactating cows. Bacterial-induced endometrial inflammation altered histotroph composition, reduced conceptus growth, and caused embryonic cells to activate survival rather than anabolic pathways that could compromise development.
Topics: Pregnancy; Humans; Cattle; Animals; Female; Endometritis; Lactation; Uterine Diseases; Insemination, Artificial; Inflammation
PubMed: 37540198
DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad088