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Frontiers in Immunology 2021Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common paediatric endocrine disease, and its frequency has been found to increase worldwide. Similar to all conditions associated with... (Review)
Review
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the most common paediatric endocrine disease, and its frequency has been found to increase worldwide. Similar to all conditions associated with poorly regulated glucose metabolism, T1D carries an increased risk of infection. Consequently, careful compliance by T1D children with schedules officially approved for child immunization is strongly recommended. However, because patients with T1D show persistent and profound limitations in immune function, vaccines may evoke a less efficient immune response, with corresponding lower protection. Moreover, T1D is an autoimmune condition that develops in genetically susceptible individuals and some data regarding T1D triggering factors appear to indicate that infections, mainly those due to viruses, play a major role. Accordingly, the use of viral live attenuated vaccines is being debated. In this narrative review, we discussed the most effective and safe use of vaccines in patients at risk of or with overt T1D. Literature analysis showed that several problems related to the use of vaccines in children with T1D have not been completely resolved. There are few studies regarding the immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines in T1D children, and the need for different immunization schedules has not been precisely established. Fortunately, the previous presumed relationship between vaccine administration and T1D appears to have been debunked, though some doubts regarding rotavirus vaccines remain. Further studies are needed to completely resolve the problems related to vaccine administration in T1D patients. In the meantime, the use of vaccines remains extensively recommended in children with this disease.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34512622
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667889 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2022Despite the existence of a highly efficient yellow fever vaccine, yellow fever reemergence throughout Africa and the Americas has put 900 million people in 47 countries... (Review)
Review
Despite the existence of a highly efficient yellow fever vaccine, yellow fever reemergence throughout Africa and the Americas has put 900 million people in 47 countries at risk of contracting the disease. Although the vaccine has been key to controlling yellow fever epidemics, its live-attenuated nature comes with a range of contraindications that prompts advising against its administration to pregnant and lactating women, immunocompromised individuals, and those with hypersensitivity to chicken egg proteins. Additionally, large outbreaks have highlighted problems with insufficient vaccine supply, whereby manufacturers rely on slow traditional manufacturing processes that prevent them from ramping up production. These limitations have contributed to an inadequate control of yellow fever and have favored the pursuit of novel yellow fever vaccine candidates that aim to circumvent the licensed vaccine's restrictions. Here, we review the live-attenuated vaccine's limitations and explore the epitome of a yellow fever vaccine, whilst scrutinizing next-generation vaccine candidates.
Topics: Disease Outbreaks; Female; Humans; Lactation; Vaccines, Attenuated; Yellow Fever; Yellow Fever Vaccine; Yellow fever virus
PubMed: 33974507
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1895644 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Nov 2021Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an endemic disease dominantly in the Asia-Pacific region with mortality rate varying between 3% and 30%. Long-term neuropsychiatric...
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is an endemic disease dominantly in the Asia-Pacific region with mortality rate varying between 3% and 30%. Long-term neuropsychiatric sequelae developed in 30-50% of the survivors. There is no available antiviral therapy for JE. JE vaccines play a major role in preventing this devastating disease. The incidence of JE declined over years and the age distribution shifted toward adults in countries where JE immunization program exists. Mouse brain-JE vaccine is currently replaced by inactivated Vero cell-derived vaccine and live-attenuated vaccine using SA14-14-2 strain, and live chimeric JE vaccines. These three types of JE vaccines are associated with favorable efficacy and safety profiles. Common adverse reactions include injection site reactions and fever, and severe adverse reactions are rare.
Topics: Animals; Chlorocebus aethiops; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese; Encephalitis, Japanese; Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines; Mice; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Vero Cells
PubMed: 34613870
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1969852 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Dengue is the most common arboviral disease caused by one of four distinct but closely related dengue viruses (DENV) and places significant economic and public health... (Review)
Review
Dengue is the most common arboviral disease caused by one of four distinct but closely related dengue viruses (DENV) and places significant economic and public health burdens in the endemic areas. A dengue vaccine will be important in advancing disease control. However, the effort has been challenged by the requirement to induce effective protection against all four DENV serotypes and the potential adverse effect due to the phenomenon that partial immunity to DENV may worsen the symptoms upon subsequent heterotypic infection. Currently, the most advanced dengue vaccines are all tetravalent and based on recombinant live attenuated viruses. CYD-TDV, developed by Sanofi Pasteur, has been approved but is limited for use in individuals with prior dengue infection. Two other tetravalent live attenuated vaccine candidates: TAK-003 by Takeda and TV003 by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, have completed phase 3 and phase 2 clinical trials, respectively. This review focuses on the designs and evaluation of TAK-003 and TV003 vaccine candidates in humans in comparison to the licensed CYD-TDV vaccine. We highlight specific lessons from existing studies and challenges that must be overcome in order to develop a dengue vaccine that confers effective and balanced protection against all four DENV serotypes but with minimal adverse effects.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Dengue; Dengue Vaccines; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Humans; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 35281026
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.840104 -
Clinica Chimica Acta; International... Aug 2020Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Treponema pallidum are important pathogenic spirochetes. The incidence of human diseases caused by pathogenic... (Review)
Review
Leptospira interrogans, Borrelia burgdorferi, and Treponema pallidum are important pathogenic spirochetes. The incidence of human diseases caused by pathogenic spirochetes, e.g., leptospirosis, Lyme disease, and syphilis, has been recently increased, posing a threat to public health. Mechanisms of spirochete pathogenicity are not yet fully understood, and no safe and effective vaccine to prevent and control the infection by pathogenic spirochetes is currently available. In this article, we review the progress of research into the pathogenic spirochete vaccine, mainly in terms of vaccine types. The development of relevant vaccines against pathogenic spirochetes has generally proceeded via several stages, such as the whole-cell inactivated vaccine, live attenuated vaccine, and gene-engineered vaccine, and will likely enter a new stage with the application of gene editing technology. In this review, we mainly summarized the types of pathogenic spirochete vaccines and conducted a preliminary analysis on the protective effect of immunity, and proposed a further prospect for the development of pathogenic spirochete vaccines.
Topics: Bacterial Vaccines; Genetic Engineering; Spirochaetaceae; Vaccines, Attenuated
PubMed: 32272157
DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.002 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), affects millions of people worldwide every year. This virus has two distinct life cycles, one in the human and another in the... (Review)
Review
Dengue, caused by the dengue virus (DENV), affects millions of people worldwide every year. This virus has two distinct life cycles, one in the human and another in the mosquito, and both cycles are crucial to be controlled. To control the vector of DENV, the mosquito , scientists employed many techniques, which were later proved ineffective and harmful in many ways. Consequently, the attention shifted to the development of a vaccine; researchers have targeted the E protein, a surface protein of the virus and the NS1 protein, an extracellular protein. There are several types of vaccines developed so far, such as live attenuated vaccines, recombinant subunit vaccines, inactivated virus vaccines, viral vectored vaccines, DNA vaccines, and mRNA vaccines. Along with these, scientists are exploring new strategies of developing improved version of the vaccine by employing recombinant DNA plasmid against NS1 and also aiming to prevent the infection by blocking the DENV life cycle inside the mosquitoes. Here, we discussed the aspects of research in the field of vaccines until now and identified some prospects for future vaccine developments.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Dengue; Dengue Virus; Dengue Vaccines; Mosquito Vectors; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Inactivated; Vaccines, DNA; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 38487527
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1362780 -
Infectious Diseases of Poverty Dec 2021African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Since ASF has been introduced into...
BACKGROUND
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal hemorrhagic disease in domestic pigs and wild boar caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Since ASF has been introduced into Europe and Asia, the major pig-raising areas, posing a huge threat to the pork industry worldwide. Currently, prevention and control of ASF are basically dependent on strict biosecurity measures and stamping-out policy once ASF occurs.
MAIN TEXT
The major risks of ASF spread are insufficient biosecurity measures and human behaviors. Therefore, a safe and effective vaccine seems to be a reasonable demand for the prevention and control of ASF. Due to the efficacy advantage over other types of vaccines, live attenuated vaccines (LAVs), especially virulence-associated genes deleted vaccines, are likely to be put into emergency and conditional use in restricted areas if ASF is out of control in a country with a huge pig population and pork consumption, like China. However, the safety, efficacy, and genetic stability of current candidate ASF LAVs require comprehensive clinical evaluations prior to country-wide field application. Several critical issues need to be addressed to commercialize an ideal ASF LAV, including a stable cell line for manufacturing vaccines, differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA), and cross-protection from different genotypes.
CONCLUSION
A safe and effective DIVA vaccine and an accompanying diagnostic assay will facilitate the prevention, control, and eradication of ASF, which is quite challenging in the near future.
Topics: African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Biosecurity; Sus scrofa; Swine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 34949228
DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00920-6 -
Viruses Apr 2022African swine fever (ASF) is causing a pandemic affecting swine in a large geographical area of the Eastern Hemisphere, from Central Europe to East and Southeast Asia,... (Review)
Review
African swine fever (ASF) is causing a pandemic affecting swine in a large geographical area of the Eastern Hemisphere, from Central Europe to East and Southeast Asia, and recently in the Americas, the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The etiological agent, ASF virus (ASFV), infects both domestic and wild swine and produces a variety of clinical presentations depending on the virus strain and the genetics of the pigs infected. No commercial vaccines are currently available, although experimental recombinant live attenuated vaccine candidates have been shown to be efficacious in protecting animals against disease when challenged with homologous virulent strains. This review attempts to systematically provide an overview of all the live attenuated strains that have been shown to be experimental vaccine candidates. Moreover, it aims to analyze the development of these vaccine candidates, obtained by deleting specific genes or group of genes, and their efficacy in preventing virus infection and clinical disease after being challenged with virulent isolates. This report summarizes all the experimental vaccine strains that have shown promise against the contemporary pandemic strain of African swine fever.
Topics: African Swine Fever; African Swine Fever Virus; Animals; Swine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccines, Synthetic; Viral Vaccines; Viruses, Unclassified
PubMed: 35632620
DOI: 10.3390/v14050878 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) caused by the highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) has resulted in huge economic losses to the poultry...
Hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (HHS) caused by the highly pathogenic fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) has resulted in huge economic losses to the poultry industry globally. The gene, as a major virulence determiner, is also an important vaccine target against FAdV-4. In this study, we used a CRISPR/Cas9-based homology-dependent recombinant technique to replace the gene with and generate a novel recombinant virus, designated FAdV4-EGFP-rF2. Although FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 showed low replication ability compared to the wild-type FAdV-4 in LMH cells, FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 could effectively replicate in LMH-F2 cells with the expression of Fiber-2. Moreover, FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 was not only highly attenuated in chickens, but also could provide efficient protection against a lethal challenge of FAdV-4. Moreover, FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 without could induce neutralizing antibodies at the same level as FA4-EGFP with . These results clearly demonstrate that although affects the viral replication and pathogenesis of FAdV-4, it is not necessary for virus replication and induction of neutralizing antibodies; these findings provide novel insights into the roles of and highlight as an insertion site for generating live-attenuated FAdV-4 vaccines against FAdV-4 and other pathogens. Among all serotypes of fowl adenovirus, serotypes FAdV-1, FAdV-4, and FAdV-10 are unique members with two genes ( and ). Recent studies reveal that Fiber-1, not Fiber-2, directly triggers viral infection of FAdV-4, whereas Fiber-2, but not Fiber-1, has been identified as the major virulence determiner and an efficient protective immunogen for subunit vaccines. Here, we replaced with to generate a novel recombinant virus, designated FAdV4-EGFP-rF2. and studies on FAdV4-EGFP-rF2 revealed that was not necessary for either virus replication or efficient protection for FAdV-4; these results not only provide a novel live-attenuated vaccine candidate against HHS, but also give new ideas for generating a FAdV-4 based vaccine vector against other pathogens.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Aviadenovirus; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Proteins; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35107364
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01436-21 -
Viruses Jun 2022The conventional live smallpox vaccine based on the vaccinia virus (VACV) cannot be widely used today because it is highly reactogenic. Therefore, there is a demand for...
The conventional live smallpox vaccine based on the vaccinia virus (VACV) cannot be widely used today because it is highly reactogenic. Therefore, there is a demand for designing VACV variants possessing enhanced immunogenicity, making it possible to reduce the vaccine dose and, therefore, significantly eliminate the pathogenic effect of the VACV on the body. In this study, we analyzed the development of the humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses elicited by immunizing mice with low-dose VACV variants carrying the mutant gene (which increases production of extracellular virions) or the deleted gene (whose protein product inhibits antigen presentation by the major histocompatibility complex class II). The VACV LIVP strain, which is used as a smallpox vaccine in Russia, and its recombinant variants LIVP-A34R*, LIVP-dA35R, and LIVP-A34R*-dA35R, were compared upon intradermal immunization of BALB/c mice at a dose of 10 pfu/animal. The strongest T cell-mediated immunity was detected in mice infected with the LIVP-A34R*-dA35R virus. The parental LIVP strain induced a significantly lower antibody level compared to the strains carrying the modified and genes. Simultaneous modification of the gene and deletion of the gene in VACV LIVP synergistically enhanced the immunogenic properties of the LIVP-A34R*-dA35R virus.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Smallpox; Smallpox Vaccine; Vaccines, Attenuated; Vaccinia; Vaccinia virus
PubMed: 35891430
DOI: 10.3390/v14071453