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The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Nov 2023Global warming has direct and indirect effects, as well as short- and long-term impacts on the respiratory and skin barriers. Extreme temperature directly affects the... (Review)
Review
Global warming has direct and indirect effects, as well as short- and long-term impacts on the respiratory and skin barriers. Extreme temperature directly affects the airway epithelial barrier by disrupting the structural proteins and by triggering airway inflammation and hyperreactivity. It enhances tidal volume and respiratory rate by affecting the thermoregulatory system, causing specific airway resistance and reflex bronchoconstriction via activation of bronchopulmonary vagal C fibers and upregulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) 1 and TRPV4. Heat shock proteins are activated under heat stress and contribute to both epithelial barrier dysfunction and airway inflammation. Accordingly, the frequency and severity of allergic rhinitis and asthma have been increasing. Heat activates TRPV3 in keratinocytes, causing the secretion of inflammatory mediators and eventually pruritus. Exposure to air pollutants alters the expression of genes that control skin barrier integrity and triggers an immune response, increasing the incidence and prevalence of atopic dermatitis. There is evidence that extreme temperature, heavy rains and floods, air pollution, and wildfires increase atopic dermatitis flares. In this narrative review, focused on the last 3 years of literature, we explore the effects of global warming on respiratory and skin barrier and their clinical consequences.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis, Atopic; Global Warming; Respiratory Rate; Rhinitis, Allergic; Inflammation
PubMed: 37689250
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.001 -
Allergy Jun 2021In past 10 years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained scientific attention due to their importance in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases and their potential as... (Review)
Review
In past 10 years, microRNAs (miRNAs) have gained scientific attention due to their importance in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases and their potential as biomarkers in liquid biopsies. They act as master post-transcriptional regulators that control most cellular processes. As one miRNA can target several mRNAs, often within the same pathway, dysregulated expression of miRNAs may alter particular cellular responses and contribute, or lead, to the development of various diseases. In this review, we give an overview of the current research on miRNAs in allergic diseases, including atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Specifically, we discuss how individual miRNAs function in the regulation of immune responses in epithelial cells and specialized immune cells in response to different environmental factors and respiratory viruses. In addition, we review insights obtained from experiments with murine models of allergic airway and skin inflammation and offer an overview of studies focusing on miRNA discovery using profiling techniques and bioinformatic modeling of the network effect of multiple miRNAs. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of research into miRNA function in allergy and asthma to improve our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous group of diseases.
Topics: Animals; Asthma; Dermatitis, Atopic; Mice; MicroRNAs; Respiratory System; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 33128813
DOI: 10.1111/all.14646 -
Allergy Mar 2022Allergic diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, hymenoptera allergy, or atopic dermatitis are highly prevalent in women of childbearing age and may... (Review)
Review
Allergic diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis, food allergy, hymenoptera allergy, or atopic dermatitis are highly prevalent in women of childbearing age and may affect up to 30% of this age group. This review focuses on the management of allergic diseases during pregnancy. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges of counseling women with allergic diseases in the reproductive age, including considerations relevant to the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. To create the optimal milieu for the unborn child, a multitude of immunological changes occur during pregnancy which may favor type 2 responses and aggravate disease phenotypes. In co-occurrence with suboptimal preconception disease control, this elevated Th2 responses may aggravate allergic disease manifestations during pregnancy and pose a risk for mother and child. Due to limitations in conducting clinical trials in pregnant women, safety data on anti-allergic drugs during pregnancy are limited. The lack of information and concerns among pregnant patients demands counseling on the benefits of anti-allergic drugs and the potential and known risks. This includes information on the risk for mother and child of disease aggravation in the absence of treatment. By doing so, informed decisions and shared decision-making can take place.
Topics: COVID-19; Dermatitis, Atopic; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Pregnancy; Rhinitis, Allergic; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34427919
DOI: 10.1111/all.15063 -
Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology... Nov 2020The origins of allergic diseases have traditionally been explained by immunoglobulin E-mediated immune responses to account for asthma, atopic dermatitis, atopic... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The origins of allergic diseases have traditionally been explained by immunoglobulin E-mediated immune responses to account for asthma, atopic dermatitis, atopic rhinitis, and food allergy. Research insights into disease origins support a broader array of factors that predispose, initiate, or exacerbate altered immunity in allergic diseases, such as (1) inherent epithelial barrier dysfunction; (2) loss of immune tolerance; (3) disturbances in the gut; and (4) organ-specific microbiomes, diet, and age. Here, we discuss these influences that together form a better understanding of allergy as a systems disease.
DATA SOURCES
We summarize recent advances in epithelial dysfunction, environmental influences, inflammation, infection, alterations in the specific microbiome, and inherent genetic predisposition.
STUDY SELECTIONS
We performed a literature search targeting primary and review articles.
RESULTS
We explored microbial-epithelial-immune interactions underlying the early-life origins of allergic disorders and evaluated immune mechanisms suggesting novel disease prevention or intervention strategies. Damage to epithelial surfaces lies at the origin of various manifestations of allergic disease. As a sensor of environmental stimuli, the epithelium of the lungs, gut, and skin is affected by an altered microbiome, air pollution, food allergens in a changed diet, and chemicals in modern detergents. This collectively leads to alterations of lung, skin, or gut epithelial surfaces, driving a type 2 immune response that underlies atopic diseases. Treatment and prevention of allergic diseases include biologics, oral desensitization, targeted gut microbiome alterations, and changes in behavior.
CONCLUSION
Understanding the spectrum of allergy as a systems disease will allow us to better define the mechanisms of allergic disorders and improve their treatment.
Topics: Asthma; Dermatitis, Atopic; Disease Progression; Epithelium; Food Hypersensitivity; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Intestinal Mucosa; Permeability; Respiratory Mucosa; Rhinitis, Allergic; Skin; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32702411
DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2020.07.013 -
Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese... Jun 2022The prevalence of allergic diseases has gradually increased worldwide along with the development of industrialization, changes in environmental factors, adjustment of... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of allergic diseases has gradually increased worldwide along with the development of industrialization, changes in environmental factors, adjustment of people's diet structure and increasing exposure to allergens. Allergic diseases have become an important challenge to global public health strategies. Meanwhile, the coexistence with allergic rhinitis, and(or) allergic asthma, and(or) atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases in a single patient is becoming more and more prevalent. Allergic comorbidities and multimorbidities will inevitably increase the difficulty of treating and recovery, seriously affect patients' quality of life, and greatly increase the burden on social medical insurance. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of comorbidities and multimorbidities has both preventive and therapeutic significance. This article reviews the research progress of allergy comorbidity and multimorbidity in order to address the importance of this phenominon, stimulate clinical attention and provide a reference for the formulation of prevention and treatment strategies.
Topics: Asthma; Comorbidity; Humans; Multimorbidity; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic
PubMed: 35785854
DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20220312-00229 -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Sep 2021Otitis media (OM) is a disease with high prevalence in infancy; it has a substantial burden on healthcare resources, and a relevant impact on the quality of life of... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Otitis media (OM) is a disease with high prevalence in infancy; it has a substantial burden on healthcare resources, and a relevant impact on the quality of life of families. The link between OM and allergic rhinitis (AR) is still debated. However, there is agreement about the relevance of type 2 inflammation on turbinate hypertrophy (TH) generation. There is also evidence that TH is associated with middle ear dysventilation: a pathogenic factor promoting OM. Therefore, a vicious circle among AR, TH, and OM may occur.
RECENT FINDINGS
There are some recent studies exploring this issue through different approaches, such as epidemiological, mechanistic, and therapeutic. Identifying allergy as a pathogenic factor for OM could improve the management of OM patients. Vice versa, suspecting AR in OM patients, could be reasonable in selected patients. The current narrative review provides an overview of the evidence concerning the potential role of AR, and associated TH, in OM patients.
Topics: Humans; Hypertrophy; Otitis Media; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic; Turbinates
PubMed: 34591196
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01021-y -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Aug 2021Otitis media (OM) is a disease with high prevalence in infancy; it has a substantial burden on healthcare resources and a relevant impact on the quality of life of... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Otitis media (OM) is a disease with high prevalence in infancy; it has a substantial burden on healthcare resources and a relevant impact on the quality of life of families. The link between OM and allergic rhinitis (AR) is still debated. However, there is agreement about the relevance of type 2 inflammation on turbinate hypertrophy (TH) generation. There is also evidence that TH is associated with middle ear dysventilation: a pathogenic factor promoting OM. Therefore, a vicious circle among AR, TH, and OM may occur.
RECENT FINDINGS
There are some recent studies exploring this issue through different approaches, such as epidemiological, mechanistic, and therapeutic. Identifying allergy as a pathogenic factor for OM could improve the management of OM patients. Vice versa, suspecting AR in OM patients could be reasonable in selected patients. The current narrative review provides an overview of the evidence concerning the potential role of AR, and associated TH, in OM patients.
Topics: Humans; Hypertrophy; Otitis Media; Quality of Life; Rhinitis, Allergic; Turbinates
PubMed: 34390424
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-021-01016-9 -
Pediatric Allergy and Immunology :... Nov 2020
Topics: Dermatitis, Atopic; Eczema; Humans; Respiratory Sounds; Rhinitis; Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial
PubMed: 33463776
DOI: 10.1111/pai.13370 -
Journal of Investigational Allergology... Apr 2024The allergic march comprises the sequential appearance of a series of allergic comorbidities. However, variability in the onset and progression of allergic diseases... (Review)
Review
The allergic march comprises the sequential appearance of a series of allergic comorbidities. However, variability in the onset and progression of allergic diseases generates a heterogeneous scenario that does not follow a linear and single trajectory. Almost half of the pediatric population presents at least 1 allergy symptom. However, only 4%-6% present multimorbidity, with several allergic diseases co-occurring. It has recently been shown that although they share etiological mechanisms and risk factors, allergic diseases arise independently. In most cases, progression is not consecutive, or at least not the same in all patients. TH2-mediated inflammation, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and genetic predisposition play a fundamental role in the etiology of allergic diseases, on which the interaction with the exposome acts decisively. Therefore, studying diseases from an omics point of view is essential when attempting to describe the various trajectories of allergic progression and to propose effective interventions to prevent multimorbidity. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the current perception of the allergic march, including clinical observations, omics data, risk factors, and measures aimed at modifying its course or even preventing its onset.
Topics: Child; Humans; Dermatitis, Atopic; Asthma; Rhinitis, Allergic; Comorbidity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38113128
DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0983 -
The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics 2020Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is a differentiated rhinitis phenotype defined by perennial or seasonal rhinitis symptoms without systemic atopy. The diagnosis can be made... (Review)
Review
Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is a differentiated rhinitis phenotype defined by perennial or seasonal rhinitis symptoms without systemic atopy. The diagnosis can be made by a positive response to the nasal allergen challenge (NAC) (the gold standard for diagnosis) in the absence of skin prick test and/or serum allergenspecific immunoglobulin E. Clinical and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that LAR affects individuals from different countries, races, and age ranges. Several studies have shown that the onset of nasal symptoms occurs during childhood in a significant proportion of LAR individuals. Evidence of LAR has been growing, especially in pediatric and Asian populations. A review of the literature reveals that most LAR studies of pediatric populations have appeared in the last three years. The prevalence of LAR in children ranges from 3.7% to 66.6%, and similar to what has been observed in adults, prevalence is higher in Western countries. Publications have shown that LAR in children can be either seasonal or perennial, and diagnosis of LAR confirmed by NAC have been reported with numerous allergens (house dust mites, pollens, molds, and dander). These findings illustrate that LAR is an important differential diagnosis in children with presumed non-allergic rhinitis, and a through review of the very recent literature can contribute to the clinical identification and diagnosis of LAR in children with no evidence of systemic atopy, as well as update readers` knowledge of the topic.
Topics: Allergens; Child; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Nasal Provocation Tests; Rhinitis, Allergic; Skin Tests
PubMed: 33108072
DOI: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.05.001