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Frontiers in Public Health 2020During the past decade, vision problems that were attributed to the use of electronic screens have gradually shifted from being a workplace health issue to a wider... (Review)
Review
During the past decade, vision problems that were attributed to the use of electronic screens have gradually shifted from being a workplace health issue to a wider public health issue. "Computer vision syndrome" originally related to the few professionals exposed to long hours of work in front of a computer screen. The widespread use of digital screens in devices used throughout the day have led to the emergence of "digital eye strain" as a new clinical syndrome that affects every individual who spends a large period of time fixated on multiple screens, for work or leisure. A new subcategory, "video game vision" has been proposed to specifically address vision issues related to large periods of continuous use of screen enabled devices in order to play video games. With gaming disorder being included in the next version of the WHO classification of diseases (ICD-11), it is becoming increasingly important to have a clear idea of the impact of this disorder in general health and functioning. At the same time, a number of research studies have reported positive impact of videogame playing on the players vision. This article reviews the latest research studies on the impact of digital screen enabled devices on adolescent vision in light of the increasing reports of internet addiction and gaming disorder while referencing positive findings of videogaming on vision in order to provide a balanced approach and assist with classification, diagnosis and treatment, while providing directions for future research.
Topics: Adolescent; Asthenopia; Behavior, Addictive; Humans; Internet; Syndrome; Video Games
PubMed: 32195219
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00063 -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Nov 2019Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most common type of divergent strabismus. It is the consequence of passive mechanisms due to the anatomy of the globes and orbits or... (Review)
Review
Intermittent exotropia (IXT) is the most common type of divergent strabismus. It is the consequence of passive mechanisms due to the anatomy of the globes and orbits or due to active innervational mechanisms, resulting in divergence of the visual axes, which is compensated by fusional convergence. Intermittent insufficiency in this compensation gives this form of exotropia its intermittent nature. The most common symptoms of IXT are closure of one eye, asthenopia and diplopia, but they are often absent. The clinical classification of IXT (according to Burian) is based on the difference between the distant and the near angles of deviation. It defines 4 types: true divergence excess (at distance), pseudo-divergence excess, the basic form (distance and near angles are equal) and convergence insufficiency (near angle greater than distance angle). One of the main difficulties in examination of IXT is neutralizing the fusional convergence in order to classify the strabismus. For this purpose, the monocular occlusion test, a near addition, or a prism adaptation test can be used. IXT is also characterised by the quality of control of the deviation by the patient, which is taken in account for therapeutic decision. Tools for measurement of this control have recently been developed and are not commonly used. The natural history of IXT is not well understood. Treatment relies mainly on optical correction, binocular visual training therapy and surgery, but their indications are not well defined, nor are outcomes analysis criteria. In the case of surgery, it aims to treat the maximum measured distance angle; the medium- and long-term angular results of surgery are often disappointing, although it probably improves control of the strabismus in most cases.
Topics: Adult; Child; Exotropia; Humans
PubMed: 31301849
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2018.12.031 -
Harefuah Jun 2021Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a very common phenomenon amongst computer users. A total of 90% of computer users, who spend more than 3 hours a day in front of the... (Review)
Review
Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a very common phenomenon amongst computer users. A total of 90% of computer users, who spend more than 3 hours a day in front of the computer screen, suffer from CVS. CVS is also known as digital eye strain or visual fatigue and includes symptoms that are a result of continuous work in front of the different types of computer screens or other types of digital screens. An updated differentiation divides the cause of the symptoms into three separate categories which include visual symptoms, symptoms resulting from the digital screen itself and symptoms resulting from the ocular surface. CVS includes a wide range of symptoms which are non-specific (asthenopia), which include eye fatigue, eye strain, pain in and around the eye, blurred vision, headaches and even diplopia (double vision). Asthenopia and dry eye are the core symptoms of CVS. There are many solutions and ways to treat the different symptoms related to the vision, the screen and ocular surface and especially the symptoms related to the issue of dry eye. The treatment of CVS is focused around the different groups of symptoms and it is recommended to give a combined treatment for all the symptomatic groups. The correction of residual astigmatism, accommodation issues, base-in or base-up prisms and the correction of vergence reserves to maintain vision aspects. Changing the lighting, correct positioning of the screen and correcting the direction of gaze in relation to symptoms which are connected to the screen and artificial tears, as well as increasing the blink rate and increasing the level of moisture of the air in the room, all assist in treating the symptoms of dry eye. Blue light also has some effect on CVS and as a precaution it is recommended to reduce, as much as possible, blue light radiation that enters the eye or is emitted from the computer screen.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Asthenopia; Computers; Dry Eye Syndromes; Humans; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 34160157
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Robotic Surgery Oct 2023Stereopsis may be an advantage of robotic surgery. Perceived robotic ergonomic advantages in visualisation include better exposure, three-dimensional vision, surgeon... (Review)
Review
Stereopsis may be an advantage of robotic surgery. Perceived robotic ergonomic advantages in visualisation include better exposure, three-dimensional vision, surgeon camera control, and line of sight screen location. Other ergonomic factors relating to visualisation include stereo-acuity, vergence-accommodation mismatch, visual-perception mismatch, visual-vestibular mismatch, visuospatial ability, visual fatigue, and visual feedback to compensate for lack of haptic feedback. Visual fatigue symptoms may be related to dry eye or accommodative/binocular vision stress. Digital eye strain can be measured by questionnaires and objective tests. Management options include treatment of dry eye, correction of refractive error, and management of accommodation and vergence anomalies. Experienced robotic surgeons can use visual cues like tissue deformation and surgical tool information as surrogates for haptic feedback.
Topics: Humans; Robotic Surgical Procedures; Asthenopia; Depth Perception; Accommodation, Ocular; Ergonomics
PubMed: 37204648
DOI: 10.1007/s11701-023-01618-7 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Aug 2020Asthenopic and related symptoms are a major problem in school-going children. With the inception of computers and other gadgets for near work, the unseen problems... (Review)
Review
Asthenopic and related symptoms are a major problem in school-going children. With the inception of computers and other gadgets for near work, the unseen problems arising out of constant and continuous near work, are on the rise. Parents wander from pillar to post, seeking respite from their child's constant complaints from near work; but despite best spectacle correction and avoidance of excessive near work, the complaints continue. Studies have shown that the majority of these problems arise from defects in accommodation, even in a young child. Therefore, various aspects of accommodation deficiencies have to be studied clinically, detected, and treated to ameliorate the symptoms.
Topics: Accommodation, Ocular; Asthenopia; Child; Computers; Eyeglasses; Humans; Schools
PubMed: 32709767
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1973_18 -
Clinical Optometry 2023Digital Eye Strain (DES) is a clinical syndrome manifested with visual disturbances and/or ophthalmic dysfunction related to the usage of screen-enabled digital... (Review)
Review
Digital Eye Strain (DES) is a clinical syndrome manifested with visual disturbances and/or ophthalmic dysfunction related to the usage of screen-enabled digital equipment. This term is gradually replacing the older term computer vision syndrome (CVS) that focused on the same symptoms found on personal computer users. DES is encountered more frequently during the past years due to the explosive increase in the usage of digital devices and subsequent increase in time in front of any screens. It presents with a series of atypical symptoms and signs stemming from asthenopia, dry eye syndrome, preexisting untreated vision issues and poor screen ergonomics. This review summarizes research data to date to determine whether the concept of DES has been conclusively defined and demarcated as a separate entity and if sufficient guidance is offered on professionals and the lay public. The maturity of the field, grouping of symptoms, examination techniques, treatment and prevention modalities are summarily presented.
PubMed: 36875935
DOI: 10.2147/OPTO.S389114 -
Cortex; a Journal Devoted To the Study... Jun 2021Prosopometamorphopsia is an extremely rare disorder of visual perception characterised by facial distortions. We here review 81 cases (eight new ones and 73 cases... (Review)
Review
Prosopometamorphopsia is an extremely rare disorder of visual perception characterised by facial distortions. We here review 81 cases (eight new ones and 73 cases published over the past century) to shed light on the perception of face gestalts. Our analysis indicates that the brain systems underlying the perception of face gestalts have genuine network properties, in the sense that they are widely disseminated and built such that spatially normal perception of faces can be maintained even when large parts of the network are compromised. We found that bilateral facial distortions were primarily associated with right-sided and bilateral occipital lesions, and unilateral facial distortions with lesions ipsilateral to the distorted hemifield and with the splenium of the corpus callosum. We also found tentative evidence for the involvement of the left frontal regions in the fusing of vertical hemi-images of faces, and of right parietal regions in the fusing of horizontal hemi-images. Evidence supporting the remarkable adaptability of the network comes from the relatively high recovery rates that we found, from the ipsilateral hemifield predominance of hemi-prosopometamorphopsia, and from a phenomenon called cerebral asthenopia (heightened visual fatigability) which points to the dynamic nature of compensatory mechanisms maintaining normal face perception, even in chronic cases of prosopometamorphopsia. Finally, our analysis suggests that specialised networks for the representation of face gestalts in familiar-versus-unfamiliar faces and for own-versus-other face may be present, although this is in need of further study.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Corpus Callosum; Facial Recognition; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Visual Perception
PubMed: 33865569
DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.001 -
Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research 2019To determine the prevalence of asthenopia and its associated factors in a sample of university students in Iran. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To determine the prevalence of asthenopia and its associated factors in a sample of university students in Iran.
METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, participants were selected using multistage cluster sampling. Presence of at least one of the 10 symptoms-foreign body sensation, diplopia, blurred vision, eye swelling, dry eye, eye pain, difficulty in sustaining visual operations, decreased visual acuity, tearing, and photophobia-was considered as asthenopia. Ocular examinations, including uncorrected/corrected visual acuity measurement, objective/subjective refraction, cover test, amplitude of accommodation (AA), and near point of convergence (NPC) were performed.
RESULTS
Of the 1,462 students (mean age: 22.8 3.1 years), 73% were women. The age- and gender-standardized prevalence was 70.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 68.3-73.5), 39.8% (95% CI: 36.4-43.1), and 19.7% (95% CI: 16.0-23.3) based on the presence of at least one, two, and three symptoms, respectively. The prevalence was significantly higher in females ( = 0.048), hyperopic students ( 0.001), and astigmatic participants ( 0.001). The mean AA and NPC were 9.7 2.6 D and 10.2 4.2 D ( = 0.008) and 7.0 2.1 cm and 7.7 3.9 cm ( 0.001) in participants with and without asthenopia, respectively. Multiple regression model revealed age (28-29 years), astigmatism, and NPC as independent associated factors (odds ratios: 3.51, 1.61, and 0.91, respectively).
CONCLUSION
This study shows relatively high prevalence of asthenopia in university students. Demographic factors and visual system disorders are important risk factors and timely correction of conditions may lead to decreased asthenopia.
PubMed: 31875103
DOI: 10.18502/jovr.v14i4.5455