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Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... Oct 2019Ovine artificial insemination (OAI) is not commonly performed because of specific problems related to semen application techniques, leading to highly variable results.... (Review)
Review
Ovine artificial insemination (OAI) is not commonly performed because of specific problems related to semen application techniques, leading to highly variable results. The ideal methodology (frozen-thawed semen/vaginal route) is unfeasible under field conditions due to the cervix morphology of the ewe, which prevents the process of intrauterine insemination necessary to obtain acceptable results. Currently, OAI commercial programmes use superficial cervical insemination, CAI (vaginal), with chilled semen (15°C) and intrauterine insemination, LAI (laparoscopic), with frozen-thawed semen. The ability to improve upon these contrasting techniques may be derived from examining certain poorly studied factors such as insemination time, productive state of females and alternatives of seminal preservation, some of which we reviewed in this work. This interim solution will remain in use until AI by the vaginal route with frozen-thawed semen is developed, but it poses new challenges in optimizing the freezing of the sperm and adapting the cervical (CAI) and/or transcervical intrauterine AI (TCAI). In this review, we address the current problems and evaluate their methodological (mechanical) and chemical (dilation) alternatives. Currently, TCAI is a methodologically complex technique with poor fertility results, so further studies are needed to improve the logistics of this procedure and the results of its application.
Topics: Animals; Cryopreservation; Female; Fertility; Insemination, Artificial; Labor Stage, First; Lactation; Laparoscopy; Male; Pregnancy; Semen Preservation; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 31625241
DOI: 10.1111/rda.13523 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2024For over a century, scientists have attempted to develop techniques to accurately predict the fertility potential of a male's semen sample. In most livestock species,... (Review)
Review
For over a century, scientists have attempted to develop techniques to accurately predict the fertility potential of a male's semen sample. In most livestock species, the sire is responsible for multiple pregnancies per year and up to hundreds of thousands of pregnancies if used for artificial insemination. Use of subfertile or infertile sires can have devastating impacts in regard to the reproductive efficiency of a cow herd. Despite the rapid expansion of fertility studies through advancements in molecular, genomic, and computer techniques, our understanding of male fertility is still far from complete. This article will provide an overview of the impact of the sire in pregnancy loss.
Topics: Pregnancy; Cattle; Female; Male; Animals; Fertility; Reproduction; Insemination, Artificial; Dairying
PubMed: 37884437
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.08.006 -
Reproduction in Domestic Animals =... May 2023Protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in swine reproduction can help increase genetic improvement and production efficiency. Different... (Review)
Review
Protocols for fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) in swine reproduction can help increase genetic improvement and production efficiency. Different gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists have been developed to gain better control of follicular development, timing, and ovulation quality; therefore, they have been extensively used in FTAI protocols. This literature review resumes the most important characteristics of the physiology of follicular development and ovulation in sows, followed by a discussion about the hormonal alternatives available to induce ovulation (human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG; porcine luteinizing hormone, LH and GnRH agonists). Also, ovulation induction failures with GnRH agonists are described. Finally, current FTAI protocols with GnRH agonists are resumed and discussed. FTAI with GnRH agonists has proven to be an efficient, successful reproductive protocol that can be implemented in pig farms due to better knowledge of an endocrine system that regulates follicular development and ovulation and increased availability of several GnRH agonists that allow more efficient reproductive swine programs.
Topics: Humans; Female; Animals; Swine; Reproduction; Ovulation; Luteinizing Hormone; Insemination, Artificial; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
PubMed: 36748111
DOI: 10.1111/rda.14326 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Mar 2022Over the last century, several reproductive biotechnologies beyond the artificial incubation of eggs were developed to improve poultry breeding stocks and conserve their... (Review)
Review
Over the last century, several reproductive biotechnologies beyond the artificial incubation of eggs were developed to improve poultry breeding stocks and conserve their genetic diversity. These include artificial insemination (AI), semen storage, diploid primordial germ cell (PGC) methodologies, and gonad tissue storage and transplantation. Currently, AI is widely used for selection purposes in the poultry industry, in the breeding of turkeys and guinea fowl, and to solve fertility problems in duck interspecies crosses for the production of mule ducklings. The decline in some wild game species has also raised interest in reproductive technologies as a means of increasing the production of fertile eggs, and ultimately the number of birds that can be raised. AI requires viable sperm to be preserved in vitro for either short (fresh) or longer periods (chilling or freezing). Since spermatozoa are the most easily accessed sex cells, they are the cell type most commonly preserved by genetic resource banks. However, the cryopreservation of sperm only preserves half of the genome, and it cannot preserve the W chromosome. For avian species, the problem of preserving oocytes and zygotes may be solved via the cryopreservation and transplantation of PGCs and gonad tissue. The present review describes all these procedures and discusses how combining these different technologies allows poultry populations to be conserved and even rapidly reconstituted.
Topics: Animals; Cryopreservation; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Ovum; Plant Breeding; Poultry; Semen Preservation; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 35220173
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100475 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Mar 2022The reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle is critical to the economic success and sustainability of the enterprise. Due to its many advantages, artificial insemination...
The reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle is critical to the economic success and sustainability of the enterprise. Due to its many advantages, artificial insemination has inevitably taken its place in herd management today, and different artificial insemination methods have been developed until today. At the same time, artificial insemination is carried out by commercial artificial insemination operators or do-it-yourself operators in cattle farms. One of the factors affecting the success of artificial insemination is inseminators. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inseminators on conception rates in reproductive challenges and to reveal the differences between the success rates of inseminators. A total of 227,297 artificial insemination acts carried out by 35 inseminators for 4 years belonging to the Konya Cattle Breeders' Association in Turkey were assessed for this purpose. In the study, the insemination success rate was determined as 41.36%. In addition, the percentage of inseminators with a total insemination success rate of more than 50% is very low, such as 2.9%, and the percentage of those who achieved 35.9% and below was 9.3%. As a result, it can be stated that the inseminators having a lower success rate than the overall should be retrained to avoid costs or losses in the farms.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Fertilization; Insemination, Artificial; Turkey
PubMed: 35347440
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03138-2 -
Animal Reproduction Science Aug 2019The use of camels for racing, milking and as show animals is growing in popularity, thus there is increased enthusiasm to breed more of the genetically superior animals.... (Review)
Review
The use of camels for racing, milking and as show animals is growing in popularity, thus there is increased enthusiasm to breed more of the genetically superior animals. This review highlights recent developments in assisted reproductive techniques in camels, such as embryo transfer and artificial insemination, to ensure more rapid genetic progress. This paper discusses the difficulties involved in handling the semen due to its high viscosity and ways to reduce it. It also examines methods for short term liquid storage of fresh semen with and without the use of antioxidants to reduce oxidative stress. The widespread use of AI in camels is hindered by the lack of a reliable method for deep freezing and long term storage but various freezing protocols, cryoprotectants and freezing and thawing methods are discussed as well as different insemination techniques. Embryo transfer requires the donor to be superovulated and the recipients synchronized. This review discusses different protocols used for superovulation of donor animals and the problems involved. It also examines various methods to synchronize recipients, or how to make best use of non-synchronized or non ovulated recipients. Cryopreservation of embryos would greatly improve the wider use of ET and spread of genetics worldwide so methods for slow cooling and new methods of vitrification with promising results are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Breeding; Camelus; Female; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Pregnancy; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; Semen Preservation
PubMed: 31208849
DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.06.001 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2024The article discusses the importance of reproductive biotechnologies, including artificial insemination and fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI), in beef cow-calf... (Review)
Review
The article discusses the importance of reproductive biotechnologies, including artificial insemination and fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI), in beef cow-calf operations. The use of TAI improves cow-calf productivity and profitability by shortening the breeding season and increasing the number of calves born earlier, resulting in heavier calves at weaning. However, adoption of TAI by beef producers in the United States has been slow compared with the dairy industry and internationally, such as Brazil. Current TAI protocols are effective in synchronizing ovulation and yield consistent pregnancy results. Factors affecting the success of TAI include cow/heifer factors, sire, nutritional status, and cattle temperament.
Topics: Pregnancy; Cattle; Animals; Female; Reproduction; Insemination, Artificial; Parturition; Ovulation; Dairying; Estrus Synchronization
PubMed: 37684109
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.08.008 -
Animal : An International Journal of... May 2023The domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also known as water buffalo, comprises two sub-species the River buffalo (B. bubalis ssp. bubalis; 50 chromosomes) and the Swamp... (Review)
Review
The domestic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also known as water buffalo, comprises two sub-species the River buffalo (B. bubalis ssp. bubalis; 50 chromosomes) and the Swamp buffalo (ssp. carabanensis; 48 chromosomes). Domestic buffaloes are a globally significant livestock species. In South Asia, the River buffalo is a primary source of milk and meat and has a very important role in food security. The River buffalo also supports high-value, differentiated food production in Europe and the Americas. The Swamp buffalo is an important draft animal and a source of food in Southeast Asia and East Asia. The growing importance of buffaloes requires that they undergo an accelerated rate of genetic gain for efficiency of production, product quality, and sustainability. This will involve the increased use of assisted reproduction. The initial application of reproductive technology in buffaloes had variable success as it relied on the adoption of procedures developed for cattle. This included artificial insemination (AI), sperm cryopreservation, and embryo technologies such as cloning and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Reproductive technology has been progressively refined in buffaloes, and today, the success of AI and IVEP is comparable to cattle. Ovarian follicular superstimulation (superovulation) combined with in vivo embryo production results in low embryo recovery in buffaloes and has limited practical application. The contribution of elite female buffaloes to future genetic improvement will therefore rely mainly on oocyte pickup and IVEP. This will include IVEP from females before puberty to reduce generation intervals. This review provides for the first time a clear chronology on the development, adoption, and impact, of assisted reproduction in domestic buffaloes.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Female; Male; Buffaloes; Semen; Sexual Maturation; Reproduction; Insemination, Artificial
PubMed: 37567675
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100764 -
Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine Oct 2020Artificial insemination has achieved a dynamic increase in genetic progress, and this is due to the improvement of sperm preservation technology. In recent years, a lot... (Review)
Review
Artificial insemination has achieved a dynamic increase in genetic progress, and this is due to the improvement of sperm preservation technology. In recent years, a lot of attention has been paid to optimizing bull sperm storage environment and objectifying methods of sperm quality analysis. This review presents bull sperm preservation methods and ways to modify their storage environment. The main purpose of sperm preparation for artificial insemination is to obtain sperm with a high percentage of viable, motile sperm with normal morphology and low DNA fragmentation rates. Currently conducted experiments indicate the possibility of improving the quality of insemination doses produced using various components enriching common diluents. However, despite extensive research, no better results have been achieved than obtaining insemination doses with sperm viability that exceeds just over 60%. Obtaining a very good quality of frozen semen seems to be still unachievable today.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Survival; Cryopreservation; DNA Fragmentation; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Semen Preservation; Sperm Motility; Spermatozoa
PubMed: 32808820
DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2020.1795432 -
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences Mar 2022In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of primiparous and nulliparous Saanen goats following the insemination made cervically via frozen...
Reproductive performance with short-time controlled internal drug release (CIDR)-based synchronization protocol for fixed-time artificial insemination in nulliparous and primiparous Saanen goats.
In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the reproductive performance of primiparous and nulliparous Saanen goats following the insemination made cervically via frozen commercial buck semen with short-time controlled internal drug release (CIDR, Eazi-Breed, Pfizer)-based synchronization. In the study, a total of 50 Saanen goats, 26 of which were aged 9 months and 24 of which were aged 2 years, were used. The CIDRs including 0.33 g of progesterone were applied to all the goats for 7 days and while the CIDRs were taken out of the vagina, the 500 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) was injected intramuscularly. The first dose was administered in a fixed-time manner with mini straws of 0.25 ml including 300x106 motile frozen spermatozoa 24 hours after the injection without making estrus detection, and the second dose insemination was applied 24 hours later. In the study, although the pregnancy rate, fecundity, prolificacy and multiple birth rate values (83%, 1.25, 1.50 and 60%) obtained in the primiparous goats were found to be higher than those found in the nulliparous age group (80%, 0.84, 1.05 and 38%), they were not statistically significant. It was concluded that the effects of the CIDR-based double-dose insemination applications in the primiparous and nulliparous Saanen breed goats in breeding season for 7 days on fertility were similar and the cervical insemination method, a quick and more practical option compared to the intrauterine insemination, could be used successfully in both age groups.
Topics: Animals; Drug Liberation; Estrus Synchronization; Female; Goats; Horses; Insemination, Artificial; Male; Pregnancy; Progesterone
PubMed: 35575770
DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.140835